摘要
朵貝‧楊笙的慕敏谷是每個人心中的烏托邦。書中所描述的森林、海岸等美麗的自然景觀，與芬蘭灣相似；同時，作者以北國的寧靜山谷為背景，編織出一系列慕敏家庭的快樂冒險故事。在慕敏谷中，一切都是美好、自由的。它代表著人們記憶裡的快樂童年，屬於永恆歡樂的夏日時光。然而，慕敏谷不是永遠處於和諧的氣氛中。混沌與秩序這兩種力量，彼此不間斷地進行角力和競爭，但總會達到某種程度上的平衡。有時，美麗的大自然會轉變成毀滅的力量去侵襲慕敏谷。又或者，無可避免地，經過無憂無慮的夏天之後，就要準備面對嚴酷冬天的事實。而在這一系列的慕敏故事中，尤其是後面幾本小說，開始探討主角們所遇到的各種心理危機，使得原本屬於烏托邦的慕敏世界也開始動搖。在混沌與秩序兩種力量不斷的互相衝擊之下，會帶給慕敏們什麼樣的變化？在經歷這些轉變之後，慕敏們是否能以原本的心境，再度回到屬於歡樂童年的慕敏谷？亦或者，他們已經準備進入人生中的另一個階段？事實上，世界就像人生一樣，會在不斷前進的未來中持續的轉變。

Abstract
There is a basic theme of chaos and order in the Moomin stories. The Moominvalley is a utopian society. It is a memory of childhood with its eternal summer. However, the paradise is not always warm and harmless. Actually, the unique world combines two powers. The Scandinavian context establishes the setting. Summer is always sunny, warm and energetic. Winter is dark, dead and dangerous. The force of a natural disaster continues to threat Moomin World. The characters are separated by the natural forces. They still can get reunion at the end and go back to Moominvalley. In the later books, the characters meet some identity crises in the lonely atmosphere. They need to redefine themselves and consider what they are going to do next. Therefore, now, after experiencing some psychological crises, the Moomins are different form the day before. It is a change through this process of suffering, and the simple mind will become a complex one. Even, they will return to order; it is a certain loss of innocence and becomes experienced youthfulness. Moominvalley combines both unity and separation, harmony and conflict. It’s a balance between order and disorder, in one way we see it always returning to order but in another way we can see it as going partly through the transformations of subjectivity of self-identity toward disorder.

Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter One: Nature
I. Landscape 7
II. Disasters 11
Chapter Two: Nordic Myth
I. Trolls 20
II. Summer as Mythic Archetype 23
III. Winter as Mythic Archetype 31
Chapter Three: Inner Disturbance
I. Loneliness and Isolation 37
II. Identity Crises 47
III. Doubts the Meaning of Existence 62
Chapter Four: Beyond the Borderline
I. Secure Sphere 69
II. First Encounter 72
III. Loss of Childhood 77
Conclusion 83
Work Cited 87
Bibliography 91

Work Cited
Ahola, Suvi. “Tove Jansson (1914-2001).” Online posting. The National Biiography of Finland. 8 Apr. 2004 .
Allison, Alida, ed. Russell Hoban/ Forty Years Essays on His Writings for Children. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
Anderson, Rasmus B.. Norse Mythology: or, The Religion of Our Forefathers, Containing All the Myths of the Eddas, Systematized and Interpreted. 7th ed. Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1907.
Bertills, Yvonne. “Intertextualities, Continued: The Connotations of Proper Names in Tove Jansson.” Children’s Literature as Communication: The ChiLPA Project. Ed. Roger D. Sell. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.
Brewer, Jennifer and Markus Lehtipuu. Finland. London: Lonely Planet, 1999.
Clute, John and John Grant, eds. The Encyclopedia of Fantasy. New York: St Martin’s, 1999.
Collier, Laurie and Joyce Nakamura. Major Authors and Illustrators for Children and Young Adults: A Selection of Sketches From Something about the Author. 6 vols. London: Gale Research, 1993.
Coward, Ros. “Tove Jansson: Gifted Creater of the Moomins, a Fantasy Family for Children and Adults Alike.” Guardian Unlimited. 30 Jun. 2001. 8 Apr. 2004 <http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,514869,00html>.
Gerrard, Nicci. “Reading Tove Jansson’s Captivating Moomin Books Now, They Feel Like a Long Goodbye.” London Observer 15 July 2001: 18.
Hällsten, Annika. “Moomintroll Conquers the World.” Trans. Kristina Friberg. Scandinavian Review 80.2 (1992): 57-62.
Haggett, Peter, ed. Encyclopedia of World Geography. Vol. 6. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1944.
Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. New York: Warner Books, 1999.
Jakobson, Max. “Substance and Appearance: Finland.” Foreign Affairs 58 (1980): 1034-44.
Jansson, Tove. Comet in Moominland. Trans. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1991. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1990.
---. Finn Family Moomintroll. Trans. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1991. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1989.
---. Moominsummer Madness. Trans. Thomas Warburton. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1991.
---. Moominland Midwinter. Trans. Thomas Warburton. New York: Farrar, Straus, andGiroux, 1992.
---. Tales from Moominvalley. Trans. Thomas Warburton. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995.
---. Moominpappa’s memoirs. Trans. Thomas Warburton. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1994.
---. Moominpappa at Sea. Trans. Kingsley Hart. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1993.
---. Moominvalley in November. Trans. Kingsley Hart. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003.
“Jansson, Tove (Marika).” Something about the Author. Vol. 3 and 41. Detroit: Gale Research, 1986-
Jones, Raymond E.. Characters in Children’s Literature. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997.
Jones, W. Glyn. “Jansson, Tove (Marika).” Contemproary World Writers. Ed. Tracy Chevalier. London: Gale Research, 1993.
Lannom, Gloria W.. “Meet the Moomins.” Faces 18 (2002): 32.
Lesniak, James G.., and Susan M. Trosky, eds. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series. Detroit: Gale Research, 1981-
Lurie, Alison. “Undiscovered Country.” New York Review of Books 17 Dec. 1992, 16-20.
McLeish, Kenneth. Myth: Myths and Lengends of the World Explored. New York: Facts on File, 1996.
Maissen, Leena. “Tove Jansson in Memoriam.” Bookbird 39 (2001): 46-47.
Mead, W. R.. An Experience of Finland. London: Hurst&Company, 1993.
Nikolajeva, Maria. “Toward Linearity: A Narrative Reading of The Mouse and His Child.” Allison 59-82.
---. From Mythic to Linear: Time in Children’s Literature. London: The Scarecrow, 2000.
---. Children’s Literature Comes of Age: toward a New Aesthetic. New York: Garland, 1996.
Nikolajeva, Maria and Carole Scott. How Picturebooks Work. New York: Garland, 2001.
Neumeyer, Peter F.. “Tove Jansson at Eighty.” Horn Book Magazine 70 (1994): 555-61.
Oittinen, Riitta. Translating For Children. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
Robinson, Lillian S., comp. and ed. 4 vols. Modern Women Writers. New York: Continuum, 1996.
Sarmavuori, Katri. “Fifty years of Moomins.” Reading Today 13 (1995): 36.
Schoolfield, George C.. “Jansson, Tove.” Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century. 3rd ed. 4 vols. Detroit: St. James Press, 1999.
Vehviläinen, Olli. Preface. Finland in the Second World War. Basing Stoke: Palgrave, 2002. ix.
Warburton, Thomas. “The Moomin World and its Creator.” Virtual Finland. 20 Nov. 2001. 8 Apr. 2004 <http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/moomieng.html>.
Watson, Victor, ed. The Cambridge guide to Children’s Books in English. New York: Cambridge University, 2001.
Westin, Boel. “Tove Jansson.” Dictionary of Literary Biography: Twentieth-Century Swedish Writers After World War II. Vol. 257. Ed. Ann-Charlotte Gavel Adams. Detroit: Gale, 2002.
Zipes, Jack, ed. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Bibliography
Ang, Susan. The Widening World of Children’s Literature. Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000.
Bargum, Marianne. “Tove Jansson: The Art of Travelling Light.” Books from Finland 21 (1987): 136-37.
Brantly, Susan. “WORLD LITERATURE IN TEVIEW: Swedish.” World Literature Today 73 (1999): 352.
Carpenter, Humphrey and Mari Prichard. The Oxford Companion to Children’s Literature. Oxford: Oxford University, 1984.
Commire, Anne, ed. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000.
Cook, Bernard A., ed. Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. London: Garland Publishing, 2001.
Cullinan, Bernice E. and Ciane G. Person eds. The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature. New York: Continuum, 2001.
Golden, Joanne M.. The Narrative Symbol in Childhood Literature: Explorations in the Construction of Text. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990.
Happonen, Sirke. “Choreography of Characters: Movement and Posture in Illustrated Texts for Children.” Reading: Literacy and Language 35 (2001): 95-105.
Haviland, Virginia, comp. Children and Literature: Views and Reviews. Scott: Foresman, 1973.
Horn, Maurice, ed. The World Encyclopedia of Comics. 6 vols. New York: Chelsea House, 1983.
Hunt, Peter, and Sheila Ray, eds. International Companion Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature. London: Routledge, 1998.
Huse, Nancy. “Tove Jansson and Her Readers: No One Excluded.” Children’s Literature: Annual of The Modern Language Association Division on Children’s Literature and The Children’s Literature Association 19 (1991): 149-61.
Jacobi, Jolandc Szekacs. Complex/ Archetype/ Symbol in the Psycology of C. G. Jung. London: Foutledge, 1999.
Jansson, Tove. “Meet Your Author Tove Jansson.” Cricket 25 (1997): 18.
Lindow, John. Scandinavian Mythology: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1988.
Lukens, Rebecca J.. A Critical Handbook of Children’s Literature. New York: Harper Collins, 1995.
Mattsson, Margareta. “WORLD LITERATURE IN TEVIEW: Swedish.” World Literature Today 66 (1992): 534.
Mercatante, Anthony S.. The Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend. New York: Facts on File, 1988.
N.A.. “Overcome by Moomin Magic – Time & Tide.” The Australian 10 July 2001.
Nikolajeva, Maria. “Reflections of Change in Children’s Book Titles.” Reflections of Change: Children’s literature Since 1945. Ed. Sandra L. Beckett. Westport: Greenwood, 1977.
Orchard, Andy. Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. London: Cassell, 1997.
Pace, Eric. “Tove Jansson, Who Created Universe of Trolls, Dies at 86.” New York Times 9 Jul. 2001, B6.
Peter, Haggert, et al., eds. Encyclopedia of World Geography. Vol. 6. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1994-
Pulsiano, Philp and Kristen Wolf eds. Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993.
Saukkola, Mirva. The Eden of Dreams and Nonsense Land: Characteristics of the British Dolden Age Children’s Fiction in the Finnish Children’s Fantasy Literature of the 1950s. Diss. Helsinki U, 2001.
Serafin, Steven R., ed. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th century. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: St. James Press, 1999.
Sienkewicz, Thomas J.. World Mythology: An Annotated Guide to Collections and Anthologies. London: Scarecrow Press, 1996.
Simek, Rudolf. Dicitonary of Northern Mythology. Trans. Angela Hall. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1996.
Sutherland, Zena and May Hill Arbuthnot. Children and Books. 5th ed. Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1977.
Swinfen, Ann. In Defence of Fantasy: A Study of the Genre in English and American Literature Since 1945. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.
Sykes, Egerton. Who’s Who in Non-classical Mythology. London: J. M. Dent, 1993.
“Troll.” Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. 12 Nov. 2005 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_troll>.
Young- Eisendrath, Polly, and Terence Dawson, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Jung. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.