臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本實驗之目的有兩大主題，第一個主題是探討arginine vasotocin (AVT) 與其受體(arginine vasotocin V1 type receptor, AVTR-V1) 基因在黑鯛不同生殖發育階段表現之變化，尤其與黑鯛性別分化之關係；另一主題為探討鹽度變化與黑鯛AVT基因表現變化之關係。
黑鯛生殖腺性別分化約為孵化後120到150天，而黑鯛下視丘AVT基因在孵化後第120天大量表現，因此推測AVT基因應與性別分化有關。黑鯛下視丘的AVT基因在第1、2及第3年繁殖季顯著表現，而前腦AVT基因表現則在第1及第2年的非繁殖季顯著表現，推測下視丘AVT基因的表現應與生殖腺之發育成熟及生殖行為有關，而前腦AVT基因的表現應與其他生理機制比較相關。在投餵含AI (aromatase inhibitor) 的飼料15天之後，會促進AVT基因在下視丘的表現，投餵45天之後，則會明顯地抑制AVT基因在中腦及下視丘的表現；不論投餵AI飼料15或45天均會促進AVTR-V1在生殖腺的表現。在注射性類固醇激素的實驗中發現，高劑量的11-KT (11-ketotestosterone) 會促進AVT基因在下視丘的表現，而不論高、低劑量T (testosterone) 及E2 (estradiol) 的注射對下視丘AVT基因並無顯注的影響，所以AVT基因表現會受到性類固醇激素影響，但要視其種類及劑量而定。
黑鯛AVT基因表現在急速從淡水轉移至海水的第8個小時會明顯增加，而在急速從海水轉移至淡水的第3天則會顯著地下降，因此推測黑鯛AVT基因應與海水的適應有關。在投餵含高劑量的cortisol 的飼料7天之後，黑鯛下視丘的AVT基因表現明顯地受到抑制，但其作用機制仍然未知。

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the molecular role of AVT and AVTR V1 genes in the sexual development and salinity tolerance of the protandrous black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegeli). The variation of AVT and AVTR V1 gene expression was studied at different reproductive development stage of black porgy, especially in relation to sex differentiation. Changes in the gene expression after administration of sex steroids were also investigated.
Gonadal sex differentiation in black porgy occurs between 120~150 dah (days after hatching), but hypothalamus AVT gene increased significantly at 120 dah, indicating that AVT might be related to sex differentiation in black porgy. Hypothalamus AVT gene increased significantly during spawning season of 1~3 year old black porgy. In contrast, in the forebrain, AVT gene increased significantly during non-spawning season of 1 and 2 year old fish. Therefore, we suggest that expression of hypothalamus AVT gene might be related to gonadal development and maturation or sex behaviors of black porgy.
Oral administration of ATD for 15 days resulted in a significant increase in the expression of hypothalamus AVT gene and gonad AVTR V1 gene, whereas oral administration of ATD for 45 days resulted in a significant decease in the expression of midbrain and hypothalamus AVT gene and an increase in the expression of gonad AVTR V1 gene.
Injection of high dose 11-ketotestosterone caused a significant increase in the expression of hypothalamus AVT. In contrast, testosterone and 17β estradiol had no significant influence on hypothalamus AVT. Thus, we suggest that sex steroids could influence the gene expression of AVT in a dose dependent manner.
Transfer of black porgy from freshwater to seawater for 8 hours resulted in a significant increase in the expression of hypothalamus AVT gene, while transfer from seawater to freshwater for 3 days resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of hypothalamus AVT gene. Oral administration of high dose cortisol for 7 days caused a significant decrease in the expression of hypothalamus AVT gene, but the regulatory mechanism is still unclear.

第一章 文獻整理
一、魚類滲透壓之調控.......………………………………………………1
二、脊椎動物的生殖內分泌………………………………………………3
三、性別的決定與分化......................................................................…….3
四、Arginine vasotocin………………………………………………...…..4
(一) Arginine vasotocin的結構、種類及分佈情形……………………..4
(二) AVT的表現及功能……………………………………………..…...5
五、AVT receptor…………………………………………………….….....6
六、研究起源………………………………………………..….…….……7
(一) 研究生物…………………………………………………………....7
(二) 目前本研究室對黑鯛性別分化之研究…………………………....7
(三) 目前本研究室對黑鯛滲透壓調控之研究 ………………………..8
七、研究目的……………………………………………………….………8

第二章 黑鯛促性腺素釋放激素對生殖內分泌之調控
一、前言…………………………………………………………………...10
二、實驗材料與方法……………………………………………………..11
(一) 實驗魚種及採樣組織……………………………………………..11
(二) 實驗設計………………………………………………………......11
(三) 實驗方法………………..…………………………………………14
(四) 實驗藥品………………………………………………………….24
(五) 統計分析…………………………………………………………..27
三、結果………………………………………...…………………..........28
(一) 黑鯛AVT基因選殖與序列…………….……………………..….28
(二) 黑鯛AVT-V1基因選殖與序列……………….………………..…29
(三) 即時定量Real-time PCR系統建立……….……......................…29
(四) 黑鯛AVT與AVT-V1基因之組織分佈…………………………...30
(五) 幼齡黑鯛AVT與AVT-V1基因表現.............................................31
(六) 1至3年齡繁殖及非繁殖季黑鯛前腦、中腦及下視丘AVT
基因之表現………………………………………………….………31
(七) 投餵AI飼料對幼齡黑鯛AVT與AVT-V1基因表現之影響…...31
(八) 注射不同劑量性類固醇激素對下視丘AVT基因表現之影響…32
四、討論……………………………………………………….………..33
(一) 黑鯛AVT基因之選殖………………………….………..………..33
(二) 黑鯛AVTR基因之選殖………………………………………..…33
(三) AVT基因表現與性別決定與性別分化…………………………..33
(四) AVT基因表現與黑鯛繁殖季之關係…………………...………...34
(五) 環化酵素抑制物對腦部AVT及生殖腺AVT-V1基因量
之影響…………………………………………………………....35
(六) 性類固醇激素對下視丘AVT基因表現量之影響…………...…..36
(七) 未來展望…………………………………………………….…….37
五、結論………………………………………..…………………………38

第三章 鹽度改變及cortisol對黑鯛AVT基因表現之影響
一、前言…………………………………………………..…….……..…62
二、材料與方法…………………………………………………………64
(一) 實驗魚種及採樣組織………………………………………….…64
(二) 實驗設計……………………………………………….............64
(三) 實驗方法………………………………………………………..65
(四) 實驗藥品………………….………………………………………66
三、 結果………………………………………………………………..67
(一) 黑鯛急速從淡水轉移至海水後其血清滲透壓之變化………....67
(二) 黑鯛急速從淡水轉移至海水後對下視丘AVT基因表現
之影響………………………………………………………..67
(三) 黑鯛急速從海水轉移至淡水後其血清滲透壓之變化……….….67
(四) 黑鯛急速從海水轉移至淡水後對下視丘AVT基因表現
之影響…………………………………………………………67
(五) 投餵高低劑量cortisol對黑鯛下視丘AVT基因表現之影響…67
四、討論………………………........................................................68
(一) 急速從淡水轉移至海水對黑鯛下視丘AVT基因表現之影響….68
(二) 急速從海水轉移至淡水對黑鯛下視丘AVT基因表現之影響….69
(三) 投餵高低劑量cortisol對黑鯛下視丘AVT基因表現之影響….69
(四) 未來展望…………………..……………………………………....70
五、結論………………………………………………………….……….71

第四章 總結論………………………………………………………..…77
參考文獻……………………………………………..…………………..78

圖表目錄
頁次
表1、vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily 成員名稱縮寫及結構圖……...39
表2、選殖黑鯛之Arginine vasotocin 與其它脊椎動物之
相似百分比…………………………………………………..40
表3、選殖黑鯛之Arginine vasotocin receptor-V1與其它脊椎
動物之相似百分比……………………………………………41
圖2-1、黑鯛AVT基因核苷酸及其演譯胺基酸序列…………………....42
圖2-2、黑鯛AVT氨基酸與其他物種比對之結果……...….…………....43
圖2-3、黑鯛AVT基因與其他物種之親緣關係圖………….…………..45
圖2-4、黑鯛AVTR-V1基因核苷酸及其演譯胺基酸序列……….….….46
圖2-5、黑鯛AVTR-V1氨基酸與其他物種比對之結果………….…….47
圖2-6、黑鯛AVTRV1基因與其他物種之親緣關係圖………………....50
圖2-7、黑鯛AVT基因即時定量系統 (Real-time PCR) 之建立……..51
圖2-8、黑鯛AVTR-V1基因即時定量系統 (Real-time PCR)
之建立..........................................................................49
圖2-9、RT-PCR分析AVT及AVTR-V1基因在黑鯛各組織表現…….…53
圖2-10、幼齡黑鯛前腦、中腦及下視丘之AVT基因表現……………54
圖2-11、1至3年齡繁殖季及非繁殖季黑鯛前腦、中腦及下視丘
之AVT基因表現….………………….…………….…………55
圖2-12、幼齡黑鯛生殖腺之AVTR-V1基因表現………………………..56
圖2-13、孵化後75天黑鯛以ATD投餵處理15天及45天後，
對前腦、中腦及下視丘AVT基因表現之影響………..57
圖2-14、孵化後75天黑鯛以ATD投餵處理15天及45天後，
對生殖腺AVTR-V1基因表現之影響…………….…..58
圖2-15、高、低劑量睪固酮 (testosterone, T) 注射處理後，
對下視丘AVT基因表現之影響………….………………….59
圖2-16、高、低劑量11-ketotestoterone (11-KT) 注射處理後，
對下視丘AVT基因表現之影響……………..……………….60
圖2-17、高、低劑量雌二醇 (estradiol-17β, E2) 注射處理後，
對下視丘AVT表現之影響…………………….……………61
圖3-1、黑鯛適應淡水環境後，急速轉移至海水，在第6、8
個小時及第3、4天其血清滲透壓之值…………………….…..62
圖3-2、黑鯛適應淡水環境後，急速轉移至海水，在第6、8
個小時及第3、4天時其下視丘AVT基因之表現......................73
圖3-3、黑鯛適應海水環境後，急速轉移至淡水，在第6、8
個小時及第3、5天其血清滲透壓之值……………………..74
圖3-4、黑鯛適應海水環境後，急速轉移至淡水，在第6、8
個小時及第3、5天時其下視丘AVT基因之表現………...75
圖3-5、黑鯛投餵7天含高、低劑量cortisol飼料後，對下視丘
AVT基因之表現…………………...…………………………..76

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