臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究使用真空感應融熔與水冷銅輪冷卻固化，熔煉不同鎂鎳配比之二元鎂鎳共七種，與不同鎂鎳比加固定量第三元素Zn, Al或Nb之三元合金五種。於鎂中添加鎳及第三元素，主要目的在於改善鎂鎳合金之儲氫性能。熔煉後之合金先進行金相微觀組織觀察，吸放氫前後並用SEM配合EPMA與EDS，進行表面形貌觀察與化學成分分析。合金吸放氫之性能以測量吸氫反應速率與PCI曲線圖，比較各合金之優劣。
在350℃下，各二元合吸氫之性能指標從大到小順序如下，Mg50Ni50，Mg60Ni40，Mg45Ni55，Mg70Ni30，Mg80Ni20，Mg90Ni10，Mg。在350℃下，各二元合金之最大吸氫量從大到小順序如下，Mg70Ni30，Mg60Ni40，Mg50Ni50，Mg80Ni20，Mg45Ni55，Mg90Ni10，Mg。在350℃下，Mg70Ni30在各合金中，擁有3.40 wt﹪之最大吸氫量，及8.58 atm之最低平台壓。γ-Mg2Ni相之催化作用，可能是促使Mg70Ni30吸氫速率加快，並提高其最大吸氫量之主要原因。添加鎳，降低了鎂與氧之親和力，氧化層變得較不緻密，使得氫較容易滲透過氧化層，進入合金內部，亦可能是加快吸氫速率之原因。
添加Zn, Al 或Nb之各三元鎂鎳合金，只有添加鋅之合金有較佳之吸氫結果。其中以Mg90Ni10+Zn合金，擁有最大之吸氫量，在350℃下之最大吸氫量達到4.23wt%。在350℃下，三元合金最大吸氫量從大到小順序如下，Mg90Ni10+Zn，Mg70Ni30+Zn，Mg45Ni55+Zn。經由XRD測試計算，發現添加第三元素後，發現γ相之c/a值現象有變大之，吾人乃嘗試以此結構變化，加上Zn對合金氧化力之改變，還有鋅對氫化反應之催化作用，解釋含Zn合金擁有較佳吸放氫性能之原因。

The purpose of this thesis is to apply neural network controller to aircraft automatic landing system. Most of the studies regarding flight control are based on conventional modern control theories with optimal or adaptive control methods. Typically these techniques involve linearizing the aircraft dynamics about several operating conditions through out the flight envelope, designing linear controllers for each condition, and gain-scheduling approach. The disadvantages are that it require extensive computations, memory utilization, and memory space. Furthermore, conventional controllers are not capable of handling environmental disturbances. It is noted that existing automatic landing system work reliably only within a carefully specified operational safety envelope. A conventional autopilot has difficulties in severe wind disturbances during the landing phase. Thus, to increase the safety of landing it would be desirable if new method could expand the operational envelope to include safe responses under different environmental conditions.
Artificial neural networks, which have the ability to approximate continuous nonlinear functions, offer the potential to overcome these problems. In this study, a multilayer feedforward neural network is applied to the aircraft landing control. The neural network controller can learn different flight conditions off-line. Simulation results show that the trained controller can guide the aircraft landing safely through wind disturbances. The analysis of using different numbers of hidden unit are included. Through the simulations, the combination of the training data and scaling skill are found. Also, strength ranges of wind turbulence and wind shear for a safety landing are suggested.

目 錄 頁次
摘要………………………………………………………………………………I
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………II
誌謝………………………………………………………………………………………III
目錄…………………………………………………………………………………IV表目錄…………………………………………………………………………………VI
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………………… …………VIII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 儲氫合金簡介 3
2-2 氫化物分類 3
2-3 貯氫合金元素之功能 4
2-4 鎂基儲氫合金 4
2-5 鎂基合金熔煉 8
2-6 儲氫合金動力學 8
2-7 等溫壓力組成曲線 10
2-8 活化 12
2-9 Van’t Hoff 方程式 13
第三章 實驗方法與步驟 15
3-1實驗方法 15
3-2 合金試樣之準備 15
3-3 製程方式 16
3-4 實驗步驟 21
3-5 儲氫性能量測 25
3-5-1 動力學性質量測 25
3-5-2 PCI曲線實驗參數 25
3-5-3 PCI曲線量測 25
3-6 微觀組織觀察 28
3-6-1 金相觀察 28
3-6-2 掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察與能譜元素分析 28
3-6-3 電子微探儀 28
3-6-4 X光繞射晶體分析 28
第四章 實驗結果與討論 29
4.1鎂鎳成份比對合金顯微組織之影響 29
4.1.1巨觀組織觀察與分析 29
4.1.2 Mg90Ni10合金之微觀組織觀察與分析 31
4.1.3 Mg80Ni20合金之微觀組織觀察與分析 32
4.1.4 Mg70Ni30合金之微觀組織觀察與分析 32
4.1.5 Mg60Ni40合金之微觀組織觀察與分析 34
4.1.6 Mg50Ni50合金之微觀組織觀察與分析 35
4.1.7 Mg45Ni55合金之微觀組織觀察與分析 35
4.2 鎂鎳成份比對吸放氫反應速率影響 36
4.3 鎂鎳合金之吸放氫溫度效應 39
4.3.1 純鎂之PCI測試 39
4.3.2 Mg90Ni10合金之PCI測試 40
4.3.3 Mg80Ni20合金之PCI測試 42
4.3.4 Mg70Ni30合金之PCI測試 43
4.3.5 Mg60Ni40合金之PCI測試 44
4.3.6 Mg50Ni50合金之PCI測試 45
4.3.7 Mg45Ni55合金之PCI測試 46
4.3.8 鎂鎳組成比對吸氫量之影響 47
4.3.9 鎂鎳組成比對吸氫平台壓之影響 49
4.3.10 鎂鎳組成比對吸放氫熱力學參數之影響 50
4.4 添加第三元素對鎂鎳合金顯微組織之影響 51
4.4.1 鎂鎳合金添加第三元素之巨觀觀察 51
4.4.2 添加鋅之鎂鎳合金微觀觀察與分析 52
4.4.3 添加鋁之鎂鎳合金微觀觀察與分析 56
4.4.4 添加鈮之鎂鎳合金微觀觀察與分析 59
4.5 添加第三元素對鎂鎳合金吸氫速率之影響 62
4.6 第三元素對鎂鎳合金吸放氫之影響 64
4.6.1 含鈮之鎂鎳合金之吸放氫結果與討論 64
4.6.2 含鋁之鎂鎳合金之吸放氫結果與討論 65
4.6.3 含鋅之鎂鎳合金之吸放氫結果與討論 66

[Akiba] E. Akiba, K. Nomura, S. Ono, S. Suda, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 7, pp.787, 1982.
[Anani] A. Anani, A. Visintin, K. Petrov et al. , J. of Power Sources, 47, pp.261-275, 1994.
[Corr] S. Corr, Y. Gotoh, H. Sakaguchi, D. Fruchart, G. -Y Adachi, J. Alloys Comp, 255, pp.117-121, 1997.
[Elam] C. C. Elam, C. E. Gregoire Padró, G. Sandrock et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 28, pp.601–607, 2003.
[Fernández] G. E. Fernández, D. Rodríguez, and G. Meyer, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 23, pp.93, 1998.
[Haraki] T. Haraki, N. Inomata and H. Uchida., J. Alloys Comp., 293-295, pp.407,1999.
[Harris] J. Harris, S. Andersson, Phys. Rev. Lett,. 55, pp.1583, 1985.
[Hirata-1] T. Hirata, T. Matsumoto, M. Amano et al., J. of Less-Common Metals, 89, pp.85–91, 1983.
[Hirata-2] T. Hirata, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 9, pp.855-859, 1984.
[Hong] T. W. Hong, Y. J. Kim, J. Alloys Comp., 333, L1–L6, 2002
[Imoto] T. Imoto, K. Satoh, K. Nishimura et al., J. Alloys Comp., 223, pp.60-64, 1995.
[Jianshe] Xue Jianshe, Li Guoxun, Hu Yaoqin et al. , J. Alloys Comp, 2000, 307, 240-244.
[Kolachev] B. A. Kolachev, A. A. IIyin, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 21,11/12, pp 975-980, 1996.
[Libowitz] G. G. Libowitz, Inorganic Chemistry Series, Butter Worths, London, 1972.
[Lundin] C. E. Lundin, F. E. Lynch, in Record of the 10th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Inst. of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 1380, 1975.
[Lupu] D. Lupu, A. Biris and E. Indrea, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 7, pp.783–785, 1982.
[Lutz] H. M. Lutz, O.De Pous, Proc.Second International Congress on Hydrogen in Metals, Paris, Paper 15, 1–8, 1977.
[Manchester] F. D. Manchester, D. Khatamian, Materials Science Forum 31. 261, 1988.
[Martin] M. Martin, C. Gommel, C. Borkhartet al., J. Alloys Comp. , 238, pp.193-201, 1996.
[Nomura] K. Nomura, E. Akiba, S. Ono, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 6, 295, 1981.
[Park] J. M. Park, Jal-Young Lee, J. Less-Common Met., 167, 245, 1991.
[Reilly-1] J. J. Reilly, Proc. Int. Sympp. On Hydrides For Energy Storage, 301, 1978.
[Reilly-2] J. J. Reilly, R.H. Wiswall, Inorg. Chem., 13, 218, 1974.
[Reilly-3] J. J. Reilly, R. H. Wiswall,Inorganic Chemistry, 2254, 1968.
[Reilly-4] J. J. Reilly, Z. Phys. Chem. N.F. 117, 155, 1979.
[Sakai] T. Sakai, A.Yaasa, Ishikawa H. et al., J. Less-Common Metals, 1194, 172–174, 1991.
[Sandrock-1] G. Sandrock, J. Alloys Comp., 293–295, pp.877-888, 1999.
[Sandrock-2] G. D. Sandrock, Proc. 2nd World Hydrogen Energy Conf., Pergamon, Oxford, pp.1625-1656, 1978.
[Schlapbach] L. Schlapbach, in: L. Schlapbach（Ed.）, Topics in Applied Physics, Hydrogen in Intermetallic Compounds Ⅰ, 63, Springer, Berlin, 2, 1988.
[Yuan] H. Yuan, , H. Yang, Z. Zhou et al., J. Alloys Comp., 260, pp.256-259, 1997.
[Yukawa] Y., H. Yukawa, M. Morinaga,Alloying effects on the electronic structure of Mg2Ni intermetallic hydride”, J. Alloys Comp., 242,98-107, 1996.
[Tanaka] K. Tanaka , Y. Kanda, M. Furuhashi, et al., J. Alloys Comp., 293–295, pp.521–525, 1999.
[Vucht] J. H. N. van Vucht, F.A. Kuijpers, H.C.A.M., Bruning, Philips Res.Repts., 25,133, 1970.
[Willems] J. J. G. Willems, K. H. J. Buschow, J. Less-Common Met.,129,13, 1978.
[Zhang] Q. A. Zhang, Y. Q. Lei, X. G. Yang et al., J. Alloys Comp., 305, 125–129, 2000.
[Zijlstra] H. Zijlstra, F. F. Westendorp, Sol. State Comm., 7857, 1969.
[大角泰章] 大角泰章，水素吸藏合金，25、154~159及237~239頁，西元1993年。
[汪建民] 汪建民，粉末冶金技術手冊，台北，經濟部技術處，西元1994年。