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研究生:李怡俐
研究生(外文):Yi-Li Lee
論文名稱:憲法修改的公民審議機制
論文名稱(外文):The institution of citizen deliberation on constitutional amending
指導教授:張文貞張文貞引用關係
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:國家發展研究所
學門:社會及行為科學學門
學類:綜合社會及行為科學學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2006
畢業學年度:94
語文別:中文
論文頁數:195
中文關鍵詞:憲法修改公民審議公民審議機制公民共和理論憲法時刻理論審議民主理論憲改公民團審議思辯民調審議日公民討論
外文關鍵詞:constitutional amendingcitizen deliberationthe institution of citizen deliberationcivic republicanism theoryconstitutional moment theorydeliberative democracy theorycitizens’ assemblydeliberative pollingdeliberation daycitizen discussion.
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:10
  • 點閱點閱:602
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:2
本文旨在探討憲法修改的公民審議機制。公民在憲法修改程序之中,尤其是在公民複決修憲的情況裡,應該要有機會可以針對重大的憲法修改議題進行思辯與審議。此一理性溝通的機制不僅能改善憲改程序的討論品質,更可以強化修憲結果的正當性。而為了支持此一主張,本文將從以下幾個層面探討憲法修改與公民審議間的關係。
首先,本文在第二章的理論探討中,以公民共和理論、憲法時刻理論及審議民主理論作為代表理論,並以Hannah Arendt、Bruce Ackerman、以及Jürgen Habermas分別作為這些理論的代表學者。而從上述這些學者的理論中,推衍出憲法修改需要公民審議的依據和公民審議的原則。
在第三章中,本文進一步介紹並分析各國在制憲程序中、或針對各類憲法議題,曾採行過的公民討論機制或公民審議機制。就公民討論機制而言,其例子有南非制憲過程中的「公民參與新憲」計畫、泰國制憲過程中官方和民間所推動的公民討論及歐洲制憲會議所推動的公民討論。而在公民審議機制的部分,則以加拿大卑詩省在選區改制議題上所運作的憲改公民團和澳洲在憲法議題上所舉行過的憲改審議思辯民調為例。在介紹這些機制後,本文也檢討了公民討論機制與公民審議機制各自的優缺點。
而在前述理論及實務的分析基礎上,本文在第四章進一步分析公民審議的意義與內涵、公民審議機制的要件、以及在憲法修改程序上,公民審議機制有哪些可能的制度選擇。本文認為公民審議的主要內涵包括充分知情、對話、公開性、多元性、平等與包容性。而公民審議機制的要件與設計也將會從這些內涵中得出。除此之外,公民審議機制其實也有大小規模的問題。本文除分析小規模公民審議機制的優缺點外,也將介紹大規模的公民審議機制—審議日,並分析相關的問題。
在比較完不同公民審議機制的特點後,本文亦分析如何在不同的修憲階段中選擇適當的公民審議機制。從理論上來說,本文認為在憲改提案階段中,憲改公民團及憲改審議思辯民調都是可行的機制。而在憲改的複決階段,本文則主張應採行憲改審議日。尤其在憲改程序已納入公民複決機制時,藉由憲改審議日的採行及運作,才能讓公民在對憲法修正案進行投票之前,能夠得到真正理性的溝通與審議。
第7次修憲後,台灣的憲法修改程序已正式納入公民複決的機制。本文以為,公民對憲法提案的討論已成為公民複決修憲的前提。為了提升未來憲改的品質並強化公民複決憲改的正當性,本文主張在公民複決前,應讓公民有更多的機會可以討論憲法修正案的各項議題。藉由審議日等公民審議機制的落實,讓公民有深入參與憲改的機會與經驗。如此一來,公民複決修憲才不會淪為膚淺的口號與標語。
The main subject of this thesis is the institution of citizen deliberation on constitutional amending. In order to improve the quality of constitutional amending and strengthen the legitimacy of constitutional referendum, this thesis argues that citizens should have more opportunities to deliberate on constitutional issues before constitutional referendum. To support this argument, this thesis discusses deeply the relation between constitutional amending and citizen deliberation from the following dimensions.
First, theoretically speaking, the relation between constitutional amending and citizen deliberation is a recurrent concern of the theories of Civic Republicanism, Constitutional Moment and Deliberative Democracy, of which Hannah Arendt, Bruce Ackerman and Jürgen Habermas are the most representative scholars respectively. Based on their theories, an argument could be inferred that constitutional amending needs citizen deliberation. These theories also imply some principles of citizen deliberation.
Secondly, there are some examples of citizen discussion on constitutional making and citizen deliberation on constitutional issues. In the part of citizen discussion, the examples are the public participation program on constitutional making in South Africa, the public participation and discussion on constitutional making in Thailand and the efforts of European Convention in European Union for public participation on European constitutional making. As for the citizen deliberation, the main examples are Citizens’ Assembly on reforming the Electoral System in British Columbia, Canada and Deliberative Polls on the Australian constitution. By introducing these institutions, the thesis also analyses the advantages and disadvantages of them.
Thirdly, this thesis deals with the meaning and content of citizen deliberation, the fundamental elements of the institution of citizen deliberation and the choices of the institutions of citizen deliberation on constitutional amending. Those fundamental elements of citizen deliberation are sufficient information, dialogue, publicity, diversity, equality, inclusion. The design of the institution of citizen deliberation should follow these elements. In addition, this thesis also discusses the size of the institution of citizen deliberation. Although having some advantages, a small-sized institution encounters some problems. As a result, this thesis introduces Deliberation Day, a large-sized institution of citizen deliberation and analyzes main issues about it.
After comparing Citizens’ Assembly, Deliberative Polling and Deliberation Day, the thesis also analyzes how to choose an appropriate institution of citizen deliberation in different stages of constitutional amending procedure.Theoretically speaking, Citizens’ Assembly or Deliberative Polling should be adopted in the initiative step of constitutional amending. As a body made up of randomly chosen citizens, they are authorized to initiate and bring the initiative to public referendum. Besides, most of the time issues of Constitutional amending are so important that decision must be made by the people as a whole. Consequently, a more deliberative approach to decision-making is required. Deliberation Day should be held before the constitutional referendum. Citizen will be invited to discuss the issues of constitutional amending with their neighbors at community centers throughout the land.
In conclusion, after the adoption of the 7th constitutional amendment, public referendum on constitutional amending has been a formal procedure in Taiwan. In order to improve the quality of constitution amending and strengthen the legitimacy of constitutional referendum, citizens should have more opportunities to deliberate on constitutional amendment in an informed fashion before constitutional referendum. Adopting Deliberation Day in the procedure makes Taiwanese citizens have more opportunities to reflect on important issues of constitutional amendment. Otherwise, constitutional referendum will become a hollow slogan.
1.序論 1
1.1.研究動機及目的 1
1.2.問題界定 4
1.3.名詞定義 5
1.4.研究範圍及研究方法 10
1.5.論文架構 12
2.憲改與公民審議機制的理論探討 17
2.1.公民共和理論—以漢娜•鄂蘭(Hannah Arendt)的理論為中心 19
2.1.1.政治行動 19
2.1.2.革命與創建行動 23
2.2.憲法時刻理論—以布魯斯•艾克曼(Bruce Ackerman)的理論為中心 29
2.2.1.憲法時刻與常態政治 30
2.2.2.憲法時刻的四大階段 36
2.3.審議民主理論—以哈伯瑪斯(Jürgen Habermas)的理論為中心 38
2.4.小結 42
3.公民審議機制在憲法制定或修改上的實踐 47
3.1.公民討論 48
3.1.1.南非 48
3.1.2.泰國 53
3.1.3.歐盟 56
3.2.公民審議 63
3.2.1. 憲改公民團(Citizens’ assembly): 以加拿大卑詩省的選區改制為例 64
3.2.1.1. 何謂憲改公民團 64
3.2.1.1.1.挑選階段 65
3.2.1.1.2.學習階段 66
3.2.1.1.3.公聽階段 68
3.2.1.1.4.審議階段 69
3.2.1.1.5.公民複決 69
3.2.1.1.6.評析 69
3.2.2.憲改的審議思辯民調(Deliberative Polling):澳洲經驗 73
3.2.2.1.何謂審議思辯民調 74
3.2.2.2.憲改的審議思辯民調—澳洲經驗 79
3.2.2.2.1. 1999年澳洲憲改審議思辯民調 79
3.2.2.2.2. 2001年澳洲憲改審議思辯民調 80
3.2.2.2.3. 2002年澳洲憲改審議思辯民調 80
3.2.2.2.4.評析 81
3.3.小結 83
4.憲改公民審議機制的設計與選擇 87
4.1. 公民審議的意義與內涵 87
4.1.1.公民審議的意義 87
4.1.2.公民審議的內涵 89
4.1.2.1 從程序的面向來區分 89
4.1.2.1.1.充分知情 89
4.1.2.1.2.對話 90
4.1.2.1.3.公開性 92
4.1.2.1.4.多元性 93
4.1.2.1.5.平等 93
4.1.2.1.6.包容性 94
4.1.2.1.7.決策的動態性 95
4.1.2.2.從參與者的角度來看 96
4.1.2.3.從議題的內容來看 99
4.1.2.4.本文見解 100
4.2.公民審議機制的要件 104
4.2.1.充分知情 105
4.2.2.對話 107
4.2.3.公開性 108
4.2.4.多元性 110
4.2.5.平等 111
4.2.6.包容性 112
4.3.公民審議機制與規模 114
4.3.1.小規模公民審議機制及其評析 114
4.3.2.大規模公民審議機制的提出—審議日 115
4.3.2.1.為何提出審議日 117
4.3.2.2.審議日的程序 119
4.3.2.2.1.審議日的籌備作業 119
4.3.2.2.2.審議日的進行階段 120
4.3.2.3.審議日與公民審議機制要件的關聯 123
4.3.2.4.審議日的實踐 125
4.3.2.5.審議日的功能 125
4.3.2.6.對審議日的批評及回應 127
4.3.3.審議日與其他公民審議機制之比較 130
4.3.3.1.審議日和審議思辯民調之比較 130
4.3.3. 2.審議日和憲改公民團之比較 133
4.4.公民審議機制在憲法修改程序中的適用 137
4.4.1.憲改公民團 137
4.4.2.憲改審議日 140
4.4.3.憲改審議思辯民調 144
4.4.4.不同公民審議機制在憲法修改程序中的選擇 144
4.4.4.1.提案階段—憲改公民團與憲改審議思辯民調 145
4.4.4.1.1.憲改公民團 145
4.4.4.1.2.憲改審議思辯民調 147
4.4.4.2.複決階段—憲改審議日 148
4.5.小結 149
5.台灣憲改程序的公民審議機制 151
5.1.過去的憲改程序 151
5.2.現在的憲改程序 157
5.3.憲改程序的公民審議機制 159
5.3.1.提案階段—憲改公民團與憲改審議思辯民調 161
5.3.1.1.憲改公民團 161
5.3.1.2.憲改審議思辯民調 162
5.3.2. 複決階段—憲改審議日 164
5.4.公民審議機制與社團諮詢的差異 166
5.5.公民審議機制的配套措施 167
5.6.小結 168
6.結論 171
7.研究展望 181
一、中文部分
(1)專書
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7.劉莘譯,2003,《當代政治哲學導論》,台北:聯經。原著:威爾、金里卡(Will Kymlicka),
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24.蔡英文,2002,〈公共空間的開展〉,《政治實踐與公共空間:漢娜鄂蘭的政治思想》,台北:聯經,頁75-122。
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30.蕭高彥,2005,〈台灣的憲法政治:過去、現在與未來〉,《從制度變遷看憲政改革:背景、程序與影響》學術研討會,中央研究院政治學研究所籌備處主辦,2005年9月24日,頁1-31。
31.顏厥安,2000,〈國民主權與憲政國家〉,《政大法學論叢》,63期,頁47-80。
32. ,2001,〈溝通、制度與民主文化—由哈伯瑪斯的法理論初探社會立憲主義〉,《臺大法學論叢》,30卷3期,頁1-47。
33.蘇宏達,2004/06,〈從制度主義解析歐洲聯盟憲法條約草案〉,《政治科學論叢》,20期,頁167-208。
二、英文部分
(1)專書
1.ACKERMAN, BRUCE, 1991, WE THE PEOPLE: FOUNDATIONS, CAMBRIDGE: Yale University Press.
2. , 1998, WE THE PEOPLE: TRANSFORMATION, CAMBRIDGE: Yale University Press.
3.ACKERMAN, BRUCE & FISHKIN S.JAMES, 2004, DELIBERATION DAY, CAMBRIDGE: Yale University Press.
4.ARENDT, HANNAH, 1958, THE HUMAN CONDITION, Penguin Books.
5. , 1965, ON REVOLUTION, Penguin Books.
6.GUTMANN, AMY & THOMPSON, DENNIS, 1996, DEMOCRACY AND DISAGREEABLE, Harvard University Press.
7. , 2004, WHY DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY?, Princeton University Press.
8.CHAMBERS, SIMONE, 1996, REASONABLE DEMOCRACY : JÜRGEN HABERMAS AND THE POLITICS OF DISCOURSE, Cornell University Press.
9.BOHMAN, JAMES & REHG, WILLIAM, 1997, DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: ESSAYS ON REASON AND POLITICS, The MIT Press.
10.YOUNG, MARION IRIS,2004, INCLUSION AND DEMOCRACY, Oxford University Press.
11.FISHKIN, S. JAMES, 1991, DEMOCRACY AND DELIBERATION:NEW DIRECTIONS FOR DEMOCRATIC REFORM, Yale University Press.
12. , 1995, THE VOICE OF THE PEOPLE, Yale University Press.
13.DRYZEK, S. JOHN, 2002, DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY AND BEYOND, Oxford University Press.
14.ELSTER, JON, 1998, DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, Cambridge University Press.
15.WEILER, H H .JOSEPH, 2000, THE CONSTITUTION OF EUROPE:”DO THE NEW CLOTHES HAVE AN EMPEROR "AND OTHER ESSAYS ON EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, Cambridge University Press.
16.HABERMAS, JÜRGEN, THOMAS MCCARTHY TRANS., 1984, THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTION, Beacon Press.
17. , REHG, WILLIAM TRANS., 1998, BETWEEN FACTS AND NORMS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO A DISCOURSE THEORY OF LAW AND DEMOCRACY, Cambridge, Mass, The MIT Press.
18.WILL KYMLICKA,1990, CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY:AN INTRODUCTION, New York : Oxford University Press.
(2)期刊
1.Ackerman, Bruce& Fishkin, S. James, 2003, Deliberation Day, in DEBATING DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, 7-30(James S. Fishkin& Peter Laslett eds.)
2.Ackerman, Bruce, 2005, The Deliberative Referendum and the Future Of Chinese Constitutionalism, International Conference on Constitutional Reengineering in New Democracies: Taiwan & the World.
3.Arato, Andrew, 1995, Forms of Constitution Making and Theories of Democracy, 15 ST. LOUIS-WARSAW TRANSATLANTIC L.J. 191.
4.Benhabib, Seyla, 1996, Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy, in DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE : CONTESTING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE POLITICAL ,67-124(Seyla Benhabib, ed., 1996)
5.Brand, J. D., 2002, Constitutional Reform: The South African Experiences, 33 CUMB. L. REV. 1.
6.Carson, Lyn & Hartz-Karp, Janette, 2005, Adapting and Combining Deliberative Designs: Juries, Polls, and Forums, in THE DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY, 120-138(John Gastil & Peter Levine eds.)
7.Chambers, Simone, 2001, Constitutional Referendum and Democratic Deliberation, in REFERENDUM DEMOCRACY: CITIZENS, ELITES AND DELIBERATION IN REFERENDUM CAMPAIGNS, 231-249.(Matthew Mendelsohn and Andrew Parkin, eds.)
8. , 2003, Deliberative Democracy Theory, 6 ANNU. REV. POLIT. SCI., 307.
9. , 2004, Democracy, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Legitimacy, 11(2)CONSTELLATIONS, 1.
10.Christiano, Thomas, 1997, The Significance of Public Deliberation, in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: ESSAYS ON REASON AND POLITICS 243-278(James Bohman& William Rehg eds.)
11.Cohen, Joshua, 1997, Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy, in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: ESSAYS ON REASON AND POLITICS,67-92. (James Bohman& William Rehg eds.)
12. , 1997, Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy, in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: ESSAYS ON REASON AND POLITICS, 407-438. (James Bohman& William Rehg eds.)
13. , 1998, Democracy and Liberty, in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, 185-231 (Jon Elster ed.)
14.Crosby, Ned & Nethercut, Doug, 2005, Citizens Juries: Creating a Trustworthy Voice of the Pepole, in THE DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY, 111-119. (John Gastil & Peter Levine eds.)
15.Elster, Jon, 1995, Forms and Mechanism in the constitution-making process, 45 DUKE L.J. 364.
16. , 1998, Deliberation and Constitution Making, in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, 97-122(Jon Elster ed.)
17. , 1998, Introduction, in Deliberative Democracy,1-18(Jon Elster ed.)
18.Fearon, D. James, 1998, Deliberation as Discussion, in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, 44-68 (Jon Elster ed.)
19.Fishkin, S. James & Farrar, Cynthia, 2005, Deliberative Polling: From Experiment to Community Resource, in THE DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY, 68-79(John Gastil& Peter Levine eds.)
20.Fishkin, S. James & Luskin, Robert, 1996, The Deliberative Poll: A Reply to Our Critics, 7(1)PUBLIC PERSPECTIVE, 45.
21.Fishkin, S. James, 1999, The Quest For Deliberative Democracy, 9(1) THE GOOD SOCIETY,6.
22.Grimm, Dieter, 1995, Does Europe Need a Constitution?, 1(3) European Law Journal, 283.
23.Haberamas, Jürgen, 1995, Remarks on Dieter Grimm’s “Does Europe Need a Constitution?” 1(3)EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL,304.
24. , 2001, Why Europe Needs a Constitution? 1(11)NEW LEFT REVIEW, 15.
25.Hendriks, M. Carolyn, 2005, Consensus Conferences and Planning Cells, in THE DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY, 80-110 (John Gastil & Peter Levine eds.)
26.Knight, Jack & Johnson, James, 1997, What Sort of Equality Does Deliberative Democracy Require?in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: ESSAYS ON REASONS AND POLITICS, 279-320(James Bohman& William Rehg eds.)
27.Ladd, Carll Evertt, 1996, Fishkin’s Deliberative Poll Is Flawed Science and Dubious Democracy, 7(1) PUBLIC PERSPECTIVE, 41.
28.Merkel, Daniel, 1996, The National Issues Convention: Deliberative Poll, 60 PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, 588.
29.Murray, Christina, 2001, A Constitutional Beginning: Making South Africa’s Final Constitution, 23 U. ARK. LITTLE ROCK L. REV. 809.
30.Przeworski, Adam, 1998, Deliberation and Ideological Domination, in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY,140-160.
31.Stokes C. Susan, 1998, Pathologies of Deliberation, in DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, 123-139 (Jon Elster ed.)
32.Sunstein, R. Cass, 2003, The Law of Group Polarization, in DEBATING DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, 80-102(James S. Fishkin& Peter Laslett eds.)
33.Uwanno, Borwornsak& Attorney Burns, D.Wayne, 1998, The Thai Constitution of 1997: Sources and Process, 32 U. B. C. REV. 227.
34.Young, M. Iris, 1996, Communication and the other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy, in DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE: CONTESTING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE POLITICAL, 120-133.(Seyla Benhabib ed.)
三、網站
(1)中文文章
1.葉俊榮,2004,〈從全球憲法變遷的趨勢看台灣憲政改造的定位〉,《總統府國父紀念月會專題報告》,總統府網站http://www.president.gov.tw/2_special/2004constitution/subject10.html。
2.張文貞,2005,〈台灣第二階段憲改的程序思考:從新興民主國家的經驗談起〉,總統府網站http://www.president.gov.tw/2_special/2004constitution/subject10.html
3.洪裕宏,〈民間催生新憲法的時代意義〉,21世紀憲改聯盟網站http://www.21cra.org.tw/library.php?class=100&PageNo=1
(2)英文文章
1.Thompson, F. Dennis, 2006, Who Should Govern Who Governs?The Role of Citizens in Reforming the Electoral System. http://www.jhsnider.net/citizensassembly/
2.Fishkin, S. James& Luskin, C. Robert , 2005, Deliberative Pollind, Public Opinion and Democracy : The Case of National Issues Convention, http://cdd.stanford.edu/research/papers/2005/issues-convention.pdf
3. , 2005, Experimenting with a Democratic Ideal: Deliberative Polling and Public Opinion, http://cdd.stanford.edu/research/papers/2005/acta-politica.pdf
4.Ferejohn, John, 2006, The Citizens’ Assembly Model, http://www.jhsnider.net/citizensassembly/
5.Chambers, Paul, Good Governance ,Political Stability and Constitutionalism in Thailand 2002: The state of democratic consolidation five years after the implementation of the 1997 constitution. http://www.kpi.ac.th/kpi/en/res_good_gov.htm
6.Hart, Vivien, Democratic Constitution Making, Special Report 107, http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr107.html
網站
1.Law commission of Canada http://www.lcc.gc.ca/research_project/02_democracy_7-en.asp
2.The Center For Deliberative Democracy http://cdd.stanford.edu/research/index.html
3.Issues Deliberation Australia
http://www.ida.org.au/constitutional.htm
4.Citizens’ Assembly on Electoral Reform
http://www.citizensassembly.bc.ca/public
5.The Center for Deliberative Democracy
http://cdd.stanford.edu/index
6.二一世紀憲改聯盟
http://www.21cra.org.tw/index.php
7.European Union Constitution
http://europa.eu.int/constitution/index_en.htm
8.Citizens’ Assembly Blog
http://www.jhsnider.net/citizensassembly
9.科技、社會與民主網站
http://tsd.social.ntu.edu.tw
10.Law School, The University of Chicago,the faculty blog
http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/faculty/2006/02/deliberation_da.html
11.Americ Speaks
http://www.americaspeaks.org/services/town_meetings/what_is.htm
12.加拿大卑詩省選區改制公民投票結果之網站http://www.elections.bc.ca/elections/ge2005/finalrefresults.htm
13.財團法人台灣智庫http://www.taiwanthinktank.org/ttt/servlet/OpenBlock?Template=Article&lan=tc&category_id=34&article_id=560&BlockSet
14.You have chosen Time for People, The Thai constitution
http://www.thai-center.dk/time_is_02_05.htm
15.澳洲審議思辯民調報告
http://www.jcs.act.gov.au/prd/rights/documents/report/appendix3.pdf
16.南非公民制憲網站
http://www.c-r.org/accord/peace/accord13/index.shtml.
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