臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

過去的十年間，動態能耐研究途徑的論點是：企業組織必須依賴能力去因應快速變遷的環境。動態能耐的觀點提供我們一個比其他研究途徑更具重要優勢影響性的說法，因為此觀點整合了能力建構的所有內在與外部主要影響因素。特別是與動態能力有關的因素，例如是組織的創新。此外，資源基礎觀點則提供我們判斷「能耐」與「能力」是主要的組織資源，因為這種獨特的資源，能夠有效地讓組織創造新的與更多的持續競爭優勢。

本論文研究旨在分析當公共組織面對創新活動時，組織的及時因應與公共治理模式的選擇。本文研究的主題是公部門組織的「動態能耐管理」，目的在提出一些組織有關的變項包括：組織承諾、組織學習、管理的領導與組織創新，觀察這些變項是如何去影響組織動態能耐的建構與槓桿運用。

本研究的對象是屬於公共部門中的「勞工保險局」，以該局969個正式職員為有效樣本，本文研究採用多變量統計（multivariate statistics）的分析方法進行資料分析與假設檢定，採用的分析方法是依據現有的理論建構「結構方程模型」（Structural Equation Modeling）。並使用「變異數分析」（ANOVA）、「因素分析」（factor analysis）與「路徑分析」（path analysis）等統計方法進行分析「問卷調查」的結果。

本文研究的主要假設是：組織要永續經營，最重要的還是須具備有組織能力，而組織的能力就來自於組織過程。透過組織過程，將資源轉換成組織的能力。因此，組織過程成為組織競爭力的決定因素。本研究檢視組織的活動過程，發現並不只是運作單一簡單資源就可達到組織長達績效，而是必須策略性地管理內在與外部的技能、組織慣例與資源。

本文研究的主要結論是：組織必須因應環境才能不斷維持競爭與創新。而能耐如未加以使用將逐漸消退枯竭，能耐惟有應用與分享才能不斷發展。勞工保險局面對著環境的不確定性，惟有以創新活動經由能耐的升級來創造其成長力，同時也應槓桿運用其現有的能耐不斷地改善現況。

In the past decade, extensive researches in the field of dynamic competence have suggested that each organization should possess its ability for rapid adaptation to the changing environment. The viewpoint offered by researches in dynamic competence provides a more dominant influence as compared to others because it encompasses both intrinsic and extrinsic influential factors for dynamic competence such as organization innovation. Additionally, the viewpoint provides the basis essential for judging what are the major resources of the organization. For example, “competence” and “capability” are two unique resources that effectively and persistently make the organization more compatible.

This thesis aims to analyze how organizations behave in terms of timing and governance choice when an innovation is introduced. In this research, we explore the issue of “dynamic competence management of public sector organizations” and provide insights into how organizational variables, including commitment, learning, managerial leadership and innovation influence the establishment and leverage of dynamic competence.

We selected the Bureau of Labor Insurance as the study organization and used its 969 employees as the sample population. A questionnaire survey was conducted and the results were analyzed by methods of multivariate statistics such as ANOVA, factor analysis and path analysis, based upon the Structural Equation Modeling.

A key assumption of this thesis is that , organizational and managerial processes produce unique sets of capabilities. We examined organizational activity cannot operate by simply assembling resources to achieve high long-term performance , but requires to strategically manage the internal and external organizational skills, routines and resources .

In our conclusion, organizations must adapt to the environment in order to remain competitive and innovative. Competence declines if it is not used , and competence is developed when it is applied and shared. In the face of competition and environmental uncertainty , Bureau of Labor Insurance shall manage its growth through upgrading its competence by innovation , and leveraging its existing competence by engaging continuous improvement.

謝詞……………………………………………………………一
中文摘要………………………………………………………二
英文摘要………………………………………………………三
表 次………………………………………………………六
圖 次………………………………………………………八
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………1
　　第一節　研究背景……………………………………… 1
　　第二節　研究目的……………………………………… 15
　　第三節　論文結構……………………………………… 18
第二章 相關文獻回顧………………………………………21
　　第一節　能耐運動的本質……………………………… 22
　　第二節　能耐概念相關文獻之整體…………………… 25
　　第三節　能耐概念有關學派文獻之探討……………… 29
第三章 能耐管理相關理論之探討…………………………51
　　第一節 個人與組織能耐概念的本質………………… 52
　 第二節 影響動態性組織管理的因素………………… 58
　第三節 動態能耐的本質……………………………… 67
第四章　　研究設計………………………………………… 78
　 第一節 研究結構………………………………………79
　　第二節 研究假設………………………………………83
　 第三節 研究方法………………………………………91
第五章 實證分析…………………………………………97
　第一節 樣本特性分析…………………………………97
　　第二節 信度與效度分析………………………………109
　　第三節 路徑分析………………………………………113
第六章 結論………………………………………… 137
　第一節 研究發現……………………………………… 138
　　第二節 研究建議……………………………………… 143
　　第三節 研究展望……………………………………… 151
參考文獻……………………………………………………… 155
附 錄
　一、 問卷調查資料…………………………………………169
　二、 因素分析數據資料……………………………………172
　三、 能耐概念發表印行文獻理整體清單…………………178
四、 勞工退休金新制的立法過程…………………………183
五、 勞保局組織能力延伸與業務演進……………………186

作者簡歷……………………………………………………… 187

　表1-1 勞保局與其他國家辦理勞工退休金業務比較表……6
　表1-2 勞工保險局業務概況約略表…………………………6
　表1-3 勞退新制與舊制及勞保老年給付比較表……………11
　表2-1 1990-2002年間八大學派發表能耐相關概念每年發表數統計表……………………………………………………28
　表2-2 產業結構的光譜………………………………………30
　表2-3 研究者對資源定義的整理……………………………34
　表3-1 一再重複行動模式個人與集體的分類………………53
　表4-1 變項與操作型定義……………………………………90
　表4-2 問卷調查研究面向與指標……………………………96
　表5-1 本文研究問卷發放及有效問卷份數…………………97
　表5-2 研究樣本之描述性統計分析表………………………98
　表5-3 樣本數值資料的位置與離散量程度表………………99
　表5-4 變異數分析同質性檢驗表……………………………102
　表5-5 樣本之分布區分變異數分析Ｆ值摘要表……………103
　表5-6 以年齡為變數的多重比較表…………………………105
　表5-7 以職等為變數的多重比較……………………………106
　表5-8 以年資為變數的多重比較……………………………107
　表5-9 可信度高低與 Cronbach α 係數之對照表…………110
　表5-10 問卷調查研究構面與指標信度分析彙整表…………111
　表5-11 組織創新等五變項單相關係數矩陣…………………117
　表5-12 組織創新為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………119
　表5-13 組織學習為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………119
　表5-14 動態能耐為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………119
　表5-15 組織創新五變項間相關係數的分解表………………121
表5-16 工作目標等五變項單相關係數矩陣…………………122
　表5-17 目標管理為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………123
　表5-18 組織學習為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………123
　表5-19 動態能耐為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………124
　表5-20 工作目標五變項間相關係數的分解表………………125
　表5-21 領導能力等五變項單相關係數矩陣…………………126
　表5-22 領導能力為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………127
　表5-23 組織學習為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………127
　表5-24 動態能耐為依變數的多元迴歸變異數分析表………128
　表5-25 領導能力五變項間相關係數的分解表………………129
　表5-26 能耐辨認對組織管理活動的影響分析………………129
　表5-27 組織承諾對組織管理活動的影響分析………………130
　表5-28 能耐辨認對組織學習的影響分析……………………131
　表5-29 組織承諾對組織學習的影響分析……………………131
　表5-30 組織管理活動對組織學習的影響分析………………132
　表5-31 能耐辨認對動態能耐的影響分析……………………132
　表5-32 組織承諾對動態能耐的影響分析……………………133
　表5-33 組織管理活動對動態能耐的影響分析………………133
　表5-34 組織學習對動態能耐的影響分析……………………134
　表5-35 本研究假設檢定分析表………………………………135
　圖1-1 勞保局組織創新活動系統圖…………………………7
　圖1-2 創新業務的組織結構因時制宜矩陣圖………………8
　圖1-3 勞保局提供服務分析圖………………………………10
　圖1-4 勞保局業務和能力圖…………………………………10
　圖1-5 文官核心能力與良善治理因果關係圖………………17
　圖1-6 本文研究流程圖………………………………………20
圖2-1 資源與能耐運動屋架構圖……………………………23
圖2-2 競爭優勢關鍵因素架構圖……………………………28
圖2-3 Barney持續性競爭優勢架構圖………………………36
圖2-4 資源基礎取向的持續競爭優勢策略模型……………37
圖2-5 資源、能力與競爭優勢間因果關係圖………………38
圖2-6 能耐界定的層級圖……………………………………41
圖2-7 一個綜合性的能耐基礎管理概念圖…………………46
圖3-1 從個人能耐至組織能耐循環圖………………………56
圖3-2 個人能耐、組織能耐與組織系絡關係解釋圖………57
圖3-3 組織成功的決定因素模型……………………………59
圖3-4 協同一致性與組織目標內化權變情境………………65
圖3-5 能耐的辨認與使用層級圖……………………………70
圖3-6 創新活動與持續改善綜效圖…………………………77
圖4-1 研究過程的主要階段循環……………………………78
圖4-2 構念：資源與能耐的關聯……………………………79
圖4-3 構念：資源、能力與競爭優勢關係…………………80
圖4-4 構念：資源與能耐管理過程的架構…………………80
圖4-5 構念：分析資源與能力的架構………………………81
圖4-6 路徑結構模型圖………………………………………83
圖4-7 組織創新模型研究假設路徑圖………………………85
圖4-8 工作目標模型研究假設路徑圖………………………86
圖4-9 組織領導模型研究假設路徑圖………………………86
圖4-10 五變項路徑結構模型圖………………………………93
圖5-1 本研究變項路徑圖……………………………………116
圖5-2 本研究「組織創新」五變項修正後路徑圖…………118
圖5-3 本研究「工作目標」五變項修正後路徑圖…………122
圖5-4 本研究「領導能力」五變項修正後路徑圖…………126

中文部分
1. 張俊彥，（2005），有效人力運用之理念與作法，中央機關94年 組織改造分區宣導會，94年7月29日。
2. 姜占魁，（1980），行政學（初版），台北：三民書局。
3. 姜占魁，（1989），組織行為與行政管理，作者自印。
4. 姜占魁，（1994），「行政革新芻議」，研考雙月刊，第十七卷五期。
5. 張世賢，（1984），「政府能力概念之分析」，行政學論叢，頁425-442，國立中興大學公行政學系編印。
6. 張世賢，（1982），政策分析的導師—林布隆，台北：允晨文化。
7. 林水波、張世賢，（1982），公共政策（初版），台北：五南書局。
8. 張世賢、陳恆鈞，（1997），公共政策：政府與市場的觀點，台北：商鼎。
9. 林水波，（1991），「組織能力—政策執行的火車頭」，研考雙月刊，15卷6期。
10.林水波、王崇斌，（2005），「文官核心能力與善良公共治理的關連性」，強化文官核心能力再造政府競爭力學術研討會。
11.趙義隆，（1996），「當前國際競爭與合作環境及我國因應對策」，經濟情勢暨評論季刊，第二卷第二期，頁1-8。經濟部研究發展委員會編印。
12.趙義隆，（2001），Ram Charan 原著，CEO要你知道的事（What the CEO wants you to know：How your company really works），序二，台北：天下文化。
13.湯明哲，（2000），知識管理—哈佛商業評論，台北：天下遠見出版，序三。
14.李吉仁，（2000），「能耐基礎管理國際會議」，科學發展月刊，第28 卷11 期。
15.吳思華，（2000），策略九說，台北：臉譜出版，3版。
16.彭文賢，（1983），組織原理（初版），台北：三民書局。
17.孫本初，（1997），公共管理，台北：時英。
18.孫本初、江岷欽、Golembiewski, R.T.主編 （1999），公共管理論文精選，台北：元照出版公司。
19.江明修，（1994），非營利組織領導行為之研究，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究。
20.江岷欽、林湩 編著，（1999），公共組織理論，台北：國立空中大學。
21.江岷欽，（1995），組織分析，台北：五南書局。
22.江岷欽、劉坤億，（1999），企業型政府，台北：智勝文化。
23.江岷欽，（1997），「企業型政府的理念與實務」，行政管理論文選輯，第11 輯，頁67-98。台北：考試院銓敘部。
24.丘昌泰，（1995），公共政策，台北：巨流圖書公司。
25.丘昌泰，（2000），公共管理—理論與實務手冊，台北：元照出版公司。
26.吳瓊恩、李允傑、陳銘薰編著，（2001），公共管理，台北：智勝文化。
27.蔡良文，（1999），人事行政學，台北：五南書局。
28.朱楠賢，（1991），「如何控制政府之成長兼從『公共選擇』的角度談起」，行政管理論文選輯，第五輯，頁203-215，考試院銓敘部主編。
29.朱楠賢，（1997），公共組織衰退與適應對策之研究，國立政治大學政治學系博士論文。
30.朱楠賢，（1998），「組織結構與編制自由化的設計」，建構企業型政府學術研討會。世新大學行政管理系主辦。
31.朱楠賢，（2001），「形塑行政機關為學習型組織之困境與對策」，新世紀的行政理論與實務，台北：五南書局。
32.范祥偉，（1998），「當前美國文官制度變革與展望（上、下）」，人事月刊，第27 卷，第2、 3期。
33.范祥偉，（2005），英國公共管理及文官制度改革新論，台北：華泰。
34.王旭統，（2001），「從生態觀點檢視戰後臺灣的行政革新」，研究發展得獎作品選輯，第三十輯，頁53-101，行政院人事行政局編印。
35.劉坤億、范祥偉，（2003），「第二回合的文官改革趨勢：從全觀型治理觀點談起」，人事月刊，第216期，頁7-16。
36.蔡祈賢，（2000），我國公務人員終身學習制度之研究，師範大學三民主義研究所博士論文。
37.李嵩賢，（2001），人力資源的訓練與發展，台北：商鼎文化。
38.劉毓玲譯；David Osborne and Ted Gaebler原著，（1993），新政府運動（Reinventing Government），台北：天下文化。
39.李芳齡、李田樹譯；Clayton M. Christensen and Michael E. Raynor原著，（2003），創新者的解答（The innovator’s solution：creating and sustaining successful growth），台北：天下雜誌。
40.李芳齡譯；Clayton M. Christensen , Scott D. Anthony and Erik A. Roth原著，（2004），創新者的修煉（Seeing what’s next：using the theories of innovation to predict industry change），台北：天下雜誌。
41.鄭錫鍇，（1997），「公共管理的緣起、發展與遠景」，研考雙月刊，第21卷6 期，頁45-55。
42.詹中源，（1998），「政府企業化的設計與限制」，建構企業型政府學術研討會。世新大學行政管理系主辦。
43.詹中源，（1999），「新公共管理與民主行政」，民主行政與政府再造學術研討會論文。世新大學行政管理系主辦。
44.陳銘祥，（2005），「建構以核心能力為基礎的人力資源管理策略」，強化文官核心能力再造政府競爭力學術研討會。
45.林清山，（1986），心理與教育統計學，（修正版），台北：東華。
46.高育麟，（2002），我國公教人員住宅福利政策創新與政策賡續，人事月刊，第34卷第2期， No.198， p.35-53。
47.高育麟，（1997），「公務人員培訓與政府採購專業知識的運用」，考銓月刊，頁62-77。

英文部分
Albert, S., Ashcroft, B.E. and Dutton, J.E.（2000）.Organizational Identity and Identification：Charting New Waters and Building New Bridges.Academy of Management Review. 25：13-17.
Amit, R. and Schoemaker, P. J. H.（1993）.Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14,pp. 33-46.
Amit, R. and Monica B.（1999）. Human Resuurces Management process：A Value-Creating Source of Competitive Advantage. European Management Journal. 17, pp.174-81.
Andreu, R. and Ciborra, C.（1996）.Core capabilities and information technology：An organizational learning approach. In Moingeon, B. and Edmondson, A., eds.（1996）Organizational learning and competitive advantage. Sage Publication, pp.121-38.
Andreu, R. and Ciborra, C. (1996). Organizational learning and core capabilities development: the role of IT. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 5, pp.111-127.
Argyres, N. and McGahan, A.（2002）. An interview with Michael Porter. Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 16, No.2,43-52.
Argyris, C. and Schöön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Baden-Fuller, C. and Volberda,H. W.（2001）.Dormant capabilities , complex organizations, and renewal. In Sanchez R.,（Eds.）,（2001b）Knowedge Management and Organizational competence. Oxford：Oxford University Press ,pp.114-36.
Barney, J. B.（1986）Strategic factor markets： expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, Vol.32, pp.1231-41.
Barney, J. B. (1986). Types of competition and the theory of strategy: Toward an integrative framework. Academy of Management Review, 11(4), pp.791 - 800.
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), pp.99-120.
Barney, J. B. (1994). Bringing managers back in: a resource-based analysis of the role of managers in creating and sustaining competitive advantage. In J.B. Barney, J.C.
Spender and T. Reve eds., Does management matter? On competencies and competitive advantage. Lund: Institute of Economic Research.
Barney, J. B. (1996). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. New York: Addison-Wesley.
Barney, J. B. and Ouchi, W. G. (1986). Basic concepts: Information, opportunism, and economic exchange. In J. B. Barney and W. G. Ouchi, (Eds.), Organizational economics: Toward a new paradigm for understanding and studying organizations. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers.
Barney, J. B.（2001）.Is the resource-based “ view” a useful perspective for strategic management research？Yes. Academy of Management Review, 26, pp.41-56.
Barney, J. B. and Arikan A.M.（2001）. The resource-based view：origins and implications. In Handbook of Strategic Management, Hitt M.A., Freeman R.E., Harrison J.S. （Eds.）.Blackwell：Oxford,U.K.,PP.31-46.
Barnard, Chester I.（1938/1968）. The Functions of the Executive. Harvard University press：Cambridge.
Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. (1993). Beyond the m-form: Towards a managerial theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 14, (Winter, Special Issue: Organization, Decision Making and Strategy).
Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. (1998).Managing across borders- the transnational solution.Second edition. Boston：Harvard Business School Press.
Becker, Markus C.（2002）.Routines- A brief history of the concept. In Ioannides, Stavros and Nielsen, Klaus（Eds.）, Economic and Social Science：Complements, Competitors, Accomplices？Edward Elgar：Cheltenham.
Becker, Markus C. and ThorbjØrn Knudsen（2001）. The role of Routines in reducing Uncertainty- Some Empirical Evidence. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Conference, Washington,D.C.,August 2001.
Becker, Markus C.（2002）.The concept of routines twenty years after Nelson and Winter（1982）A review of the literature.DRUID Working paper No 03-06.
Bennis W. and Nanus B.（1985）. Leaders：The Strategies for Taking Charge. New York：Harper and Row.
Berman, Evan M.（1998）.Productivity in public and Nonorofit Organizations Strategies and Techniques.Thousand Oaks, CA：Sage.

Black. Janice A. and Oliver, R.（2005）The Distribution of Leadership Skills Across a Single Focus Company,a Multi-focus Company and an industry：Three Case Studies. Paper for the Seventh International Conference on Competence-Based Management.（June 2-4）. Post-Conference Publication.

Bozeman, B. and Straussman, D.J.（1990）Public Management Strategies：Guidelines for Managerial Effectiveness, San Francisco：Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Bozeman, B.（1993）”Introduction：Two Concepts of Public Management,”in J.L.Perry（Eds）,Public Management：The state of Art, San Francisco：Jossey-Bass Publishers. Pp.1-5.

Buchanan, B. （1974）. Building organizational commitment：The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly,19, 533-546.

Burgelman, R. A.（2002）.Strategy is density. New York：The Free Press.
Coase, R. H. (1937). The nature of the firm. In O. E. Williamson & S. G. Winter (Eds.) (1993). The Nature of the Firm; Origins, Evolution, and Development . New York: Oxford University Press, 18-74. (Originally in 4 Economica N.S.)
Cockburn, I.,R. Henderson, S. Stern.（2000）.Untangling the Origins of Competitive Advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 21, pp.1123-45.
Conner, K. R. (1991). A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm? Journal of Management. 17(1), 121-154.
Christensen, C. M. and Overdorf, M.（2000）Meeting the challenge of disruptive change. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 78, March-Appril, pp.67-76.
Cohen, Michael D., Roger Burkhart, Giovanni Dosi, Massimo Egidi, Luigi Marengo, Massimo Warglien, and Sidney Winter（1996）.Routines and Other Recurring ActionPatterns of Organizations：Contemporary Research Issues, Industrial and Corporate Change, 5, pp.653-98.

Cohen, W.M., and Levinthal, D. A. （1990）.Absorptive capacity： A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, pp.128-52.
Collis, D. J.（1991）A resource-based analysis of global competition：the case of bearing industry. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12,pp.48-68.
Collis, D. J.（1994）Research note：How valuable are organizational capabilities？Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15,pp. 143-52.
Collis, D. J. and Montgomery C. A.（1995）Competing on resources：strategy in the 1990s. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 73,118-128.
Collis, D. J.（1996）Organizational capability as a source of profit. In Moingeon, B. and Edmondson, A.,（Eds）（1996）Organizational learning and competitive advantage. Sage Publication, pp.139-63.
Cyert, R. and March, J.（1963）.A Behavioral Theory of the Firm.Englewood Cliffs, N. j. ,Peentice-Hall.
D’Aveni, R. A. with Gunther, R. （1994）.Hypercompetition. New York：The Free Press.
Day and Wensley（1988）.”Assessing Advantage：A Framework for Diagnosing Competitive Superiority”, Journal of Marketing ，Vol.52 April, pp.3
Dierickx I. and Cool, K.（1989）Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, Vol. 35, pp.1504-13.
Downs, Anthony（1957）.An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York：Happer and Row.
Downs, Anthony（1967）.Inside Bureaucracy, Boston：Little,Brown and Company.
Downs, G. and Larkey, P.D.（1986）.The Search for Government Efficiency：From Hubris to Helplessness. Philadelphia, P.A.：Temple University Press.
Dosi,Giovanni, Richard R. Nelson, and Sidney G. Winter（2000）. Introduction：The Nature and Dynamics of Organizational Capabilities, pp.1-2. In The Nature and Dynamics of Organizational Capabilities, edited by G. Dosi, R. R. Nelson, and S. G. Winter. Oxford University Press：Oxford.
Dosi,Giovanni, David, Teece, and Sidney Winter（1992）Toward a Theory of Corporate Coherence：Some Preliminary Remarks pp.185-211.in Technology and Enterprise in a Historical Perspective, edited by G. Dosi, R. Giannetti, and P.A. Toninelli. Clarendon Press：Oxford.
Doz, Y.（1994）Managing core competence for corporate renewal：towards a managerial theory of core competence. Working Paper, INSEAD, France.
Dror, Y.（1986）.Policymaking under Adversity.Transaction, Inc.New Brunswick, N.J.
Dyer, Jeffrey H. and Harbir Singh（1998）. The Relational View：Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage, Academy of Management Review, 23, pp.660-679.
Eisenhardt, K. M. and Martin, J. A.（2000）.Dynamic capabilities：What are they？Strategic Management Journal, Vol.21,pp.1105-21.
Ferdinand, J., Graca, M., Antonacopoulou, E. and Easterby-Smith, M. （2004）. Dynamic Capability：Tracking the Development of a Concept. Presented at the OKLC conference.Innsbruck, Austria April 2004.
Foss, N. J. (1998). The resource-based perspective: an assessment and diagnosis of problems. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 14(3),pp. 133-149.
Freiling, J., Gersch,M. and Goeke, C.（2005）.Let’s tackle some fundamental issue：Setting up a consistent Competence-based Theory of the Firm. Paper for the Seventh International Conference on Competence-Based Management.（June 2-4）. Post-Conference Publication.
Gagnon, S. （2003）.E-business model Innovation and Capability building. World Institute for Development Economics Research（WIDER）Discussion Paper No.2003/40.
Gautam, T., Van dick, R. and Wagner, U.（2004）.Organizational identification and organizational commitment：Distinct aspects of two related concepts.Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 7, pp.301-315.
Ghoshal, S., Bartlett C. A. and Moran, P. (1999). A new manifesto for management. Sloan Management Review, Spring, 40(3),pp. 9-20.
Goodsell, C. T. （1994）.The Case for Bureaucray：A Public Administration Polemic. 3rd ed.Chatham, N.J.：Chatham House Publishers,Inc.
Grant, R. M.（1991）The resource-based theory of competitive advantage：implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, Vol. 33,pp.114-135.
Grant, R. M.（1996）.Toward a knowledge-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal,17, pp.109-22.
Grant. R. M.（2002）.Contemporary Strategy analysis. Fourth edition. Malden：Blackwell.
Greenberg, J. and Baron, R.A.（2003）.Behavior in Organizations.Eighth edition. New Jersey：Pearson Education, Inc.
Guallino, G. and Prevot, F.（2005）Competence-Building through organizational recognition or frequency of use：Case study of the LAFARGE Group’s development of competence in managing post-merger cultural integration. Paper for Seventh International Conference on Competence- Based Management. Post-Conference Publication.
Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C. K. （1989）.Strategic intent. Harvard Business Review, May/June, pp.63-77.
Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C. K. （1994）.Competing for the future, Harvard Business School Press, Boston,MA.
Hammer, M.（1990）.”Reengineering Work：Don’t Automate, Obliterate,”Harvard Business Review, July/August.,pp.103-112.
Hammer, M., and Champy, J.（1994）.Reengineering the Corporation：A Manifesto for Business Revolution, New York：Happer Collins.
Hiroyuko Itami（1987）Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Bosten：Harvard University Press.
Hoopers, D.G., T. L. Madsen, G. Walter .（2003）.Why is there a resource-based view？Toward a theoryof competitive heterogeneity. Strategic Management Journal,24, pp.889-902.
Hoffman.Nicole P.（2000）.An Examination of the Sustainable Competive Advantage Concept：Past, Present, and Future. Academy of Marketing Science Review, volume 2000 no.4.
Huber, G.（1991）Organizational learning：the contributing process and the literatures. Organization Science, Vol. 2, 88-115.
Hunt, S. D.（2000）.A general theory of competition. Thousand Oaks：Sage Publications.
Huovinen, P.（2005）.Platform for advancing research in competence-based business management：Apopulation of 84 concepts published between the years 1990-2002. Paper for Seventh International Conference on Competence- Based Management. Post-Conference Publication.
Isaak, Alan C.（1981）. Scope and Methods of Political Science：An Introduction to the Methodology of Political Inquiry. （3rd edition）.
Kalling, Thomas（2002）. The Business Model and the Resource Management Model：A Tool for Strategic Management and Analysis. This report is part of the paper and packaging Program, funded by SCA Packaging, Lund University.
Kandelin, N. and Vanharanta, H.（2005）.”Holistic Management for Competitiveness.” Paper for Seventh International Conference on Competence- Based Management. Post-Conference Publication.
Kirkpatrick,I. and Lucio,M.M.（1996）.” Introduction：The Contract State and the Future of Public Management,”Public Administration：An International Quarterly, Spring, Vol.74, pp.1-8.
Knuchel, F.（2000）. A Proposal for Support Consultancy for the innovation project at Matra BAe Dynamics, Transcultural Synergy.
Kogut, B. and Zander, U.（1992）. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, Vol. 3, No.3, 383-97.
Kogut, B. and Zander, U.（1996）. What firms do？ Coordination, identity, and learning. Organization Science, Vol.7, No.5, 502-23.
Lado, A. A., Boyd, N.G. and Wright, P.（1992）.A competency-based model of sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Management, Vol.18, No.1, pp. 77-91.
Lawer, E.（1994）. From Job-based to Competency-based Organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 15. pp.3-15.
Lee, Ji-Ren and Jen-Shyang Chen（1998）. Dynamic Synergy Creation with Multiple Business Activities：Toward A Competence-based Growth Model for Contract Manufacturers. Presented at 4th International Conference on Competence-Based Management.
Leonard-Barton, D.（1992）. Core capabilities and core rigidities：A paradox in managing new product development. Strategic Management journal.13：111-26.（special issue）
Leonard-Barton, D.（1995）. Wellsprings of knowledge. Boston：Harvard University Press.
Lorino, P. and Tarondeau, J.C.（2002）From resources to processes in competence- based strategic management. In Morecroft, J. ,Sanchez, R., Heene, A.（eds）. Systems perspectives on resources, capabilities, and management processes. Amsterdam, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, Shannon, Tokyo：Pergamon.
March, J. and Simon, H.（1993）. Organizations. Oxford：Blackwell.
Marino, K. E. （1996）. Developing consensus on firm competencies and capabilities. Academy of Management Executive. 10（3）, pp.40-51.
Meyer, J. P. and Allen, N.J.（1991）. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
Meyer, J. P. and Allen, N.J.（1997）. Commitment in the workplace：Theory, Research, and Application. Thousand Oaks, CA：Sage Publications.
Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L. and Topolnytsky, L. （2002）. Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization：A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, pp. .20-52.
Mills, J. , Platts k. and Bourne, M.（2003）. Competence and Resource architectures. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol.23,No.9, pp. 977-94.
Mintzberg, Henry（1987）.Crafting Strategy. Harvard Business Review, July/August： 65-75.
Mintzberg, Henry（1994）.The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, New York： The Free Press.
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. and Lampel, J.（1998）.Strategy safari. New York：The Free Press.
Mowday, R.T., Porter, L. W.,and Steers, R.M.（1982）. Employee-organizational linkages：The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. In P.Warr（Ed.）, Organizational and occupational psychology,pp.219-29. New York.Academic Press, Inc.
Nachmias D. and Nachmias C.（1981）.Research Methods in the Social Science.（2nd Edition）,St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Nanda, A.（1994）.”Resources, capabilities and competencies.” Working paper , Harvard Business School Press, Boston,MA.
Nanda, A.（1996）Resource, capabilities and competence. In Moingeon, B. and Edmondson, A.,（Eds）（1996）Organizational learning and competitive advantage. Newbury Park, CA. Sage Publication, pp.93-120.
Nelson, R. R. and Winter, S. G. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge: The Belknap Press.
Nonaka, I.（1994）.A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science,5（1）：14-37.
Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H.（1995）.The knowledge-creating company.Oxford University Press, Oxford..
Normann, R.（2001）.Reframing business. When the map changes the landscape. Chichester：John Wiley and Sons.
Nutt, Paul C. and Backoff, Robert W.（1992）.Strategic Management of Public and Third Sector Organizations.San Francisco：Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Osborne, D. and Gaebler, T.（1992）. Reinventing Government：How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming The Public Sector. Cambridge,MA：Addison-Wesley.
Osborne, D. and Plastrik, Peter（1997）Banishing Bureaucracy：The Five Strategies for Reinventing Government. Cambridge,MA：Addison-Wesley.
Penrose, E. T.(1955). Research on the business firm: limits to the growth and size of firms. American Economic Review, XLV (2), pp.531-43.
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Penrose, E. T. (1985). The Theory of the growth of the firm twenty-five years after. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Oeconomiae Negotiorum, 20, Uppsala.
Penrose, E. T. (1995). Preface. In The Theory of the growth of the firm, Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Porter, M. E.（1979）.” How competitive forces shape strategy.” Harvard Business Review, March/April, pp.66-75.
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy; techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press.
Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press.
Porter, M. E. (1991).Towards a dynamic theory of strategy. Strategic Management journal.12（1）：95-117.
Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review, November/ecember, pp.77-90.
Porter, M. E. (2001). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review, March, pp.62-78.
Poter,L.W. Steers,R.M. Mowday,R.T. and Boulian, P.V. (1974). Organizational commitment,job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), pp.603-609.
Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, May-June, 79-91.
Prévot, F. and Guallino, G.（2005）. Competence building through organization recognition of frequency of use：Case study of the Lafarge Group’s development of competence in managing post-merger cultural integration . Paper for the Seventh International Conference on Competence-Based Management.（June 2-4）. Post-Conference Publication.
Quinn, R.E., Faerman,S.R.,Thompson,M.P.,and McGrath, M.R.（2003）Becoming a Master Manager：A Competency Approach.（3rd ed.）, Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley and Sons,Inc.
Ray, G. , Barney,J.B. and Muhanna W. A.（2004）. Capabilities, Business Processes, and Competitive Advantage：Choosing the Dependent Variable in Empirical test of the Resource-Based View. Strategic Management Journal, 25：23-37.
Reed, R. and De Filippi, R. J.（1990）.Casual ambiguity, barriers to imitation and sustainable competitive advantage.Academy of Management Review,15（1）：88-102.
Ringen, S.（1989）.The Possibility of Politics, Oxford：Clarendon Press.
Rumelt R. P. (1991).How much does industry matter？Strategic Management journal.12（3）：167-85.
Rumelt R. P. (1992). “ The Evaluation of Business Strategy.” In James Brian Quinn, Henry Mintzberg and Robert M. James,（Eds.）, The Strategy Process, Englwood Cliffs, NJ：Prentice-Hall.
Rumelt R. P. (1994). Foreword. In G. Hamel and A. Heene （Eds.), Competence - Based Competition. Chichester: Wiley.
Sanchez, R.（1993）.Strategic flexibility, firm organization, and managerial work in dynamic market：A strategic options perspective. Advances in Strategic Management,Vol.9. Stamford：JAI Press, pp.251-91.
Sanchez, R.（2004）. Understanding competence-based management Identifying and managing five modes of competence. Journal of Business Research.57,pp.518-532.
Sanchez, R., Heene, A. and Thomas, H. (1996). Introduction: Towards the Theory and Practice of Competence-based Competition. In R. Sanchez, A., Heene & H. Thomas (Eds.), Dynamics of competence-based competition; theory and practice in the new strategic management. Exeter: Pergamon, pp.1-35.
Sanchez, R. and Heene, A.（1997）.Competence-Based Strategic Management, Chichester：Wiley and Sons.
Sanchez, R. and Heene. A.（2004）.The New Strategic Management：Organization, Competition and Competence, John Wiley and Sons inc, N.J.
Senge, P. M. （1990）.The Fifth Discipline：The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. London.,Century Books.
Selznick, G.（1957）.Leadership in Administration：A Sociological Interpretation . Harper and Row, New York,NY.
Simon, H. (1957). Administrative behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Sir Brian Pitman（2000）. In my Opinion, Management Today, June.pp.14.
Spender, J.C.（1996）.Organizational knowledge, learning and memory：three concepts in search of a theory. Journal of Organizational Change Management,9（1）：63-78.
Stalk, G., Evans ,P. and Shulman, L.E.（1992）.Competing on capabilities：the new rules of corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review,March/Appril ：57-69.
Tampoe,M.（1994）.Exploiting the core competences of your organization. Long Range Planning, 27（4）：66-77.
Taylor, F. (1971). Scientific management. In D.S. Pugh (Eds.), Organization theory. Penguin Books: London. Originally in Taylor, F. (1947). Scientific management. New York: Harper and Row, 39-73. Testimony to the House of Representatives Committee,
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G. and Shuen, A.（1997）.Dynamic capabilities and strategy management . Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18 No7, pp.509-33.
Wamsley, G.L. et al., （1996）Refounding Public Administration. Newbury Park, CA：Sage.
Weerawardena J. and Coote L.（2001）.An Empirical Investigation into Entrepreneurship and Organizational Innovation-based Competitive Strategy, Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship：Vol.3, Issue 1,Spring, pp.51-70.
Wernerfelt, B.（1984）. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5（2）：171-80.
Zollo, M.and Winter, S. G.（2002）. Deliberate Learning and the aeavolution of Dynamic Capabilities.Organization Science, 13（3）,pp.339-51.
Zollo, M. and Singh, H.（2004）. Deliberate Learning IN Corporate Acquisitions：Post-Acquisition Strategies and Integration Capability in U. S. Bank Mergers. Strategic Management Journal, 25, pp.1233-56.