臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文將以「新自由制度主義」與「全球治理」的理論作為分析的框架與研究途徑，試圖解釋冷戰之後在全球化的潮流之下，聯合國這一個全球最重要的國際組織，在面對國內衝突所造成的區域與全球安全風險時，所能扮演的角色。冷戰的結束對於維持和平行動帶來新的挑戰與機會。在挑戰方面，原本在冷戰兩極體系對抗的架構下被忽視的國內種族、階級衝突與戰爭的問題逐漸受到國際的重視。尤其在全球化的潮流下，一國國內衝突與戰爭所造成的經濟衰退、難民問題、人權的迫害、軍事破壞等，都具有跨越國界的性質，對整個區域甚至全球的安全造成影響。此外，一個國家的國內衝突與戰爭具有各個層次的社會、經濟與政治因素。由於這兩層原因，導致民族國家體系，已經無法單獨處理由於國內衝突外溢所造成的人民安全風險與損失，以及根本性地解決一國國內衝突的各項因素。這樣的挑戰給了聯合國維持和平部隊一個絕佳的機會，使其得以在全球的安全事務當中，扮演不可或缺、影響力較大的角色。全球治理的概念，強調國家之外的國際組織，特別是非政府組織在國際關係當中的角色、國際典則當中非國家行為者的參與以及其對於國家行為的約束、並奠基於全球風險社會的思維，強調存冷戰後全球化的浪潮下，以民族國家為國際關係主要行為者與治理者的西伐利亞體系，已經無法面對當今新興的安全議題。全球治理的模式，以多層次的治理者，包括國家、政府間組織、非政府組織、全球公民社會等，共同參與並制定一連串的規則，對於民族國家無法單獨解決的事務，提供另一種治理方式的思考。將全球治理的觀念運用在國際安全的層面，則可推論由於內戰造成區域甚至全球安全上的風險，使得聯合國做為國家、政府間組織、與非政府組織之間最重要的協調者，必須發展出一套機制，面對全球化下國家內部衝突與戰爭造成的區域與全球風險。聯合國發展出來的機制之一，就是經過演變的維持和平任務，在冷戰之後對於處理國家內部的衝突與戰爭所扮演的積極性角色。本文將以聯合國在薩爾瓦多與海地等兩地所成立之維持和平行動，檢視新自由制度主義及全球治理理念被運用的程度。

Neo-liberalism and Global Governance will be the two main frameworks and approaches this article applies. This article tries to analyze the role the United Nations (UN), the most important international organization, plays when facing regional and global crises resulted from domestic conflicts. The end of the Cold War brought new challenges and opportunities to the Peacekeeping Operation (PKO). With respect to the challenges, domestic conflicts and wars among ethnicities and classes ignored under the bipolar system were more thriving after the Cold War ended. Moreover, under the trend of globalization, economic downfall, refugees, human rights problems, and military confrontations were all transnational and affected regional and global security. In addition, there are multi-level reasons to domestic conflicts and wars. For these two reasons, nation states can not independently deal with the losses suffered by all the people around the world because of the spillover effect. Nor can they resolve fundamentally domestic conflicts and wars. These challenges provided the PKO with an excellent opportunity to play a more crucial and influential role in global security affairs. The idea of global governance pays more attention to the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in international relations and that of non-state actors in the formation of international regimes. Moreover, based on the idea of global risk society, global governance also emphasizes that the Westphalia System, mainly the nation states and international governmental organizations (IGOs), can no longer face new global security issues. Global governance provides another way of governance by asking for the participation of multi-level actors, including nation states, IGOs, NGOs, global civil society, etc., into the formation of international regimes. The PKO of UN after the end of Cold War applied the idea of Neo-liberalism and global governance when facing the spillover effects of domestic conflicts.

目錄

第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………....1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的……………………………………1
第二節 研究途徑…………………………………………………5
壹、新自由制度主義…………………………………………5
貳、全球治理…………………………………………………9
第三節 研究方法與研究架構…………………………………..16
壹、研究方法………………………………………………..16
貳、研究架構………………………………………………..17
第四節 研究範圍與章節安排…………………………………..18
壹、研究範圍………………………………………………..18
貳、章節安排………………………………………………..19
第五節 資料來源與研究限制…………………………………..21
壹、資料來源………………………………………………..21
貳、研究限制………………………………………………..22
第二章 後冷戰時期中美洲區域安全………………………………..24
第一節 安全議題的治理………………………………………..24
壹、冷戰後的新安全議題…………………………………..25
貳、國內衝突後果的外溢…………………………………..32
參、根本解國國內衝突與戰爭之道………………………..34
第二節 中美洲區域安全議題…………………………………..36
壹、薩爾瓦多…………………………………………………37
貳、海地……………………………………………………...46
第三節 中美洲安全議題的治理模式………………………..…52
第三章 冷戰前後的聯合國維持和平行動…………………………..55
第一節 聯合國維持和平行動的緣起與冷戰時期的任務……..55
壹、聯合國維持和平行動的緣起……………………………56
貳、冷戰時期維和行動的任務………………………………61
第二節 冷戰後維持和平行動的轉變…………………………..65
壹、任務的轉變……………………………………………..66
一、任務的擴張…………………………………………...66
二、原則的變遷……………………………………………67
三、組織的完善……………………………………………69
四、人員比例的分配………………………………………69
貳、轉變的因素………………………………………………71
一、內在因素………………………………………………71
二、外在因素………………………………………………71
第三節 衝突後和平重建與國內衝突的治理…………………..72
壹、多面向的衝突解決策略…………………………………76
貳、多層次的行為者…………………………………………78
參、時間長度…………………………………………………81
肆、目標與價值………………………………………………81
第四節 聯合國在中美洲進行之衝突後和平重建任務………..83
第四章 聯合國薩爾瓦多觀察團……………………………………..85
第一節 聯合國薩爾瓦多觀察團的成立背景…………………..85
壹、中美洲在八○年代的和平進程………………………..85
貳、聯合國介入的國際與國內因素………………………..89
參、聯合國薩爾瓦多觀察團的成立………………………..91
第二節 聯合國薩爾瓦多觀察團的任務範圍…………………..93
壹、政治層面…………………………………………………93
貳、軍事與公共安全層面……………………………………95
參、人權保障層面……………………………………………96
肆、經濟層面…………………………………………………98
第三節 聯合國薩爾瓦多觀察團任務執行過程………………100
壹、國家的協助…………………………………………….101
貳、聯合國維與其他國際政府間組織.……………………103
參、國際性與地方性非政府組織………………………….109
第四節 聯合國薩爾瓦多觀察團任務成效與評估……………112
第五章 聯合國維和部隊在海地……………………………………117
第一節 維持和平行動在海地的分期…………………………117
第二節 海地維和行動的成立背景……………………………122
壹、海地軍事政變後海地國內情勢………………………123
貳、美洲國家組織與聯合國的介入………………………124
參、美國的主導與相關國家的支持………………………127
第三節 海地維和行動的任務………………………………....129
壹、軍事與安全層面……………………………………….129
貳、政治層面……………………………………………….131
參、社會與人權層面……………………………………….132
肆、經濟層面……………………………………………….133
第四節 海地和平重建的任務執行過程…………....................134
壹、國家的參與…………………………………………….135
貳、聯合國與其他政府間國際組織……………………….137
參、非國家行為者…………………………………………138
第五節 海地維和行動的任務成效與評估……………………140
第六章 薩爾瓦多和海地維持和平行動之成效分析與展望………144
第一節 薩爾瓦多與海地衝突後和平重建工作的成效分析…144
壹、維持和平行動的協調不足……………………………145
貳、缺乏政治意願的維持和平行動………………………147
參、國際組織需以主權國家為基礎運作…………………149
肆、聯合國參與和平重建工作需各方配合………………150
伍、美國因素與中美洲安全………………………………151
第二節 新自由制度主義與全球治理模式的理論評估……..151
壹、以新自由制度主義的觀點評估……………………..152
貳、以全球治理模式的觀點評估………………………..154
第三節 聯合國海地穩定特派團（MINUSTAH）.………….156
壹、聯合國海地穩定團的成立背景與任務範圍………….156
貳、目前成效與未來影響成效因素……………………….159
第七章 結論…………………………………………………………163
參考書目………………………………………………………………….I
附錄 查普特佩克條約全文…………………………………………….i










表圖目次

表1-1 「治理」觀念一覽表…………………………………………..11
表2-1 薩爾瓦多經濟層面不平等之數據比較………………………42
表2-2 薩爾瓦多難民主要分佈國家統計……………………………45
表2-3 薩爾瓦多與海地國內衝突與衝突外溢效果之比較…………51
表3-1 具軍事性質的聯合國維持和平部隊…………………………61
表3-2 觀察團性質的聯合國維持和平行動…………………………63
表3-3 具和平重建性質之聯合國維持和平行動……………………73
表4-1 聯合國薩爾瓦多觀察團基本資料……………………………92
表4-2 薩爾瓦多和平重建工作一覽表………………………………99
表4-3 主要參與薩爾瓦多和平重建國家貢獻人員數目表………..101
表4-4 主要國家援助薩爾瓦多和平重建工作之項目與金額比較..102
表5-1 聯合國成立之海地任務團一覽表…………………………..120
表5-2 聯合國海地各次維持和平行動主要國家派遣人次一覽表..135

圖1-1 論文架構圖……………………………………………………17
圖2-1 國內衝突成因之分析架構圖…………………………………31
圖2-2 薩爾瓦多左派政治及游擊團體系譜…………………………40
圖2-3 中美洲地峽全圖………………………………………………41
圖2-4 加勒比海區域全圖……………………………………………48
圖5-1 聯合國於海地成立之各項任務團的時間分期……………..122

參考書目

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參、聯合國文件
UNSC S/21541
UNSC S/23082
UNSC S/23128
UNSC S/23130
UNSC S/23501
UNSC S/24111
UNSC S/1994/315
UNSC S/1994/385
UNSC S/1994/561
UNSC S/1995/220
UNSC S/1996/416
UNSC S/1997/564
UNSC S/1997/832
UNSC S/2000/150
UNSC S/2000/809
UNSC S/2005/302
UNSC S/2005+/631
UNSC Resolution 203
UNSC Resolution 841
UNSC Resolution 862
UNSC Resolution 867
UNSC Resolution 940
UNSC Resolution 1063
UNSC Resolution 1123
UNSC Resolution 1325
UNSC Resolution 1542

四、網站資料
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Internatioanl Crisis Group. 2004. “A New Chance for Haiti?” ICG Latin America/Caribbean Report No. 10: www.crisisgroup.org/text/index.cfm?id=3109&1=1.
International Peace Academy. 2002. “Lessons Learned: Peacebuilding in Haiti.” IPA Seminar Report: www.ipacademy.org/PDF_Reports /LESSONS_LEARNED.pdf.
Kumar, Chetan & Sara Lodge. 2002. “Sustainable Peace Through Democratization: The Experiences of Haiti and Guatemala.” Policy Paper of International Academy: http://www.ipacademy.org/Programs/Research/ProgResePeac_body.htm.
Neclâ, Tschirgi. 2004.” Post-Conflict Peace-building Revisited:Achievements, Limitations, Challenges.” Paper presented at the WSP International /IPA Peacebuilding Forum Conference, Oct. 7, 2004. Website: www.ipacademy.org/PDF_Reports/POST_CONFLICT_PEACEBUILDING.pdf.
The Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Center for Human Rights. 2004. “A Framework for a Multi-faceted U.N. Peace-building Mission to Haiti.” Robert F. Kennedy Memorial: www.rfkmemorial.org/legacyinaction/2002_april_07_2004.
UNHCR Statistical Yearbook 1991: http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/statistics.
“50th Anniversary of the Geneva Convention: The Wall Behind Which Refugees Can Shelter.” UNHCR website: http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?bl=PUBL&id=3bh5e90ea0&page=publ.
Website of UN Peace-building Missions: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/fst_prev_dip.htm.
Wikipedia website about Burundi: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi#Politics.
Wikipedia website about Mozambique: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique.
Wikipedia website about South Africa: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa.