臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文於屏東科技大學檢疫室研究利用低溫與惰性氣體處理出口檬果果實內的東方果實蠅Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)之檢疫方法。以人工接入150粒東方果實蠅卵於愛文（Irwin）檬果果肉內，再分別用CO2、N2、He氣體和真空處理後，存放於0 + 3℃溫度下，並觀察記錄處理後第1、3、5、7、9、10、11、12與13天之卵、一、二、三齡幼蟲存活數。結果發現東方果實蠅幼蟲可以忍受低溫長達7~9天，就存活率而言，在低溫下，卵及第三齡期幼蟲大多於處理後第7天死亡，比第一與二齡幼蟲在第9天死亡的容忍度低。以低溫與惰性氣體處理檬果果實，與對照組比較，檬果低溫處理7日後，果實內外並無損傷；且水果品質指標，包括如果皮色度、堅硬度、果肉酸度及pH值與對照組比較均無明顯差別(p>0.05)。不過，處理組之果皮顏色之深淺及果肉之維他命C顯著增加(p<0.05)，但其果實糖度顯著下降(p<0.05)。一與二齢幼蟲分別以CO2、N2、He氣體和真空處理五天，結果顯示在第二至四天時已達100% 死亡，且比較四種氣體處理後對一與二齢幼蟲的死亡率影響，發現二齡幼蟲比一齡幼蟲更易死亡，且在第二天時其死亡率即達100%。而一齡幼蟲在真空狀態下，第二天即有100%死亡率；但在CO2、N2與He氣體中，則在第四天方達到100%死亡率。用CO2、N2、He與真空處理檬果果實在處理前與後，比較果皮色度、深淺及其堅硬度有顯著差異(p<0.05)。若以N2、He與真空處理後，其果糖成份明顯減少(p < 0.05)，但以CO2處理前後並無影響(p >0.05)。用He處理後在果實內的維他命C，會明顯增加(p<0.05)，但以CO2、N2和真空處理卻無差別(p >0.05)。另用CO2、N2、He處理後，其pH值並無明顯增加，而果肉酸度也沒降低。由以上結果可知，水果品質指標可做為檢疫處理的標準。但低溫引起愛文檬果寒害程度，需進一步的探討。

Survival of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), originating from the insectary of the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology was investigated, after low temperature and controlled atmosphere treatments.
Irwin mangoes were artificially infested with 150 eggs of the fly and exposed to 0 + 3 oC, CO2, N2, He and vacuum. Eggs, and 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae were exposed to 0 + 3 oC for 13 days and those survived the exposure were investigated at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 days. Results showed that the low temperature tolerance of the immature stages of B. dorsalis ranged from 7 to 9 days. Survivorship data indicated that eggs and 3rd instar larva had a narrower tolerance to freezing than 1st and 2nd instar larvae. The mortality at 100% of the former occurred at the 7th day, whereas that of the latter was at the 9th day. Compared to the untreated controls, mangoes stored for 7 days did not show any external or internal injury. Measurements of the fruit quality indicators, including skin color hue angle and firmness, as well as mesocarp acidity and pH showed no significant difference from their respective controls (p > 0.05). However, the skin color chroma and the pulp vitamin C significantly increased (p < 0.05) and the sugar content significantly decreased (p < 0.05).
First and 2nd instar larvae were exposed to 100%CO2, 100%N2, 100% He and vacuum for 5 days. Results showed that 100% mortality of these two stages of B. dorsalis occurred at 2 to 4 days. Comparing of 1st and 2nd instar larvae, 2nd instar larvae appeared to be more susceptible than 1st instar larvae as 100% mortality of 2nd instar larvae was achieved on the 2nd day after they were exposed to the four atmosphere conditions. For the 1st instar larvae, the same length of time was required to cause 100% mortality in vacuum conditions, while 4 days were required to cause the same percentage of mortality after they were exposed to CO2, N2 and He.
Comparison of the changes of quality indicators before and after the exposure showed that the mango skin color hue angle, chroma and firmness were significantly affected by 100%CO2, 100%N2, 100% He and vacuum (p < 0.05). Pulp sugar content was significantly lessened by N2, He and vacuum (p < 0.05) but not by the CO2 (p > 0.05). Vitamin C was significantly augmented by He (p < 0.05) but not by CO2, N2 and vacuum (p > 0.05). The pH was not significantly increased nor the pulp acidity decreased by CO2, N2, He and (p > 0.05). These fruit quality parameters could be used as standards for quarantine treatments of Irwin mango. Further studies are needed to determine the sensitivity of Irwin mango to chilling injury.

ABSTRACT (CHINESE)………………………………………………
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH)……...……………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………...
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………….
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………...
LIST OF FIGURES……...……………………………………………..
ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………...
1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...
2. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………
2. 1 Description of the genus Bactrocera…………………..................
2. 2 Identification and biology……………………………..................
2. 3 Geographical distribution……………………………...................
2. 4 Ecology………………………………………………..................
2. 4. 1 Hosts………………………………………………...........
2. 4. 2 Behavior.............................................................................
2. 4. 3 Damages………………………………………………….
2. 5 Preharvest control of B. dorsalis…………………........................
2. 5. 1 Mechanical and physical controls…………………..........
2. 5. 2 Cultural control……………………………………..........
2. 5. 3 Biological control…………………………………...........
2. 5. 4 Chemical control………………………………………....
2. 6 Postharvest quarantine treatment………………………………...
2. 6. 1 Fumigation………………………………………………..
2. 6. 2 Organophosphorates………………………………............
2. 6. 3 Organochlorines…………………………………………..
2. 6. 4 Insect growth regulators (IGR)……………………......….
2. 6. 5 Irradiation…………………………………………………
2. 6. 6 Cold storage………………………………………...........
2. 6. 7 Hot water treatment………………………………............
2. 6. 8 Vapor heat treatment……………………………………..
2. 6. 9 Controlled atmospheres (CA)…………………………....
2. 6.10Radio frequency heat treatment………………….............
2. 7 International context of quarantine issues……………………….
2. 8 Phytotoxicity, residues, safety standards and criteria
for effectiveness………………………………………………....
2. 9 The Mango Mangifera indica. L……………...............................
2. 9. 1 Botanical description……………………………….…….
2. 9. 2 Production and economic importance…………………....
2. 9. 3 Consumption and damages……………………………....
2.10Mass rearing of the oriental fruit fly…….....................................
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS……………….....…………………
3.1 Laboratory mass rearing………………………………………….
3.2 Sex ratio………………………………………………………….
3.3 Life duration and fecundity……………………………………....
3.4 Pre-tests……………………………………………….................
3.5 Life stages…………………………………………….................
3.6 Pupation and emergence………………………………………...
3.7 Cold tolerance…………………………………………………...
3.8 Controlled atmosphere treatment………………………………..
3.9 Quality test of mangoes………………………………………….
3.10 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………...
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………….………………………….
4.1 Results…………………………………………………………....
4.1.1 Sex ratio……………………………………………............
4.1.2 Life cycle duration and fecundity…….…………………....
4.1.3 Egg fertility and survival in mango fruit…………………..
4.1.4 Life stages………………………………………………….
4.1.5 Pupation and emergence rates………………………...........
4.1.6 Cold tolerance………………………………………...........
4.1.7 Test of quality of mangoes stored at low temperature……..
4.1.8 Controlled atmosphere treatment.……………………….....
4.1.9 Quality test of controlled atmosphere treated mangoes…....
5. CONCLUSIONS…………..…………………………………………
REFERENCES………………………………………………………….
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………..
BIOSKETCH OF THE AUTHOR………………………………….….. I
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