臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國際航空法在國際法的領域中尚屬較新之分支學科，自一九四四年芝加哥公約簽署後以降，始具有完整之規範體系。其中關於航權之種類，則於芝加哥公約附件中之「國際航班過境協定」以及「國際航空運輸協定」中有所規範。前者包含了過境權及技降權，即第一及第二航權；後者則除了前述兩種航權外又規範了另外三種商業性航權，亦即第三至第五航權。關於之後發展出之第六、第七、第八乃至第九航權，並未於芝加哥公約中明文加以規定。本文欲探討之第六航權乃實務上結合第三及第四航權之操作而來，雖未規範於芝加哥公約中，但在航空公司以經營成本最小化，創造利益最大化之前提下，第六航權之操作已經躍升而為航空公司營利之最重要利器。在航空公司大量操作第六航權之結果下，對於第六航權法律體制之規範，亦因而愈顯重要。
本文首先將就第六航權發展之歷史做一概括性之介紹，繼而分析是何種誘因使得航空公司大量操作第六航權以及操作第六航權所應具有之條件。再探討各國國內法對第六航權限制的原因以及方式。而本文將以亞洲為例，整理分析亞洲各主要國際機場操作第六航權之概況來瞭解其對該航權使用之程度。進而聚焦我國所處之東亞及東南亞地區，探討各國發展軸輻式機場的概況、美國「自由化」雙邊協定之影響，以及各國際機場競爭之情形，進而提出解決之方法。對於兩岸四地發展第六航權的限制以及解決之道，亦將以專章之方式加以討論。本論文於最後的部份將做出總結以及針對台灣對於第六航權所應持有的態度，提出幾點建議。

International air law is a new branch in the field of international law. The legal system had not been constructed until the conclusion of the Chicago Convention1944. Two Annexes of the Chicago Convention 1944, “International Air Services Transit Agreement” and “International Air Transport Agreement”, stipulated the Five Freedoms traffic. The former includes Transit Right and Technical Right; the latter mainly comprises the other three commercial rights. The Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Freedom traffic, which developed by state practice, were not mentioned in these two Annexes. The Sixth Freedom traffic, the topic of the thesis, although not be included in the Chicago Convention 1944, has been playing an important role to airlines in making profits. To construct a legal system will be a desideratum for the operation of the Sixth Freedom traffic due to the operation of it is getting more and more.
Firstly, we will give a recapitulative introduction to the history of the operation of the Sixth Freedom traffic, and then list the incentives and conditions for airlines to operate the Sixth Freedom traffic. In addition, we will discuss the restrictions which states placed in the operation of the Sixth Freedom traffic by their national law and the reasons for doing so. Moreover, we will take Asian international airports for examples to analyze the effect of incentives and conditions on the operation of the Sixth Freedom traffic. Furthermore, we will focus on East and Southeast Asian countries to discuss the consequence of the development of new hub-and-spoke international airports, the impact of the liberalized bilateral air transport agreement, and the competition among Asian airlines industries, and we are going to bring forward the resolution to it. Finally, we are going to deal with the barriers of the Sixth Freedom traffic operation amongst Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and Mainland China.
In the last part of the thesis, we try to come up with some pieces of advice for Taiwan authority on the attitude to the operation of the Sixth Freedom traffic. It is important for Taiwan to operate the Sixth Freedom traffic, on account of that Taiwan is a small island, it’s flag carriers need passengers from other countries to support their operation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I
ABSTRACT III
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
LIST OF TABLES XI
LIST OF FIGURES XII
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 2
1.3 METHODOLOGY 3
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 3
CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTION OF TRAFFIC RIGHTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL AIR LAW 5
2.1 CONCEPT OF AIR TRAFFIC RIGHT 5
2.2 MULTILATERAL SYSTEM 7
2.3 REGIONAL SYSTEM 10
2.4 BILATERAL SYSTEM 17
2.5 CONCLUSION 20
CHAPTER THREE: HISTORY OF THE OPERATION OF THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC IN INTERNATIONAL AIR TRASPORT 23
3.1 INTRODUCTION 23
3.2 THE PERIOD OF BERMUDA SYSTEM 24
3.2.1 BERMUDA I AGREEMENT 24
3.2.2 BERMUDA II AGREEMENT 26
3.3 THE PERIOD OF LIBERALIZATION AND DEREGULATION 27
3.4 CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE 28
3.5 CONCLUSION 31
CHAPTER FOUR: THE MODES OF THE OPERATION OF THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC 33
4.1 INTRODUCTION 33
4.2 THE CONDITIONS AND INCENTIVES OF THE OPERATION 34
4.2.1 CONDITIONS 34
4.2.2 INCENTIVES 36
4.3 REGIONAL OPERATION 38
4.4 INTER-CONTINENTAL OPERATION 40
4.5 CONCLUSION 41
CHAPTER FIVE: THE RESTRICTIONS ON THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC IN NATIONAL AIR LAW 43
5.1 INTRODUCTION 43
5.2 POLICY RESTRICTION 44
5.3 LEGAL RESTRICTION 46
5.4 RESTRICTION FROM AIRLINES INDUSTRY 47
5.5 CONCLUSION 47
CHAPTER SIX: THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC OPERATION IN ASIA REGION 49
6.1 INTRODUCTION 49
6.2 SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC OPERATED BY THE MIDDLE EAST 50
6.2.1 DUBAI 50
6.2.2 ABU DHABI 52
6.3 SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC OPERATED BY INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT 53
6.3.1 NEW DELHI 53
6.3.2 MUMBAI 55
6.4 SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC OPERATED BY SOUTHEAST ASIA 56
6.4.1 BANGKOK 56
6.4.2 SINGAPORE 58
6.5 SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC OPERATED BY EAST ASIA 61
6.5.1 TAIWAN 61
6.5.2 JAPAN 63
6.5.3 KOREA 66
6.5.4 MAINLAND CHINA 68
6.5.4.1 SHANGHAI PUDONG AIRPORT 68
6.5.4.2 GUANGZHOU BAIYUN AIRPORT 69
6.5.5 HONG KONG 71
6.5.6 MACAU 73
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE PROBLEM OF COMPETITION OF THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC OPERATION AMONG HUB-AND-SPOKE AIRPORTS IN SOUTHEAST AND EAST ASIA REGIONS 75
7.1 INTRODUCTION 75
7.2 CONSEQUENCES OF DEVELOPMENT OF NEW HUB-AND-SPOKE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS IN ASIA 76
7.3 THE IMPACT OF LIBERALIZED BILATERAL AIR TRANSPORT AGREEMENT BETWEEN ASIAN COUNTRIES AND THE UNITED STATES 81
7.4 THE SOLUTION OF THE COMPETITION BETWEEN ASIAN AIRLINES INDUSTRIES 84
7.5 CONCLUSION 85
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE PROBLEMS OF THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC OPERATION BETWEEN TAIWAN, HONG KONG, MACAU AND MAINLAND CHINA 87
8.1 INTRODUCTION 87
8.2 POLICY-ORIENTED BARRIERS FOR THE OPERATION OF THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC 88
8.3 LEGAL BARRIERS OF THE OPERATION OF THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC 90
8.4 MARKET BARRIERS OF THE OPERATION OF THE SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC 92
8.5 THE POSSIBLE SOLUTION OF PRESENT HURDLES TO THE OPERATION OF SIXTH FREEDOM TRAFFIC IN TAIWAN 94
8.6 CONCLUSION 95
CHAPTER NINE: GENERAL CONCLUSION 97
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESEARCH RESOURCES 99

1.Books
1.1In Chinese (chronological order)
吳建端著，「航空法學」，中國民航出版社，2005年6月。
張國政主編，「航空運輸專論」，交通部民用航空局出版，中華民國九十四年。
張有恆著，「航空業經營與管理」，華泰文化事業公司，中華民國九十二年二月。
凌鳳儀著，「航空運輸管理概論」，文笙書局，中華民國八十九年二月。
趙維田著，「國際航空法」，社會科學文獻出版社，2000年1月。
沈海涵著，「我國空運航權之研究」，黎明文化事業股份有限公司，中華民國八十三年。
林信得，凌鳳儀合著，「航空運輸學」，文笙書局，中華民國八十二年十月。
民用航空局研究報告，「國際民航航權思想發展與我國策劃現行雙邊協定之研究」，交通部編印，中華民國七十四年。
1.2In English (alphabetic order)
Abeyratne, R. I. R., Aviation Trends in the new Millennium, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2001.
Button, K., Airline Deregulation — International Experiences, 1991.
Cheng, B., The Law of International Air Transport, 1962.
Cheng, Chia-Jui and Kim, D. H. (eds), The Utilization of the World’s Air Space and Free Outer Space in the 21st Century, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London and Boston, 1997.
Cheng, Chia-Jui (eds), Regulatory Reform in International Air Transport – Henri A. Wassenbergh’s Select Essays Over a Period of Fifty Years 1950-2000, Regency Publishing Worldwide, San Francisco and Los Angeles, 2000.
Coyle, J. J., Bardi, E. J. and Novack, R. A., Transportation, 5th edition, 1999.
Diederiks-Verschoor, I. H. Ph., An Introduction to Air Law, 7th revised edition, Kluwer Law International, 2001.
Guldimann, W. and Kaiser, S., Future Air Navigation Systems — Legal and Institutional Aspects, 1993.
Havel, B., In Search of Open Skies — Law and Policy for a New Era in International Aviation, 1997.
Henaku, B. D. K., Regionalism in International Air Transport Regulation, Koma Publishers Foundation, 1993.
Masson-Zwaan, T. & Mendes de Leon, P., Air and Space Law: De Lege Ferenda, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992.
Mendes de Leon, P., Air Transport Law and Policy in the 1990s — Controlling the Boom, 1991.
Naveau, J., International Air Transport in a Changing World, Martinus Nijhoff Unmack, Publishers, 1989.
Shaw, M., International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Unmack, T., “Civil Aviation: Standards and Liabilities”, 1999.
Wassenbergh, H. A., Aspects of Air Law and Civil Air Policy in the Seventies, 1970.
Wassenbergh, H. A., Principles and Practices in Air Transport Regulation, ITA, Paris, 1993.
Zylicz, M., International Air Transport Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992.
2.Articles
2.1In Chinese
黃居正，台、中空運航權談判中的國際法問題，台灣國際法季刊，第一卷，第二期，二○○四年四月。

2.2In English (alphabetic order)
Abeyratne, R.I.R., The Air Traffic Rights Debate - A Legal Study, 18 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1993.
Basedow, J., Airline Deregulation in the European Community - Its Background, its Flaws, its Consequences for E.C. – U.S. Regulation, 13 Journal of Law and Commerce, spring 1994.
Bliss F. A., Rethinking Restrictions on Cabotage: Moving to Free Trade in Passenger Aviation, 17 Suffolk Transnational Law Review, spring 1994.
B?ckstiegel, Karl-Heinz, Current Challenges in the Legal Regulation of Civil Aviation, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Dempsey, P. S., Airline Deregulation in the United States: Competition, Concentration, and Market Darwinism, 17 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1992.
Dempsey, P. S., European Aviation Regulation: Flying Through the Liberalization Labyrinth, 15 Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, summer 1992.
Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Automation and Air Law, 12 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1987.
Donato, M., Latin America's Present Aviation Policy Vis-?-Vis the New Global Air Transport Environment, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Dong, C. S.,
Air Transport Policy Reviewed by Michael Milde, 28 Annals of Air and Space Law, 2003.
Ferrier, J., The Open Skies Treaty of 1992, 18 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1993.
FitzGerald, P., Freedom to Fly: Route Deregulation in Canada's Airline Industry, 14 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1989.
Friedman, E. A., Airline Antitrust: Getting Past the Oligopoly Problem, 9 University of Miami Business Law Review, winter 2001.
Gau, S. T., The Future Taiwan-Mainland China Air Links and the Cabotage Concept Under Current International Air Law, Air and Space Law Journal, Kluwer, XIX, No. 6, 1996.
Gertler, J., ICAO and Bilateralism: The Case of Standard Bilateral Clauses, 16 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1991.
Gertler, J., Article 5 of the Chicago Convention in the Current Environment, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Gertler, J., Self-Enforcement of Bilateral Air Transport Agreements, 14 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1989.
Gertler, J., Obsolescence of Bilateral Air Transport Agreements, 13 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1988.
Gialloretto, L., International Air Transport Regulation and Airlines Efficiency - Is There a Link?, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Goo, G. L. H., Deregulation and Liberalization of Air Transport in the Pacific Rim: Are They Ready for America’s “Open Skies”?, 18 University of Hawaii Law Review, winter/spring 1996.
Guldimann, W., A Flexible Multilateral on Traffic Rights?, 18 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1993.
Guldimann, W., The distinction between Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Air Services, 4 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1979.
Gunther, J., Multilateralism in International Air Transport - The Concept and the Quest, 19 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1994.
Haanappel, P. P. C., Bermuda II: a First Impression, 2 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1977.
Haanappel, P. P. C., Multilateralism and Economic Bloc Forming in International Air Transport, 19 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1994.
Haibronner, K., Freedom of the Air and the Convention on the Law of the Sea, 77 American Journal of International Law, July 1983.
Harbison, P., Aviation Multilateralism in the Asia Pacific Region: Regulatory and Industry Pressures for Change, Air and Space Law Journal, Kluwer, XIX, No. 3, 1994.
Hedlund, D. C., Toward Open Skies: Liberalizing Trade in International Airline Services, 3 Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, summer 1994.
Janda, R., Auctioning Airport Slots: Airline Oligopoly, Hubs and Spokes, and Traffic Congestion, 18 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1993.
Kadletz, A., Taiwan, China, and the Warsaw Convention: A Comment and Case Note, 23 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1998.
Katsutoshi Fujita, Tokyo's New Narita, 3 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1978.
Kotaite, A., Legal Aspects of the International Regulation of Civil Aviation, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Lacy, M., Freedom in the Air: The 1995 Canada -United States Bilateral Air Agreement, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Mietus, J. R. Jr., Recent Developments in Aviation, 28 Transportation Law Review, spring 2001.
Monk, D. G., The Lessons of Airline Regulation and Deregulation: Will We Make the Same Mistake in Space, 57 Journal of Law and Commerce, spring 1992.
Mosteller, J., The Current and Future Climate of Airline Consolidation: The Possible Impact of an Alliance of Two Large Airlines and an Examination of the Proposed American Airlines - British Airways Alliance, 64 Journal of Air Law and Commerce, spring 1999.
Petsikas, G., "Open Skies" - North America, 17 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1992.
Rutger, J. and Huijg, C., An Analysis of the Air Transport Regime between the Metropolitan Country and the Overseas Countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, 21 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1996.
Rynerson, S. D., Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven, But Nobody Wants to Die: The Story of the Transatlantic Common Aviation Area, 30 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, summer/fall 2002.
Samuel M., Findlay, C., Forsyth, P., International Aviation Problems and Responses: An Asian Pacific Perspective, Air and Space Law Journal, Kluwer, XIX, No. 3, 1994.
Schless, A. L., Open Skies: Loosening the Protectionist Grip on International Civil Aviation, 8 Emory International Law Review, spring 1994.
Sivinski, G. A., United States/United Kingdom: The Open Skies Debate, 17 Air and Space Lawyer, fall 2002.
Soon, K. H., Legal Problems and Solutions for Civil Aviation Toward the 21st Century: An Asian-Pacific Perspective, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Stahl, T. H. E., Liberalizing International Trade in Services: The Case for Sidestepping the GATT, 19 Yale Journal of International Law, summer 1994.
Stockfish, B., Opening Closed Skies: The Prospects for Future Liberalization of Trade in International Air Transport Service, 57 Journal of Air Law and Commerce, spring 1992.
Swinnen, B. M. J., An Opportunity for Trans-Atlantic Civil Aviation: From Open Skies to Open Markets?, 63 Journal of Air Law and Commerce, August-September 1997.
Trinder, R., The International Airports of the Hong Kong, Macao, Shenzen Triangle: Can They all Succeed?, 21 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1996.
Virginia Rodriguez Serrano,
Trade in Air Transport Services: Liberalizing Hard Rights, 24 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1999.
The Hon. L. Welch Pogue, The International Civil Aviation Conference (1944) and Its Sequel the Anglo-American Bermuda Air Transport Agreement (1946), 19 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1994.
Wassenbergh, H., Reality and Value in Air and Space Law, 3 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1978.
Wassenbergh, H., Aspect of the Exchange of International Air Transportation Rights, 6 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1981.
Wassenbergh, H., Reflections on the Sixth Freedom Question in International Air Transportation in the Eighties, edited by H. A. Wassenbergh and H. P. van Fenema, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, Deventer, The Netherlands, 1981.
Wassenbergh, H., The Future of Multilateral Air Transport Regulation in the Regional and Global Context, 8 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1983.
Wassenbergh, H., World Air Transport Regulatory Reform, 19 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1994.
Wassenbergh, H., The Future of International Air Transportation Law: A Philosophy of Law and the Need for Reform of the Economic Regulation of International Air Transport in the 21st Century, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Wassenbergh, H., De-regulation of Competition in International Air Transport, Air and Space Law Journal, Kluwer, XXI, No. 2, April 1996.
Wassenbergh, H., The Sixth Freedom Revisited, Air and Space Law Journal, Kluwer, XXI, No. 6, December 1996.
Weber, L., EEC Air Transport Liberalization and the Chicago Convention, 17 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1992.
Weber, L., The Chicago Convention and the Exchange of Traffic Rights in a Regional Context, 20 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1995.
Yoshinori Ide, Recent Developments in Air Transport Relations between Japan and the United States, 23 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1998.
von Zebinsky, A. M., The General Agreement on Trade in Services: Its Implications for Air Transport, 18 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1993.
2.3In French
Naveau, J., Droit de l'air et nationalisme historique, 15 Annals of Air and Space Law, 1990.
3.Theses
3.1In Chinese (chronological order)
邱柏善撰，「台港航權談判之研究-以二階談判架構分析」，國立中興大學國際政治研究所碩士論文，民國九十二年七月。
蘇妍旭撰，「空運服務與WTO相關規範之研究」，國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文，民國九十一年六月。
張源傑撰，「開放天空政策對我國航空事業之影響」，東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文，民國八十九年七月。
朱奕嵐撰，「絕對性領空主權之論析」，東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文，民國八十八年七月。
鄒志揚撰，「有關第五航權在理論與實務層面之法律分析」，東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文，民國八十六年一月。
3.2In English (alphabetic order)
Hong, H., Open skies and its recent impact on the Asia-Pacific region, LL.M., McGill University (Canada), 1998.
Wong, Y. H., Air Transport Hubs and Networks serving China: A Comparative Analysis, Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning, University of Hong Kong, 2003.
4.Websites
ICAO: http://www.icao.int/index.html
IATA: http://www.iata.org/index.htm
Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University: http://www.mcgill.ca/iasl
International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University: http://iiasl.leiden.edu
Civil Aeronautics Administration, R.O.C.: http://www.caa.gov.tw
U.S. Department of State: http://www.state.gov
Westlaw: http://www.westlaw.com
CKS International Airport: http://www.cksairport.gov.tw/CKSeng
Narita International Airport: http://www.narita-airport.jp/en/index.html
Shanghai Airport Authority: http://www.shanghaiairport.com/en/index.jsp
Hong Kong International Airport: http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/index.html
Changi International Airport: http://www.changi.airport.com.sg
Incheon International Airport: http://www.airport.or.kr/Eng/home.jsp
Macau International Airport: http://www.macau-airport.gov.mo/en/index2.php
Bangkok International Airport: http://www.airportthai.co.th/airportnew/bia/html/index.html