臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文之主要目的在於了解台灣北部繁殖鳥類的群聚組成及種豐富度的空間分布型式，並從現存的假說探討可能影響該型式的機制。台灣北部141個取樣點的調查結果顯示，環境及空間對鳥類群聚組成皆有重要的影響，惟環境的影響較大；在所檢測的環境變數中，氣候(溫度及雨量)是影響鳥類分布的最主要因子。
台灣繁殖鳥類種豐富度在北部海拔梯度上的分布，並不支持中間區域效應；大部分的觀察值皆偏離中間區域效應模式的預測值。進一步比較鳥種海拔分布範圍的所在位置，其觀察值與預測值的差異，顯示繁殖鳥類種豐富度在海拔梯度上的不對稱駝型分布，可能是由喜好假說、生產力假說及中間區域效應的合成效應產生。
植被初級生產力或人類活動，對於鳥類種豐富度的分布皆具有重要影響，但是進一步檢驗顯示，任何單一的影響機制都無法說明台灣繁殖鳥類種豐富度的空間分布型式，需要綜合多種機制來加以解釋其成因。本論文結果與其他地區的種豐富度分布研究相比較之下，發現偏高的人口密度可能是造成台灣鳥類種豐富度的影響機制不同於其他地區的主因之一。
本論文除了得到氣候及植被初級生產力分別為影響鳥類群聚組成及種豐富度的主要機制之結果外，也檢驗出其他多項非生物因子皆會影響鳥類群聚組成及種豐富度的分布。同時，本論文也展現了在定性式的生態學研究之外，藉由對多物種的多變數及空間分析，以及借助地理資訊系統所建立之資料，定量研究對了解較大尺度生態型式所具有的潛力。

The studies described in this thesis were intended to understand the composition of breeding bird assemblages and the breeding bird species richness (BSR) in northern Taiwan in the light of existing ecological hypotheses. Among 141 sampling sites that were conducted, both the environment and space played important roles in the composition of bird assemblages, though environmental variables appear to have the greater effect at this scale of analysis. Of the environmental variables examined, climate (i.e. temperature and precipitation) predominated on the environment-bird relationship.
Investigation of the breeding BSR along the elevational gradient examined in northern Taiwan against the mid-domain model showed that this model could not fully support the breeding BSR, in part due to some observed deviation from the predictions of this model. Moreover, the nonrandomness of the distributions of endpoints or midpoints implied that asymmetrical hump-shaped curve of the species richness might come from the combination of the favorableness hypothesis, the productivity hypothesis, and the mid-domain effect.
Primary productivity and human activity were implicated in the BSR. Further attempts to identifying and validating potential applicability of these ecological hypotheses to the observed BSR pattern in this region have revealed that each hypothesis per se could not stand alone to account for the pattern. Rather, a combination of them would be a better fit to the empirical data. The discrepancies between our study and other previous studies might arise from a higher level of human disturbance in Taiwan than that in other studies.
Other implications from these studies have suggested that multiple abiotic factors also play an important role in the bird assemblage composition and BSR in Northern Taiwan. While productivity has long been considered the primary process of BSR, among the variables studied, climate was also shown to be the most important driver of bird assemblage composition. Following a variety of qualitative methodology that has applied to most ecological studies, this thesis has explored and demonstrated the potential for quantifying regional ecological patterns through multivariate and geographical analyses of multiple species with the assistance of GIS data in Taiwan.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………i
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………iv
Chapter One. Introduction ………………………1
Chapter Two. Effects of climate, primary productivity, human activity and spatial variables on composition of bird assemblage ………………7
Abstract ……………………………………………8
Introduction ………………………………………9
Methods ……………………………………………11
Results ……………………………………………16
Discussion ………………………………………18
Literature cited ………………………………24
Tables ……………………………………………29
Figure ……………………………………………32
Appendixes ………………………………………33
Chapter Three. Bird species richness on elevational gradients and its deviation from the mid-domain effect ………………………………………………………70
Abstract …………………………………………71
Introduction ……………………………………72
Methods …………………………………………74
Results …………………………………………77
Discussion ……………………………………79
Literature cited ……………………………82
Figures ………………………………………84
Appendix ………………………………………89
Chapter Four. Bird species richness patterns: primary productivity, human population density, and habitat heterogeneity ……………………………92
Abstract ………………………………………93
Introduction …………………………………94
Methods ………………………………………98
Results ………………………………………103
Discussion …………………………………105
Literature cited …………………………110
Tables ………………………………………116
Figures ……………………………………118
Appendix …………………………………123
Chapter Five. Conclusion ……………124

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