跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(18.97.14.87) 您好!臺灣時間:2025/02/17 13:23
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

我願授權國圖
: 
twitterline
研究生:劉柏緯
研究生(外文):Po-Wei Liu
論文名稱:「我的夥伴是紙紮公仔?」-影響團隊成員產生社會賦閒效應相關因素之實驗研究
論文名稱(外文):“Someone Not Pulling Their Weight”—An Experimental Study of the Factors Influencing Social Loafing in Cooperation Performance of Team Members
指導教授:方祥明方祥明引用關係
指導教授(外文):Hsiang-Ming Fang
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:靜宜大學
系所名稱:企業管理研究所
學門:商業及管理學門
學類:企業管理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2006
畢業學年度:94
語文別:中文
論文頁數:107
中文關鍵詞:工作可辨認性團隊熟悉性社會賦閒效應夥伴賦閒認知
外文關鍵詞:Member FamiliarityTask IdentifiabilitySocial Loafing
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:14
  • 點閱點閱:733
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:2
面對現今瞬息萬變的社會環境中,為了因應更快速、更有彈性的需求,有越來越多的企業或組織傾向利用團隊合作的方式來取代傳統的個人工作模式,希望透過團隊合作能達到「團結力量大」的效果。然而,中國有句諺語說:「一個和尚挑水喝,兩個和尚提水喝,三個和尚沒水喝」,團隊合作的績效表現似乎無法發揮一加一大於二的功效,往往組織中成員越多,規模越龐大,所表現出來的工作效率與生產力就會降低,也就是組織中的成員增加,其工作效率與生產力會隨之減少。Latane` et al.(1979)將這種個人在團隊中對工作的貢獻比單獨一個人工作的貢獻更少的社會現象,稱為「社會賦閒」(social loafing)。
過去學者對社會賦閒效應的相關研究中,發現到社會賦閒效應是一種普遍存在於團隊中的社會現象,其成因相當複雜,許多學者皆從不同觀點來探討社會賦閒效應的現象,欲求能對社會賦閒效應有更宏觀、更深一層的瞭解與認識。然而,大多數的研究皆以團隊中外在的客觀條件與現象以及團隊成員心理層面來探討社會賦閒效應,鮮少有學者將團隊成員之中的人際關係與心理認知納入研究的考量,探討其對社會賦閒效應的影響。例如:研究者發現,團隊中若有成員開始有偷懶、不努力,將會引起連鎖反應,慢慢地,其他成員也會開始一起有偷懶、怠惰的行為發生。或者,在某些情境之下,團隊裡的成員反而不計較個人的付出與外在的報酬,甚至,有些時候寧可犧牲個人利益來換取整個團隊的利益。由此可知,在團隊的分工合作中仍存在某些因素會影響個人的努力程度。
此外,以往有關社會賦閒效應的相關研究中,尚無研究者利用資訊系統作為輔助實驗的工具,因此,本研究有別以往將受測者帶至實驗室的實驗法,利用「網際網路群體問題解決與決策支援系統」的輔助來進行電子腦力激盪,透過該系統觀察受測團隊在解決任務問題時,是否有社會賦閒效應的現象產生。其主要目的是探討團隊績效表現是否會受到「團隊熟悉性」、「工作可辨認性」以及「夥伴賦閒認知」的影響,並產生社會賦閒效應,以及變數之間交互作用對團隊績效的影響。
本研究採用2×2×2三因子實驗設計,針對285個大學生,共95個受測團隊,進行電子腦力激盪,觀察並蒐集每個團隊對其任務績效表現所貢獻的點子數量。最後,實驗結果發現:
一、不同的團隊熟悉性在社會賦閒效應上有顯著差異存在,且熟悉團隊的績效表現高於陌生團隊。
二、不同的工作可辨認性在社會賦閒效應上並無顯著差異存在,表示受測團隊之工作績效不論是否可辨認,對於其任務績效表現並沒有顯著的差異。
三、不同的夥伴賦閒認知在社會賦閒效應上有顯著差異存在,且相較於無意識到夥伴賦閒的團隊,有意識到夥伴賦閒的團隊在任務績效上會有比較高的績效表現。
四、團隊熟悉性與夥伴賦閒認知兩者間的交互作用,對其團隊績效表現有顯著的影響效果。
最後,除了提出本研究結論於理論上與實務上的意涵外,也敘述本研究的研究限制,並對未來後續相關研究提出建議。
關鍵字: 社會賦閒效應、團隊熟悉性、工作可辨認性、夥伴賦閒認知、網際網路群體問題解決與決策支援系統
Social loafing has effects on the performance of the teamwork in organization. This study aimed to examine the effects of member familiarity, task identifiability and perceived coworker loafing on the performance of teamwork in the organization. Then, proposed to test the interaction effects in member familiarity, task identifiability, and perceived coworker loafing.
The experiment of this research is designed as that subjects were randomly assigned to one of each experimental manipulation in 2(member familiarity: familiarity vs. unfamiliarity) ×2 (task identifiability: identifiability vs. unidentifiability) ×2 (perceived coworker loafing: perceived coworker loafing vs. without perceived coworker loafing) factorial design. There were 285 students that were observed and divided into 95 teams. Independent sample t-test and MANOVA were adopted to test the hypotheses. The major findings were as follows:
1. There were significantly influences between member familiarity and the performance in experimental teams, and members with familiarity make more effort and contribution than members without familiarity.
2. There weren’t significantly influences between task identifiability and the performance in experimental teams. No mater what the task can identifiability, there were the same contributions between the task identifiability and task unidentifiability.

3. There were significantly influences between perceived coworker loafing and the performance in experimental teams, and if team members perceived coworker loafing, they will make more effort and high performance than team members without perceived coworker loafing.
4. There were significant interaction effects of team members between member familiarity and perceived coworker loafing.
Keywords: Social Loafing, Member Familiarity, Task Identifiability,
Perceived Coworker Loafing, TeamSpirit
目錄
摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
謝誌 V
目錄 VIII
表 目錄 X
圖 目錄 XI
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究問題與目的 4
第三節 研究程序 6
第二章 文獻探討 8
第一節 社會賦閒 8
第二節 團隊熟悉性與社會賦閒之關係 22
第三節 工作可辨認性與社會賦閒之關係 27
第四節 夥伴賦閒認知與社會賦閒之關係 29
第五節 群體決策支援系統 31
第三章 研究方法 38
第一節 研究架構 39
第二節 研究假設 40
第三節 研究對象 41
第四節 變數操作性定義 41
第五節 研究工具 43
第六節 實驗設計 48
第七節 實驗流程 49
第八節 控制變數 57
第九節 事後檢定 58
第十節 資料分析方法 58
第四章 研究結果 60
第一節 敘述性統計分析 60
第二節 操弄變數檢驗 64
第三節 團隊熟悉性與工作可辨認性在任務績效表現上之差異性檢定 68
第四節 團隊熟悉性、工作可辨認性及夥伴賦閒認知在任務績效表現 上之差異性檢定 71
第五章 結論與建議 76
第一節 研究結果 76
第二節 研究限制 84
第三節 研究涵義 85
第四節 未來研究建議 87
參考文獻 89
附錄一 TeamSpirit系統介紹畫面 97
附錄二 實驗企劃書 99
附錄三 實驗指導語 103
附錄四 事後檢定問卷 107





表 目錄
表2-1 社會賦閒相關研究之實驗活動分類表 11
表2-2 社會賦閒相關研究一覽表 18
表2-3 國內外學者對人際關係分類一覽表 25
表2-4 電子腦力激盪與傳統腦力激盪功能比較表 35
表3-1 研究假設 40
表3-2 TeamSpirit系統說明彙整表 45
表3-3 實驗設計 48
表3-4 實驗假設預期結果表 48
表4-1 各實驗情境參與團隊組數一覽表 61
表4-2 各實驗情境中團隊任務績效之敘述性統計 63
表4-3 團隊熟悉性之操弄檢驗結果表 65
表4-4 工作可辨認性之操弄檢驗結果表 66
表4-5 夥伴賦閒認知之操弄檢驗結果表 67
表4-6 團隊熟悉性、工作可辨認性對整體績效表現之二因子變異數 分析表 68
表4-7 團隊熟悉性對整體績效表現之t檢定表 69
表4-8 團隊熟悉性、工作可辨認性及夥伴賦閒認知對後三天績效表 現之多因子變異數分析表 71
表4-9 團隊熟悉性對後三天績效表現之t檢定表 72
表4-10 夥伴賦閒認知對後三天績效表現之t檢定表 72
表4-11 團隊熟悉性與夥伴賦閒認知交互作用事後檢定表 74
表5-1 研究假設驗證結果表 77


圖 目錄
圖1-1 研究流程圖 7
圖2-1 團隊績效表現關係圖 10
圖2-2 社會衝擊理論示意圖 1 13
圖2-3 社會衝擊理論示意圖 2 13
圖3-1 研究架構圖 39
圖3-2 TeamSpirit設計概念流程圖 44
圖3-3 TeamSpirit創造性問題解決流程及工具 44
圖3-4 實驗流程規劃 49
圖3-5 實驗流程圖 51
圖3-6 受測對象分群示意圖 52
圖3-7 各團隊隨機指派實驗情境示意圖 54
圖4-1 不同團隊熟悉性團隊之績效表現圖 69
圖4-2 不同工作可辨認性團隊之績效表現圖 70
圖4-4 團隊熟悉性與夥伴賦閒認知對後三天績效表現之交互作用圖 74
一、中文部分
王精文、陳明德、洪瑞雲、黃瓊億、李筱萍(2004)。企業導入網路群體決策支援系統及創意訓練之個案研究。台灣管理學刊,4(3),357-378。
王榮春(1994)。人際親疏與目標設定對團體中個人工作及團體工作努力分配的影響。國立政治大學心理研究所未出版碩士論文。
毛政倫(2004)。授權賦能對社會賦閒影響之跨層級效果-群體凝聚力之干擾。國防管理學院資源管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
朱令娟(1988)。酬賞型態、角色重要性及工作變異性對社會閒散之影響。國立政治大學心理研究所未出版碩士論文。
沈介文(1997)。社會閒散效果影響因素之實證研究。人力資源學報,7,35-47。
李筱萍(2004)。創造力支援系統對支援創造力訓練效果之研究。國立中興大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
李美枝(1980)。社會心理學:理論研究與應用。台北:大洋出版社。
李美枝(1993)。從有關公平判斷的研究果看中國人之人己關係的界線。本土心理學研究,1,267-300。
呂錦智(1996)。社會閒散與社會彌補之探討。國立政治大學心理研究所未出版碩士論文。
周佩芬(1994)。人際親疏及工作次數對團體中個人工作表現的影響。國立政治大學心理研究所未出版碩士論文。
周佩芬、陳皎眉(1996)。人際親疏及工作次數對團體中個人工作表現的影響。人力資源學報,6,19-34。
孫志麟(1994)。團體表現負面效果之探討-社會閒散現象的分析,教育研究,38,48-59。
張世彗(2003)。創造力:理論、技術/技法與培育。台北。五南文化。

張國義、陳皎眉(1995)。不同的激勵策略對社會閒散之影響。中華心理學刊,37(1),71-81。
梁定澎(1997)。資訊管理研究方法總論。資訊管理學報,4 (1),1-6。
黃光國(1985)。人情與面子:中國人的權力遊戲。中國人的心理,289-318。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
黃建銘(2000)。組織成員社會性偷懶之研究-台北市各區公所公務人員之實證分析。政治大學公共行政研究所博士論文。
黃靜怡(1994)。團隊成員間的關係及個人動機對社會困境中合作行為的影響。國立政治大學心理研究所未出版碩士論文。
程懷琳(1988)。工作類型、工作能力及酬賞分配方式對團體中個人工作表現的影響。國立政治大學心理研究所未出版碩士論文。
曾永年(2004)。派系對公務人員社會閒散及組織承諾影響之探討-以台南縣鄉鎮市公所的實證研究。國立中正大學勞工研究所未出版碩士論文。
費孝通(1974)。差序格局。鄉土中國,22-30。上海:觀察社。
楊國樞(1993)。中國人的社會取向:社會互動的觀念。中國人的心理與行為-理念與方法篇,87-142。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
鄭美芳(1988)社會助長與社會閒散之比較研究。國立政治大學心理研究所未出版碩士論文。
二、英文部分
Adam, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press, 2, 276-299.
Albanese, R., & Van Fleet, D. D. (1985). Rational behavior in groups: The free-riding tendency. Academy of Management Review, 10, 244-255.
Brickner, M. A., Harkins, S. G., & Ostrom, T. M. (1986). Effects of personal involvement: thought-provoking implications for social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 763-770.
Bui, T. X., &. Sivasankaran, T. R (1990). Relation between GSS use and group task complexity. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 3, 69-78.
Buunk, B. P., H. Order, Y. D. Claudia, and A. W. K. Gaillard (1998) Social Loafing under Fatigue. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1179-1190.
Carver, C. S. (1979). A cybernetic model of self-attention processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1251-1281.
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 12-24.
Clark, M. S. (1981). Noncomparability of benefits given and received: A cue to the existence of friendship. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 375-381.
Clark, M. S. (1984). Record keeping in two types of relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 549-557.
Clark, M. S., Mills, J., & Powell, M. C. (1986). Keeping track of needs in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 333-338.
Comer, D. R. (1995). A model of social loafing in real work groups. Human Relations. 48(6), 647-667.
Connolly, T., Jessup, L. M., & Valacich, J. S. (1990). Effects of anonymity and evaluative tone on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Management Science, 36(6), 689-703.
Daniel E. R., & Jeremy J. B. (1998). Information rendezvous. Interacting with computers, 10, 213-224
DeSanctis, G. B., & Gallupe, R. B. (1985). Group decision support system: a new frontier. Database, 16(2), 3-10.
Elam, J. J., & Mead, M. (1990). Can software influence creativity? Information Systems Research, 1, 1-22.
Gallupe, R. B., Dennis, A. R., Cooper, W. H., Valacich, J. S., Bastianutti, L. M., & Nunamaker, J. F. (1992). Electronic brainstorming and group size. Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), 350-370.
Gallupe, R. B., Cooper, W. H., Grise, M. L., & Bastianutti, L. M. (1994). Blocking electronic brainstorms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(1), 77-86.
Gabrenya, W. K., Latane’, B., & Wang, Y. E. (1983). Social loafing in cross-cultural perspective: Chinese on Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 368-384.
George, J. F., Easton, G. K., Nunamaker, J. F., G. B. Jr., & Northcraft, (1990). A study of collaborative group work with and without computer-based support. Information Systems Research, 1, 394-415.
George, J. M. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 191-202.
George, J. M. (1995) Asymmetrical Effects of Rewards and Punishments: The Case of Social Loafing. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 327-328.
Harkins, S. G., & Perry, R. E. (1982). Effect of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214-1229.
Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1-18.
Harkins, S. G., & Szymanski, K. (1988). Social loafing and self-evaluation with an object standard. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 354-365.
Harkins, S. G., & Szymanski, K. (1989). Social loafing group evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 934-941.
Igbaria, M., (1999). The driving forces in the virtual society. Communications of the ACM, 42(12), 64-70.
Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J., & Peckham, V. (1974). The Ringelmann effect: Studies on group size and group performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 371-384.
Jackson, J. M., & Harkins, S. G. (1985). Equity in effort: An explanation of the social loafing effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(5), 1199-1206.
Jackson, J. M., & Williams, K. D. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 937-942.
Jackson, S. E. (1992). Team composition in organizations. In Worchel S., Wood W. & Simpson J. (Eds.). Group process and productivity, 138-176, London: Sage.
James, A. S., & Kevin, M. T. (1999). Social loafing and Expectancy-Value Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(9), 1147-1158.
Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Leidner, D. E. (1999). Communication and trust in global virtual teams. Organization Science, 10(6), 791-815.
Jessup, L. M. & Valacich, J. S. (1993). On the study of group support system: an introduction to group support system research and development. New Perspectives, 3-7.
Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D.(1993). Social Loafing: A Meta-Analytic Review and Theoretical Integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681-706.
Katezenbach, J. R. & Smith, D. K. (1993). The wisdom of teams. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Kerr, N. L. & Bruun, S. E. (1981). Ringelmann revisited: alternative explanations for the social loafing effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7(2), 224-231.
Kerr, N. L. (1983). Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), 819-828.
Kerr, N. L. & Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: free-rider efforts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 78-94.
Kidwell, R. E. & Bennett, N. (1993). Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues research. Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, 18(3), 429-457.
Kiesler, S, L., Sproull, (1992). Group decision making and communication technology. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52(1), 96-123.
Kravitz, D. A., & Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 936-941.
Latane`, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36, 343-356.
Latane`, B., William, K., & Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: the causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822-832.
Lipnack, J. and Stamps, J. (1997). Virtual teams: Reaching across space, time and organization with technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Liou, Y C., Chen, M., Wang, C. W., Fan, Y. W., and Chi, Y. P. (2003). TeamSpirit: The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Web-based Group Problem Solving Support System for Distributed Teams. Proceeding of the SIGDSS Pre-ICIS Workshop, Seattle.
Marcia, P., (1990). Putting the trust with a new team: Funds back faith with assets; firms owned by minorities & Women. Pensions & Investments, 18(22), 35-36.
McGrath, J. E., & Berdahl, J. L. (1998). Groups, technology, and time. Use of computers for collaborative work. Theory and Research on Small Groups, 205-228.
Mennecke, B. E., Hoffer, J. A., & Wynne, B. E. (1992). The implications of group development and history for group support system theory and practice. Small Group Research, 23(4), 524-572.
Mukahi, T. & Corbitt, G. (2004). The influence of familiarity among group members and extraversion on verbal interaction in proximate GSS sessions. Proceedings of the Thirty-Seven Hawaii International Conference on System Science, 1, 39-47.
Mullen, B. (1983). Operationalizing the effects of the group on the individual: a self-attention perspective. Journal of Experiment Social Psychology, 19, 295-322.
Mullen, B., & Baumeister, R. G. (1987). Group effects on self-attention and Performance: Social loafing, social facilitation, and social impairment. Review of personality and social psychology, 9, 189-206
Naoki, K. (1990). Gender and social loafing in Japan. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(4) 516-526.
Nunamaker, J. F., Dennis, A. R., Valacich, J. S., Vogel, D. R., & George, J. F. (1991). Electronic meeting systems to support group work. Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM, 34(7), 40-61.
Nunamaker, J. F., Briggs, R. O., Mittleman, D. D., Vogel, D. R., & Balthazard, P. A. (1996). Lessons from a dozen years of group support systems research: a discussion of lab and field findings. Journal of Management Information System, 13(3), 163-207.
Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Pamela, J. H., Carley, K. M., David, K., & Doug W. (2000). Choosing work group members: Balancing similarity, competence, and familiarity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 81(2), 226-251.
Perry, R. E., Harkins, S. G., & Williams, K. D. (1980). The effects of group diffusion of cognitive view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 81-92.
Roberts, M, (1989). Brainstorming by computer. Psychology Today, 51.
Schnake, M. E. (1991). Equity in Effort: The “Sucker Effect” in Co-Acting Groups. Journal of Management, 17(1), 41-55.
Scott, M. S. (1971). Management Decision Systems. Boston, Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.
Seligman, M. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and the death. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Shah, P. P. & Jehn, K. A. (1993). Do friends perform better than acquaintances: The interaction of friendship, conflict and task. Group Decision and Negotiation, 2(2), 149-166.
Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group process and productivity. New York: Academic Press.
Straus, S. G., (1996). Getting a clue: the effect of communication media and information distribution on participation and performance in computer-mediated and face-to-face groups. Small Group Research, 27, 115-142.
Szymanski, K., & Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 891-897.
Torrance, E. P. (1962). Building Creative Talent. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Veiga, J. F. (1991). The frequency of self-limiting behavior in groups: A measure and exploration. Human Relations, 44(8), 887-895.
Watson, W. E., & Michaelsen, L. K. (1988). Group interaction behaviors that affect group performance on an intellectual task. Group & Organization Management, 13(4), 495-516.
Wicker, A. W. (1969). Size of church membership and members’ support and church behavior setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 2783-288.
Williams, K., Harkins, S., & Latane`, B. (1979). Social Loafing. Psychology Today, 13(5), 104-110.
Williams, K., Harkins, S., & Latane`, B. (1981). Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: Two cheering experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 303-311.
Williams, G. M., & Clack, M. S. (1989). Providing help and desired relationship type as determinants of changes in moods and self-evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 722-734.
Williams, G. M., & Clack, M. S. (1992). Impact of desired relationship type on affective reactions to choosing and being required to help. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 10-18.
Yellen, R. E., Winniford M., & Sanford, C. C. (1995). Extroversion and introversion in electronically supported meetings. Information and Management, 28, 63-74.
三、網站資料
網際網路群體問題解決與決策支援系統網站(TeamSpirit)。2006年3月25日取自http://140.120.85.223/mba/。
電子全文 電子全文(本篇電子全文限研究生所屬學校校內系統及IP範圍內開放)
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top