臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
本研究主要目的在探討蛋白源、含量及比例對紫海膽體成長及生殖
腺指數之影響。實驗共分三部份，實驗一分別以魚粉、大豆粉、精離
大豆蛋白、玉米粉及米糠為蛋白質來源，配製成等蛋白、等能量之飼
料，並以餵食龍鬚菜(Gracilaia sp.)組作為控制組，利用EAAI 值評估飼料之胺基酸組成是否符合胺基酸組成的需求，以龍鬚菜組最高(0.919)而玉米粉組EAAI 值最低(0.853)。經90 天的餵養實驗後，以增重率及生殖腺指數來評估其成長情況。結果顯示增重率以龍鬚菜組成長最佳，而後依序為玉米粉組、精離大豆蛋白組、米糠組、魚粉組，而以大豆粉組最差。生殖腺指數則以精緻大豆蛋白組最高，而後依序為魚粉組、玉米粉組、米糠組、大豆粉組，而以龍鬚菜組的生殖腺指數最低。
實驗二以精離大豆蛋白為蛋白質來源，配製成蛋白質含量為5%、
15%、25%、35%及45%之實驗飼料，經60 天的餵養實驗後，結果顯示以蛋白質含量25%組飼料成長最佳，而後依序為35%、45%、15%，而以蛋白質含量5%組飼料最差。生殖腺指數則以蛋白質含量35%組最高，而後依序為25%、45%、15%而以蛋白質含量5%組最低。
實驗三以精離大豆蛋白及魚粉為蛋白質來源，分別配置成精離大
豆蛋白與魚粉比例為0:4、1:3、1:1、3:1 及4:0 五組等蛋白（25%）等能量之實驗飼料，利用EAAI 值評估飼料之胺基酸組成是否符合胺基酸組成的需求，以1:3(精離大豆蛋白:魚粉)組飼料之EAAI 值最高。(0.907)，而0:4(精離大豆蛋白:魚粉)組飼料其EAAI 值最低(0.853)。經60 天的餵養實驗後，結果顯示成長以1:1(精離大豆蛋白:魚粉)飼料組最佳，而以0:4(精離大豆蛋白:魚粉)成長最差，生殖腺指數則以4:0(精離大豆蛋白:魚粉)最高，而0:4(精離大豆蛋白:魚粉)最低。

Abstract
The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different protein source, concentration and ratio on the somatic growth and gonad growth of purple sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina). There were three experiments for this study. Gracilaia sp. Were used as a control diet. Fish meal, soybean meal, isolated soya protein, corn meal and rice bran were used as the protein sources to formulate isonitrogenous(25%) and isoenergetic(395 kcal) diets for experiment Ⅰ. EAAI value was used to estimate whether the amino acid composition of fulfills the need of purple sea urchin. The results showed that EAAI of Gracilaia sp. was the highest (0.919), and that of diet containing corn meal was the lowest (0.853). The weight gain was high in sea urchin fed Gracilaia sp., intermediate in sea urchin fed corn meal, isolated soya protein, rice bran, fish meal, and the low in sea urchin fed diet containing soybean meal. The gonad somatic index was high in sea urchin fed isolated soya protein, intermediate in sea
urchin fed fish meal, corn meal, rice bran, soybean meal, and the low in sea urchin fed Gracilaia sp..
Isolated soya protein was used as the protein source top formulate diets with five protein levels (5%、15%、25%、35%、45%) diets of experiment Ⅱ. The experimental duration was 60 days. The weight gain was high in purple sea urchin fed the diet containing 25% protein, intermediate 35%, 45%,and 15% and the lowest in sea urchin fed diet containing 5% protein. The gonad somatic index was high in sea urchin fed diet containing 35% protein,intermediate in sea urchin fed 25%, 45% and 15% and the lowest in sea urchin fed diet containing 5% protein.
Isolated soya protein and fish meal were used as the protein sources formulate to diets with five protein ratios(isolated soya protein : fish meal; 4:0、3:1、1:1、1:3、0:4）diets of experiment Ⅲ. EAAI value was used to estimate whether the amino acid composition of fulfills the need of purple sea urchin. The results showed that EAAI of diet 1:3 (isolated soya protein :fish meal) was the highest (0.0.907), and that of diet 0:4(isolated soya protein : (fish meal )was the lowest (0.853). The experimental duration was 60 days. The weight gain was high in sea urchin fed 1:1 (isolated:soya protein : fish meal ) diet and the low in sea urchin fed diet 0:4 (isolated soya protein : fish meal ). The gonad somatic index was high in sea urchin fed 4:0 (isolated soya protein : fish meal ) diet and the low in sea urchin fed 0:4 (isolated soya protein : fish meal ) diet.

目錄
謝辭......................................................Ⅰ
中文摘要..................................................Ⅱ
英文摘要..................................................Ⅳ
表目錄....................................................Ⅶ
圖目錄....................................................Ⅸ
前言.......................................................1
文獻整理...................................................4
紫海膽分類.................................................4
紫海膽的生態習性...........................................4
海膽的生殖腺...............................................5
海膽生殖腺與產業關連性.....................................6
海膽的蛋白質需求...........................................7
海膽的胺基酸需求...........................................9
飼料之蛋白源..............................................10
材料與方法................................................13
實驗動物..................................................13
實驗系統..................................................13
實驗設計..................................................13
實驗飼料配製..............................................14
ㄧ般成分分析..............................................15
生殖腺指數................................................15
胺基酸組成分析與必須胺基酸指數............................15
統計分析..................................................17
結果......................................................18
實驗一、飼料中不同蛋白源對紫海膽之影響....................18
實驗二、紫海膽對蛋白質之最適需求..........................20
實驗三、不同動植物性蛋白比例對紫海膽之影響................21
討論......................................................23
紫海膽體成長..............................................23
生殖腺肥育................................................24
飼料蛋白質對海膽體組成的影響..............................26
海膽生殖腺的胺基酸組成....................................27
結論......................................................30
參考文獻..................................................31
圖表......................................................46

參考文獻
于名振， 2001。動物系統分類綱要。水產出版社，台北基隆.
李坤瑄、陳章波，1994。台灣常見的棘皮動物。國立海洋生物博物館
籌備處出版。
林順康， 1995 。紫海膽Anthocidaris crassispina 和口鰓海膽
Stomopneustes variolaris 的生殖週期和晚期幼生餌料實驗。國立
台灣大學碩士論文。
黃琦妮，2003。飼料中不同蛋白質來源以及含量對白棘三列海膽成長
的影響。國立台灣海洋大學水產養殖學系碩士論文。
張炳宏，2003。馬糞海膽(Tripneustes gratilla Linnaeus)繁殖技術之開發。國立屏東科技大學水產養殖學系碩士論文。
Akiyama, D.M., Dominy, W.G., 1991, Penaid shrimp nutrition for the commercial feed industry. American Soybean association and Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, USA, 50 pp.
Akiyama, T., Unuma, T., Yamamoto, T., 1997. An evaluation of amino acid sources and binders in semipurified diet for red sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus. Fish. Sci. 63, 881-886.
Akiyama, T., Unuma, T., Yamamoto, T., 2001. Optimum protein level in a purified diet for young red sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus. Fish. Sci. 67, 361-363.
Alava, V.R., Lim, C., 1983. The quantative dietary requirements of Penaeus monodon Juveniles in a controlled environment. Aquaculture 30, 3-61.
Andrew, W., Sick, I.V., Baptist, G.J., 1972. The influence of dietary protein and energy levels on growth and survival of penaeud shrimp. Aquaculture 1, 341-347.
Andrew, N.L., Choat, J.H., 1985. Habitat related differences in the survivorship and growth of juvenile sea urchins. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 27, 155-161.
Andrew, N.L., 1994. Survival of kelp adjacent to areas grazed by sea urchins in New South Wales, Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 19, 466-472.
AOAC(Association of Official Analytical Chemists), 1984. Official Methods of Analysis, 14th edition, AOAC, Arligton, VA, 1141 pp.
Arai, S., 1981. A purified test diet forcoho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, fry. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47, 547-550.
Balazs, G.H., 1973. Preliminary studies on preparation and feeding of crustacean diet. Aquaculture 2, 369-377.
Barker, M.F., Eogh, J.A., Lawrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., 1998. Feeding rate, absorption efficiencies, growth, and enhancement of gonad production in the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus Valenciennes(Echinoidea:Echinometridae) fed prepared and natural
diets. J. Shellfish Res. 17, 1583-1590.
Catacutan, M.R., Coloso, R.M., 1995. Effect of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth, survival and body composition of juvenile Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture 131, 125-133.
Cowey, C.B., Tacon, A.G.J., 1983. Fish nutrition relevance to invertebrates In: Pruder, G.D., Langdon, C.J., Conklin, D.E., (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Conferenceon Aquaculture Nutrition: Biochemical and Physiological Approaches to shelfish Nutrition. Louisiana State
University , Division of Continuing Education, Boton Rouge, L.A., pp. 13-30.
Cruz-Ricque, L.E., Guillaume, J., 1987. Squis protein effect on growth of four penaeid shrimp. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 18, 209-217.
Cruz-Gracia, C.De.La., López-Hernández, j., González-Castro, M.J., De Quiros, A.R.B., Simal-Lozano, J., 2000. Protein, amino acid and fatty acids contents in raw and canned sea urchin(Paracentrotus lividus)harvested in Galicia(NW Spain). J. Sci. Food Agric. 80, 1189-1192.
D’Abramo, L.R., Lovell, R.T., 1991. Aquaculture research needs for the year 2000: fish and crustacean nutrition. World Aquacult. Soc. 22(2),57-62.
Dabrowski, K., Kozak, B., 1979. The use of fish and soybean meal as a protein source in the diets of grass carp fry. Aquaculture 18, 107-114.
Dabrowski, K., Pocyzynski, P., Kock, G., Berger, B., 1989. Effect if partially or totally replacing fish meal protein by soybean meal protein on growth, food utilization and proteolytic enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). New in the vivo test for exocrine pancreatic secretion. Aquaculture 77, 29-49.
Dean, J.C., Nielsen, L.A., Hefrich, L.A., Garling, D.C., 1992. Replacing 33 fish meal with sefood processing wastes in channel catfish diet. Prog. Fish-culture 54, 7-13.
De Jong-Westman, M., March, B.E., Carefoot, T.H., 1995. The effect of different nutrition formulations in artificial diets on gonad growth in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis. J. zool. 73, 1495-1502.
Deshimaru, O. and Shigeno, K., 1972. Introduction to the artificial diet for prawn Penaeus Japonicus. Aquaculture 1, 115-133.
Deshimaru, O., 1981. Studies on nutrition and diet for prawn, Penaeus japonicus. Mem. Kagoshima Prefect. Fish. Exp. Stn. 12, 1-118.
FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of united Nations), 1996. FAO year book of fishery statistics.
Ferandez, C., Boudouresque, C.F., 1998. Evaluating artificial diets for small Paracentrotus lividus(Echinodermata: Echinoidea). In: Mooi, R., Telford, M.(eds), Echnoiderms: San forcisco. Balkema, Rotterdam, 651-656.
Ferandez, C., Boudouresque, C.F., 2000. Nutrition of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus(Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fed different artificial food. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 204, 131-141.
Fernadez, C., Caltagirone A., 1994. Growth rate of adult sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus, in a lagoon environment: the effect of different feed types. In: David, B., Guille, A., Féral, J.P., Roux, M., (eds),Echinoderms through Time.. Balkema, A.A., Rotterdam. pp.655-660.
Ferandez, C., Dombrowski, E., Caltagironc, A., 1995. Gonadal growth of adult sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea.)in rearing: the effect of different diet types. In: Emson, R.H.,. Smith,A.B.,Cambell, A.C.(eds), Echinoderm Research 1995.A.A. Balkema,Rotterdam. pp. 269-275.
Ferandez, C., Pergent, G., 1998. Effect of different formulated diets and rearing condition on growth parameters in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. J. Shellfish Res. 17, 1571-1581.
Floch, J., M., Stanely, C.H.S., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 447-509.
Floreto, E.A.T., Bayer, R.C., Brown, P.B., 2000. The effect of soybean-basc, with and without amino acid supplementation, on growth and biochemical composition of juvenile American lobster, Homarus americanus. Aquaculture 189, 211-235.
Forster, U., 2003. Use of soybean meal in the diets of non-salmonid marine fish. In: Forster, I.（ed）, Cooperation with the United Soybean Board and American Soybean Association, Waimanoplp, USA. pp. 1-13.
Goebel, N., Barker, M.F., 1998. Artificial diets supplemented with carotenoid pigments as feeds for sea urchin. In:Mooi, R., Telford, M.(eds), Echinoderms: Sanforcisco. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.667-672.
Gonor, J.J., 1972. Gonad growth in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson)(Echinodermata: Echinoidea) and the assumption of gonad index methods. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. 19, 89-103.
Hagen, N.T., 1996. Echinoculture: from fishery enhancement to closed cycle cultivation. World aquaculture December 27(4), 6-19.
Hall, G.M., Ahmad, N.H., 1992. Function properties of fish-protein hydrolysates. In: Hall, G.M.(ed), Fish Processing Technology. VCH Publishers, Inc, New York, pp.13-39.
Hammer, H.S., Watts, S.A., Lawrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., Mcclintock, J.B., 2001. The effects of dietary protein on the production and proximate composition of gonads in the edible sea urchin Lytechinus variegates. World Aquacult. Soc. Book of Abstracts, 2001, 270-275
Hatcher, B.G., Hatcher, A.I., 1997. Research directions and management options for sea urchin culture in Nova Scotia. Aquacult. Assoc. Can.97(1), 5-7.
Hávardsson, B., Imsland, A.K., Christiansen, R., 1999 The effect of astaxanthin in feed and environmental temperature on carotenoid concentration in the gonads of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. J. world Aquacult. Soc. 30(2),208-218.
Hayashi, T., Suitani, Y., Murakami, M., Yamaguchi, K., Konosu, S., Noda,H., 1986. Protein and amino acid composition of five species of marine phytoplankton. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52, 337-343.
Hoshikawa, H., Takahashi, K., Sugimoto, T., Tuji, K., Nobuta, S., 1998. The effect of fish meal feeding on gonad quality of cultivated sea urchin, Strogylocentrotus nundus(Agassiz). Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Fish. Exp. Stn. 52, 17-24.
Hughes, S.G., 1991. Use of lupine flour as a replacement for full-fat soy in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus myliss). Aquaculture 93, 57-62.
Jackson, A.J., Capper, B.S., Matty, A.J., 1982. Evaluation of some plant proteis in complete diets for the tilapia Sarotherodon mossambicus. Aquaculture 27, 97-109.
Joyner, S.P.,, 1985. Sas/STAT guide for Personal Computers Statistcal Analysis System Institute, Cary, NC, USA.
Kanawana, A., 1989. Protein requirements of penaeid shrimp. Advances in tropical aquaculture. Tahiti, French Polynesia, pp. 261-270.
Kaoshio, S., Teshima, S.I., Kanawana, A., Watase, T., 1993. The effect of dietary protein content on growth digestion efficiency and nitrogen excretion of juvenile kuruma prawns, Penaeus Japonicus.Aquaculture 133, 101-114.
Kaushik, S.J., Crandei, J.P., Lalles, J.P., Sumpter, J., Fauconneau, B.,Laroche, M., 1995. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth, protein utilization, potential estrogenic or antigenic effects, cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 133, 257-274.
Kearns, J.P., Lawrence, J.M., 2002. Commerical feeds for the sea urchin. Aqua. Feed. Internation. 26-30.
Keesing, J.K., Hall, K.C., 1998. Review of harvests and status of world sea urchin fisheries points to opportunities for aquaculture. J. shellfish Res. 17, 1597-1604.
Kennedy, E.J., Robinson, S.M.C., Parson, G.J., Castell, J., 2001. Studies on feed formulations to maximize somatic growth rates of juvenile green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Aquacult. Assoc. Can. Spec. Publ. 4, 68-71.
Kennedy, E.J., Robinson, S.M.C., 2005. Effect of protein source and concentration on somatic growth of juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. J. World. Aquacult. Soc. 36(3), 320-336.
Ketola, H.G., 1982. Amino acid nutrition of fishes: requirements and supplementation of diets. COMp. Biochem. Physiol. 73, 17-24.
Klinger, T.S., Lawrence, J.M., Larwrence, A.L., 1997. Gonad and somatic production of Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis fed manufactured feeds. Bull. Aquacult. Assoc. Can. 97(1), 35-37.
Klinger, T.S., Lawrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., 1998. Digestion, absorption and assimilation of prepared feeds by echinoids. In: Mooi, R., Telford, M. (eds), Echinoderms, San Forcisco. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 713-721.
Komata, Y., 1964. Studies on the extractive component of ‘uni’-Ⅳ. Taste of each component in the extract. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 28, 749-756.
Komata, Y., Kosugi, N., Ito, T., 1962. Studies on the extractives of ‘uni’: 1.Free amino acid composition. Bull. Jap Soc. Sci. Fish. 28, 623-628.
Kureshy, N., Davies, D.A., 2002. Protein requirement for maintaince and maximum weight gain for the Pacific shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 204, 125-143.
Kuroki, K., Tashiro, Y., 1991. Studies on the development of the feed for subtropic sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Rep Kagoshima Pref. Exp. Stn. 39.
Lawrence, J.M., Fenaux, L., Corre, M.C. Lawrence, A., 1992. The effect of Quantity and Quality of prepared diets on production in Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). In: Scalera-Liaci, L.,Canicatti, C.(eds.), Echinoderm Research 1991. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 107-110.
Lawrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., Mcbride, S.C., George, S.B., Watts, S.A., Plank, L.R., 2001 Developments in the use of prepared feeds in sea urchin aquaculture. World Aquacult. 9, 34-39.
Lawrence, J.M., Olave, S., Otiza, R., Lawrence, A.L., 1997. Enchancement of gonad production in the sea urchin Loxechinus albus in Chile fed extruded feeds. J. world Aquacult. Soc. 28(1), 91-95.
Lawrence, J.M., Agatsuma, Y., 2001. The ecology of Tripneustes. In: Lawrence, J.M.(ed), Edible Sea Urchin: Biology and Ecology. EISEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp.395-413.
Lee, Y.Z., Haard, N.F., 1982. Evaluation of the green sea urchin gonad of food source. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 15, 233-235.
Lemos, D., Ezquerea, J.M., Garcua-Carreño, F.L., 2000. Protein digestion in penaeid shrimp: digestive proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and feed digestibility. Aquaculture 186, 89-105.
Levin, V.S., Naidenko, V.P., 1987. artificial diet for laboratory-maintained sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Sov. J. Mar. Biol. 13, (39) 344-349.
Lim, C., Suranivanatm, P., Platon, R.P., 1979. Evaluation of various protein sources for Penaeus monodon postlarvae. Kalikasan, Philp. J. Biol. 8,29-36.
Lim, C., 1996. Substitution of cottonseed meal for marine animal protein in diets for Penaeus vannamei. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 27, 402-409.
Liyana-Pathirana, C., Shahidi, F., Whittick, A., Hooper, R., 2002. Effect of season and artificial diets on amino acids and nucleic acids in gonads of green sea urchin Stronglycentrotus drobachiensis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 133, 389-398.
Martinez, L.R., Campaña-Torres, A., Porchas-Cornejo, M.A., 2002. The effects of variation in feed protein level on the culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei(boone) in low-water exchange experimental ponds. Aquacult. Res. 33, 995-998.
Mcbride, S.C., Lawrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., Mulligan, T.J., 1998. The effect of protein concentration in prepared feeds on growth, feeding rate, total organic absorption and gross assimilation efficiency of the sea urchin Stronglocentritus francisanus. J. Shellfish Res. 17,1563-1570.
Mcbride, S.C., Larwence, J.M., Lawerance, A.L., Mulligan, T.J., 1999. Ingestion, absorption and gonad production of adult Strongylocentrotus francisanus fed different rations of a prepared die. J. world Aquacult. Soc. 30, 364-370.
Mcbride, S.C., Pinnix, W.D., Lawrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., Mulligan, T.M., 1997. The effect of temperature on production of gonads by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus Francisanus fed natural and prepared diets. J. world Aquacult. Soc. 28(4), 357-365.
Mohsen, A.A., Lovell, R.T., 1990. Partial substitution of soybean meal with animal protein source in diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture 90, 303-311.
Murai, T., Oqata, H., Nose, T., 1982. Methionine coated with various materials supplemented to soybean meal diet for fingerling carp Cyprinus carpio and channel catfish Ictaurus punctatus. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48, 85-88.
New, M.B., 1976. A review of dietary studies with shrimp and prawns.Aquaculture 9, 101-104.
Ogata, H., Arai, S., Nose, T., 1983. Growth responses of cherry salmon Oncorhynchus masou and amago salmon O. rhodurus fry fed purified casein diets supplemented with amino acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.49, 1381-1385.
Ogden, J.C., Brown, R.A., Salesky, N., 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Phillippi: formation of halos around West Indian path reefs. Science 182, 715-717.
Olave, S., Bustos, E., Lawrence, J.M., CÀrcamo, P., 2001. The effect of size and diet on gonad production by the Chilean sea urchin Loxechinus albus. Journal of the world aquaculture society 33(2),210-214.
O’Sullivan, D., Watson, D., 1991. Utrition focus for work shop. Australia Aquaculture 5, 12-17.
Pearace, S., 1980. Synchronization of gametogensis in the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus. In: Clark, W.H.,Adams, T.S. (ed), Advances in invertetabrate reproduction. Elservier,Amsterdam, Netherlands. pp. 53-68.
Pearce, C.M., Daggett, T.L., Robinson, S.M.C., 2002a. Optimizing prepared feed ration for gonad production of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 33(3), 268-277.
Pearce, C.M., Daggett, T.L., Robinson, S.M.C., 2002b. Effect of binder type and concentration on prepared feed stability and gonad yield and quality of the green sea urchin, Stronglycentrotus droechiensis. Aquaculture 205, 301-323.
Pearce, C.M., Daggett, T.L., Robinson, S.M.C., 2002c. Effect of protein source ratio and protein concentration in pre pared diets on gonad yield and quality of the green sea urchin Stronglycentrotus droechiensis. Aquaculture 214, 307-323.
Pearce, C.M., Daggett, T.L., Robinson, S.M.C., 2004. Effect of urchin size and diet on gonad yield and quality in the green sea urchin(Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis). Aquaculture 233, 337-367.
Pelissero, C., Sumpter, J.P., 1992. Steroids and “steroid-like” substances in fish diets. Aquaculture 107, 293-301.
Peñaflorida, V.D., 1989. An evaluation of indigenous protein sources as potential component in the diet formulation for tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, using essential amino acid index (EAAI). Aquaculture 83, 319-330.
Ponat, A., Adelung, D., 1980. Studies to establish an optimal diet for Carcinus menas Ⅱ. Protein and lipid requirement. Mar. Biol., 60, 115-122.
Reigh, R.C., Ellis, H.C., 1992. Effects of dietary soybean and fish-protein ratuos on growth and body composition of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed isonitrogenous diets. Aquaculture 104, 279-292.
Rumsey, G.L., Ketola, H.G., 1975. Amino acid supplementation of casein diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry and soybean meal for rainbrow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32, 422-426.
Schlosser, S.C., Lupatsh, I.L., Lawrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., Shpigel, M., 2005. Protein and energy digestibility and gonad developmeny of the European sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark) fed algal and prepared diets during spring and fall. Aquaculture Research 36,972-982.
Senaratnt, M., Evans, L.H., Southam, L., tsvetneako, E., 2005, Effect of different feed formulations on feed efficiency, gonad yield and gonad quality in the purple sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma.Aquacult. Nutr. 11, 199-207.
Serrano, J.A., Nematipour, G.R., Gatlin, D.M., 1992. Ditery protein requirement of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and relative use of dietary carbon hydrate and lipid. Aquaculture 101, 283-291.
Snyder, H.E., Kwon, T.W., 1987. Soybean Utilization. An Nostr and Reinhold, New York.
Spirlet, C., Grosjean, P., Jangoux, M., 2000. Optimmization of gonad growth by manipulation of temperature and phtotperoid in cultivated sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck)(Echinodermata). Aquaculture 185, 85-99.
Spirlet, C., Grosjean, P., Jangoux, M., 2001.Cultivation of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) on extruded feeds: digestive, efficiency, somatic and gonadal growth. Aquacult. Nutr. 7, 91-99.
Thomoposon, R.J., 1982. The relationship between food ration and reproductive effort in the green sea urchin, Stronglycentrotus droebachiensis. Oecologia (Berin) 56, 50-57.
Tollini, C.D., Klingger, T.S., Awrence, J.M., Lawrence, A.L., 1997. Effect of water flow and protein content of feed on absorption efficiency and production of Strongylocentrotus drobachensis. Am. Zool. 36, 165A.
Unuma, T., Yamamoto, T., Akiyama, T., 1999. Effect of steroids on gonadal growth and gametogensis in juvenile red sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depress. Biol. Bull. 196, 199-204.
Unuma, T., 2002. Gonadal growth and its relationship to aquaculture in sea urchin. In: Yokota, Y., Matranga, V., Smolenicka, Z.,(eds). The sea urchin: from basic biology to aquaculture. Swets and Zeitlinger B.V. Lisse, The Netherlands. pp. 155-127.
Viola, S., Mokady, S., Rappaport, U., Arieli, Y., 1982. Partial and complete replacement of fish meal by soybean meal in feeds for intensive culture of carp. Aquaculture 6, 115-125.
Walker C.W., 1982. Nutrition of gametes. In: Jangoux, M., Lawrence, J.M.(eds), Echinoderm nutrition. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 449-468.
Walker C.W., Lesser, M.P., 1998. Manipulation of food and photoperiod promotes out of season gametogensis in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis: implicatios for aquaculture. Mar. Biol. 132, 663-676.
Walker C.W., Unuma, T., McGinn, N.A., Harrington, L.M., Lesser, M.P., 2001. Reproduction of sea urchins. In: Lawrence, .M.(ed). Edible sea urchin: Biology and ecology. Amsterdam. Elsevier. pp. 5-26.
Watts, S.A., Boettger, S.A., McClintock, J.B., Lawrence, J.M., 1998. Gonad production in the sea urchin Lytechinus varuegatus(Larmarck) Fed prepared diets. J. Shellfish Res. 17,1591-1595.
Wilson, R.P., Poe, W.E., 1985. Relationship of whole body and egg essential amino acid pattern to amino acid requirement patterns in channel cat fish, Ictalurus punctatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 80,385-388.