臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

總摘要

本研究探討石斑魚稚魚銅(copper, Cu)之需求量及銅與維生素C (ascorbic acid, AA)間交互作用及其對免疫反應之影響。
實驗一：硫酸銅(copper sulfate)以下列劑量0、1、2、4、6、8、10與20 mg Cu/kg diet添加於基礎飼料中，其實際分析值分别為0.11、1.66、2.41、4.37、6.56、8.97、11.03與20.05 mg Cu/kg diet等總共八組，餵予平均初重13.35 ± 0.004 g之石斑魚稚魚，每組三重覆，於密閉循環系統中飼養八週。石斑魚餵食6.56 mg Cu/kg diet組其增重率顯著(p<0.05)高於其它各組。石斑魚肝臟銅鋅超氧化歧酶活性以餵食6.56 mg Cu/kg diet組最高，8.97 mg Cu/kg diet組次之，20.05 mg Cu/kg diet組再次之，餵食未添加銅之控制組則最低。石斑魚血漿藍胞漿素活性以餵食6.56 mg Cu/kg diet組最高，8.97 mg Cu/kg diet組次之，11.03 mg Cu/kg diet組再次之，餵食控制組最低。石斑魚白血球超氧陰離子產率以餵食4.73及6.56 mg Cu/kg diet兩組高於其他各組。石斑魚肝臟銅鋅超氧化歧酶活性與血漿藍胞漿素活性經拐點迴歸分析以及全魚體銅保留量經線性迴歸分析估得石斑魚稚魚之銅最適需求量為
4∼6 mg Cu/kg diet。
實驗二：本實驗為2×3複方實驗設計，含適量(6 mg Cu/kg diet)與高量(48 mg Cu/kg diet)銅之基礎飼料中分別添加三種劑量維生素C (適量：8.3 mg AA/kg diet，兩倍適量：16 mg AA/kg diet及四倍適量：32 mg AA/kg diet)總共六組，NCu-NC (6 mg Cu/kg diet; 8.3 mg AA/kg diet)、NCu-HC (6 mg Cu/kg diet; 16 mg AA/kg diet)、NCu-HHC (6 mg Cu/kg diet; 32 mg AA/kg diet)、HCu-NC (48 mg Cu/kg diet; 8.3 mg AA/kg diet)、HCu-HC (48 mg Cu/kg diet; 16 mg AA/kg diet)、及HCu-HHC (48 mg Cu/kg diet; 32 mg AA/kg diet)，餵予平均初重12.21 ± 0.02 g石斑魚稚魚，每組飼料三重複，實驗為期八週。當石斑魚飼料中添加適量維生素C時，其增重率以餵食NCu-NC組顯著(p<0.05)高於HCu-NC組；石斑魚魚體及肝臟銅濃度皆以餵食HCu-NC組高於NCu-NC組；石斑魚餵食NCu-NC組之白血球超氧陰離子產率高於HCu-NC組。在HCu組別中，石斑魚增重率以餵食HCu-HHC組高於HCu-NC組；石斑魚魚體及肝臟銅濃度皆以餵食HCu-NC組高於HCu-HHC組；石斑魚餵食HCu-HHC組之白血球超氧陰離子產率高於HCu-NC組。本實驗結果顯示提高飼料中維生素C含量，可以改善石斑魚因攝取高量銅所造成組織中過量銅之蓄積，並減輕對石斑魚成長及免疫反應之抑制作用。

Abstract

The study was conducted to quantify the optimum dietary copper (Cu) requirements and its interaction with vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) in juvenile grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus).
Experiment Ι. Copper sulfate was added to the basal diet at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 20 mg Cu/kg diet providing the actual dietary value of 0.11, 1.66, 2.41, 4.37, 6.56, 8.97, 11.03 and 20.05 mg Cu/kg diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 13.35 ± 0.004 g) in a recirculated rearing system for 8 weeks. Fish fed diet with 6.56 mg Cu/kg had significantly (p＜0.05) higher weight gain than all the other dietary treatments. Liver copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD) activity was highest in fish fed diet with 6.56 mg Cu/kg, followed by 8.97 mg Cu/kg, then 20.05 mg Cu/kg, and lowest in fish fed the unsupplemented control diet. Fish fed diet with 6.56 mg Cu/kg had highest plasma ceruloplasmin activity, followed by 8.97 mg Cu/kg, then 11.03 mg Cu/kg, and lowest in fish fed the control diet. Leukocyte superoxide anion production ratio was higher in fish fed diets with 4.73 and 6.56 mg Cu/kg than other dietary treatments. Analysis by broken-line regression of liver CuZn SOD activity and plasma ceruloplasmin activity, and by linear regression of whole-body Cu retention of the fish indicate that the adequate dietary Cu concentration in growing grouper is about 4~6 mg Cu/kg diet.
Experiment ΙI. Basal diet containing either adequate (6 mg Cu/kg diet, NCu) or high (48 mg Cu/kg diet, HCu) dietary copper each supplemented with three levels of vitamin C (adequate: 8.3 mg AA/kg diet, NC; 2X adequate: 16 mg AA/kg diet, HC; and 4X adequate: 32 mg AA/kg diet, HHC). Six experimental diets (NCu-NC: 6 mg Cu/kg diet, 8.3 mg AA/kg diet; NCu-HC: 6 mg Cu/kg diet, 16 mg AA/kg diet; NCu-HHC: 6 mg Cu/kg diet, 32 mg AA/kg diet; HCu-NC: 48 mg Cu/kg diet, 8.3 mg AA/kg diet; HCu-HC: 48 mg Cu/kg diet, 16 mg AA/kg diet; and HCu-HHC: 48 mg Cu/kg diet, 32 mg AA/kg diet) were each fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 12.21 ± 0.02 g) for 8 weeks. In the adequate dietary vitamin C group, fish fed the NCu-NC diet had significantly (p＜0.05) higher weight gain than fish fed the HCu-NC diet; whole body and hepatic Cu concentrations were higher in fish fed the HCu-NC diet than fish fed the NCu-NC diet; fish fed the NCu-NC diet had higher leukocyte superoxide anion production ratio than fish fed the HCu-NC diet. In the high dietary Cu group, fish fed the HCu-HHC diet had higher weight gain than fish fed the HCu-NC diet; whole body and hepatic Cu concentrations were higher in fish fed the HCu-NC diet than fish fed the HCu-HHC diet; fish fed the HCu-HHC diet had higher leukocyte superoxide anion production ratio than fish fed the HCu-NC diet. These data suggest that depressed growth and immunity and high tissue Cu accumulation in grouper due to high Cu ingestion could be improved by high dietary vitamin C supplementation.

目錄
總摘要(中文)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．I
總摘要(英文) ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．III
文獻整理．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
實驗一：石斑魚稚魚銅之需求量及其對免疫反應之影響
摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．20
前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21
材料方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．23
結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．39
討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．56
實驗二：銅與維生素C之交互作用及其對石斑魚稚魚成長及免疫反應
之影響
摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．63
前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．64
材料方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．66
結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．76
討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．89
總結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．94
參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．95
表目錄
表一、魚類對銅之需求量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．10
表二、過量銅對魚類之影響．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．12
表三、魚類對維生素C之需求量及來源．．．．．．．．．．．．15
表四、魚類銅與維生素C之交互關係．．．．．．．．．．．．．19
表五、實驗一基礎飼料組成．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．24
表六、實驗一飼料之一般成份．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．26
表七、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之增重百分率、飼
料效率及存活率．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．42
表八、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之蛋白質效率及肝
體比．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．43
表九、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之體組成．．．．．44
表十、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後紅血球計數、血比
容與血紅素濃度．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．45
表十一、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之平均紅血球體
積、平均紅血球血紅素含量與平均紅血球血紅素濃度．．46
表十二、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之血漿藍胞漿素
活性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．47
表十三、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之魚體與肝臟銅
濃度．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．48
表十四、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之肝臟TBARS
值．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．49
表十五、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後肝臟超氧化歧
酶活性、銅鋅超氧化歧酶活性及錳超氧化歧酶活性．．．50
表十六、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之白血球超氧
陰離子產率．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．51
表十七、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同銅含量飼料八週後之全魚體銅保
留量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．52
表十八、實驗二基礎飼料組成．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．67
表十九、實驗二飼料中銅與維生素C之分析值．．．．．．．．．69
表二十、實驗二飼料之一般成份．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．70
表二十一、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週
後之增重百分率、飼料效率及存活率．．．．．．．．79
表二十二、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週
後之蛋白質效率及肝體比．．．．．．．．．．．．．80
表二十三、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週
後之體組成．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．81
表二十四、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週
後紅血球計數、血比容與血紅素濃度．．．．．．．．．82
表二十五、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週
後之平均紅血球體積、平均紅血球血紅素含量與平
均紅血球血紅素濃度．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．83
表二十六、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C八週後之
魚體與肝臟中銅濃度．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．84
表二十七、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週
後之肝臟中維生素C濃度．．．．．．．．．．．．．85
表二十八、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週
後肝臟TBARS值．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．86
表二十九、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週
後肝臟超氧化歧酶活性、銅鋅超氧化歧酶活性及錳
超氧化歧酶活性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．87
表三十、石斑魚稚魚餵食不同含量之銅及維生素C飼料八週後
之白血球超氧陰離子產率．．．．．．．．．．．．．．88










圖目錄
圖一、銅的吸收、運送與排出．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．6
圖二、飼料中實際銅含量對石斑魚稚魚血漿藍胞漿素活性之
影響．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．53
圖三、飼料中實際銅含量對石斑魚稚魚肝臟銅鋅超氧化歧酶
活性之影響．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．54
圖四、飼料中實際銅含量對石斑魚稚魚全魚體銅保留量之影
響．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．55

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