臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

墾丁高位珊瑚礁自然保留區是台灣面積最大且保留完整的熱帶常綠闊葉雨林生態系。本研究在該保留區之10公頃永久樣區中，選擇四個不同的植物棲息地，其中A區位於平坦的台地，其特徵樹種為大葉山欖(Palaquium formosanum)與茄苳(Bischofia javanica)， B區位於隆起珊瑚礁頂，特徵樹種為紅柴(Aglaia formosana)與樹青(Pouteria obovata)，C區位於珊瑚礁底之谷地，特徵樹種為血桐(Macaranga tanarius)與土楠(Cryptocarya concinna)，而D區位於平坦之谷地，特徵樹種為皮孫木(Pisonia umbellifera)。在各區進行2年(2004年2月至2006年2月)之凋落物量收集、凋落葉分解作用、土壤微生物生質碳(MBC)及氮(MBN)量、土壤碳與氮礦化作用及土壤溶液化學組成之監測，研究目的主要為 : (1)探討凋落物量之季節性變動及其分解過程，(2)了解土壤有機質礦化作用與植物棲息地的關係，(3)說明土壤微生物生質量對凋落物分解動態的影響，及(4)探討土壤養分之有效性、季節變化及流通量。
研究結果指出，四區凋落物量都有明顯的季節性差異，其中以春季(0.34-0.54 ton/ha/month)最低，而在颱風(0.81-1.32 ton/ha/month)及東北季風(0.49-0.69 ton/ha/month)侵襲等季節較高。A與D區之凋落物量明顯高於B與C區，此結果應與B區優勢樹種之抗風性強，C區演替早期樹種之葉面積指數較小有關。在凋落葉分解速率方面，第一年各區凋落葉重量留存率約介於50至45.6%左右，而第二年間介於25.8至18.2%左右，其中第二年凋落葉分解速率較快的原因是隨颱風所挾帶較高的降雨量所致。四區間凋落葉分解速率常數(k)與半衰期都沒有明顯的差異。整體而言，四區凋落葉不同養分之分解速率為: Ca > Mg > N > Na > K > P > mass > C，而年養分回歸量則為: C(221-4483 kg/ha) > Ca(160-324 kg/ha) > N(58.6-123 kg/ha) > K(24.7-41.7 kg/ha)> Mg(16.2-30.6 kg/ha) > Na(5.35-25.0) > P(0.16-1.95 kg/ha)。
四區表土(0-15 cm)之平均MBC量介於477-1135 mg/kg之間，高於其他熱帶森林(149-667 mg/kg)，而MBN平均值則介於67.5-81.0 mg/kg之間，與一般熱帶森林(38.0-78.0 mg/kg)相近。四區之表土平均年碳礦化量(即二氧化碳釋出量)為9.10-9.60 ton CO2-C /ha之間，與一般熱帶與亞熱帶雨林相去不逺，但第二年之碳礦化速率明顯高出第一年約4-5倍左右，此現象可能與生態系中土壤水文的驟變以致於優勢菌群改變有關。四區之NO3--N/NH4+-N比值平均介於1.00-3.00之間，而淨氮礦化作用、銨化作用、與硝化作用平均值分別介於-0.12至0.09、-0.04至-0.02、與-0.27至0.08 mg/kg/d之間。各區土壤溶液中之陽離子濃度依順序為Ca > Si > K > Na > Al > Mg> Fe > NH4 > Mn > Zn > Cu，而陰離子則為Cl > SO4 > NO3。整體而言，永久樣區碳與氮之輸入量遠高於輸出量，而使此一生態系保持在一個穩定的動態平衡中。

The Kengting Nature Reserve of Uplifted Coral Reef (KNROUCR) is the largest in area and well protected area for tropic evergreen broad-leaved rain forest in Taiwan. The long-term plot of 10 ha was divided into four habitat types with different species compositions: the autum maple tree (Bischofia javanica)- Taiwan nato tree (Palaquium formosanum) type on the flat terrace whereas was designed as habitat A in this study; the sappan wood (Aglaia formosana) – pouteria (Pouteria abovata) type on the ridge of exposed coral reef, designed as habitat B; the eleplant’s ear (Macar tanarius) – konishi cryptocarya (Cryptocarya concinna) type on the sedimentary basin, designed as habitat C; the pisonia tree (Pisonia umbellifera) type at the bottom of valley, designed as habitat D. Litter productions, and leaf litter decomposition , soil microbial biomass C and N(MBC and MBN), carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and the compositions of soil solution were monitored for 2-year period (Feb. 2004-Feb. 2006) in the four habitats . The aims of this study in the KNROUCR were conducted: (1) to investigate the litter inputs and leaf litter decomposition process in relation to plant habitat types and seasons, (2) to explore the soil organic matter mineralization, (3) to illustrate the influence of soil microbial biomass on the litter decomposition dynamics, and (4) to explore the bioavailability, seasonal dynamics, and flux of soil nutrients.
Experimental results indicated that litterfall in all habitats shows a marked seasonal pattern, with the lowest amounts in spring (0.34-0.54 ton/ha/month) and the highest amounts in the summer (0.81-1.32 ton/ha/month) and winter (0.49-0.69 ton/ha/month) seasons because of typhoon and monsoon. In addition, the litterfall production in habitats A and D was significantly (p<0.05) greater than in habitats B and C. It is probably because the dominant tree species of habitat B are relatively adapted to strong wind, and the leaves survived long on the exposed rock; habitat C was secondary forest which dominated by early succession tree species with lower leaf area index. The litter remaining mass percentage in the first year was from 50% to 45.6%, however in the second year was from 25.8% to 18.2%. The litter remaining mass percentage in the 2nd year was lower than 1st year, because of the larger rainfall from frerquent typhoon events in the 2nd year. Nevertheless, the Olson’s decomposition parameters (k and t50) between the leaf littes of four habitats were not significant. Overall, the leaf litter decomposition rate followed the order by Ca > Mg >N> Na > K > P > mass > C. Additionally, the annual return of nutrient followed the order by C (221-4483 kg/ha) > Ca (160-324 kg/ha) > N (58.6-123 kg/ha) > K (24.7-41.7 kg/ha) > Mg (16.2-30.6 kg/ha) > Na (5.35-25.0 kg/ha) > P (0.16-1.95 kg/ha).
The surface soil (0-15 cm) MBC ranged in 477-1135 mg/kg in each habitat, whereas is higher than those in general tropical forests (149-667 mg/kg), however, the MBN ranged in 65.7-81.0 mg/kg, whereas is similar to those in general tropical forest (38.0-78.0 mg/kg). The rate of C mineralization (the amount of CO2-C production) ranged in 25.0-36.0 g CO2-C/kg/yr, which is not different from tropical and subtropical forests, however, the rate of C mineralization C in the 2nd year was 4-5 folds
than that in the 1st year, because of the dramastic change in soil hydrology in altering doiminant microbes. The NO3--N/NH4+-N ratios ranged in 3-4, and N mineralization, ammonification, and nitrification ranged in (-0.12)-(0.09), (-0.04)-(-0.02), and (-0.27)-(0.08) mg/kg/d. The order of cation concentration in the soil solution is Ca > Si > K > Na > Al > Mg> Fe > NH4 > Mn > Zn > Cu, and it of anion is Cl > SO4 > NO3, respectively. Overall, the input of C and N was much more than the within the study area, so that the forest ecosystem keeps in dynamic balance.

目錄

摘要.....................................................................................................I
Abstract….................................................................................................III
誌謝..........................................................................................................VI
目錄.........................................................................................................VII
表目錄.......................................................................................................X
圖目錄......................................................................................................XI
第1章........................................................................................................1
1.1 研究動機........................................................................................1
1.2 研究目的........................................................................................1
第2章 文獻回顧....................................................................................2
2.1凋落物量及其分解速率.................................................................2
2.2土壤有機物礦化作用.....................................................................5
2.3土壤微生物生質量.........................................................................7
2.4土壤溶液.........................................................................................8
第3章 材料與方法...............................................................................11
3.1研究區概況....................................................................................11
3.1.1 地理位置..............................................................................11
3.1.2 地質......................................................................................11
3.1.3 氣候......................................................................................11
3.1.4 植物相..................................................................................12
3.2研究方法.......................................................................................16
3.2.1 土壤基本理化性質分析......................................................16
3.2.2 凋落物量收集......................................................................19
3.2.3 凋落葉之分解作用..............................................................19
3.2.4 凋落葉元素含量測定.........................................................19
3.2.5 凋落葉重量與元素之相關計算式……………………......20
3.2.6土壤有機質礦化作用...........................................................20
3.2.7土壤微生物生質量碳及氮....................................................21
3.2.8土壤溶液收集與分析...........................................................22
3.2.9 統計分析............................................................................23
第4章 結果與討論...............................................................................24
4.1土壤之基本理化性質....................................................................24
4.2凋落物之季節動態變化................................................................26
4.3凋落葉分解袋之重量留存率........................................................32
4.4凋落葉養分之留存率....................................................................36
4.5凋落葉分解常數............................................................................46
4.6凋落葉養分之回歸量....................................................................50
4.7土壤水分含量之季節動態變化....................................................55
4.8土壤MBC、MBN與MBC/MNB之季節動態變化......................55
4.9土壤二氧化碳釋出量之季節動態變化........................................66
4.10土壤礦化氮之季節動態變化......................................................75
4.11土壤溶液陽離子組成分之季節動態變化..................................93
4.12土壤溶液陰離子組成分之季節動態變化...............................102
4.13碳與氮之養分流通量...............................................................111
第5章 結論........................................................................................114
參考文獻................................................................................................116
作者簡介................................................................................................148

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