臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以澎湖縣菜園社區為例，從社區居民發展海域旅遊意向及遊客遊後行為探討濱海社區永續經營模式。本研究採自編的問卷，居民意向之問卷內容包括居民對發展海域旅遊之態度、動機、意向、參與行為、對社區現況之知覺、對社區未來預期情況之知覺、及基本資料等七大項，從2005年6月13日至6月30日，以菜園社區每戶之戶長為研究對象，進行問卷調查，共發放148份問卷，其中拒答0份，廢卷2份，實得有效問卷146份。另一方面，遊客行為問卷內容包括旅遊意象、旅遊態度、旅遊動機、遊憩滿意度、遊後行為、旅遊特性、對社區發展海域旅遊的態度、及遊客基本資料等八大項，自2005年6月至9月，利用等距方式進行遊客抽樣調查，以每七位抽取一位遊客為機率樣本，進行問卷調查，共發放470份問卷，實得有效問卷470份，抽樣誤差為4.5% (95%信賴水準)。所收集的資料以SPSS 12.0進行統計分析與檢定，利用敘述統計程序，計算人口統計變數之分布情形，並利用LISREL 8.52進行驗證性因素分析及結構方程式的實證研究，以最大概似估計法(Maximum Likelihood Estimation)對本研究模式中各組變項間之因果關係進行估計。實證結果顯示菜園社區居民對社區發展海域旅遊的態度正向及顯著的直接影響居民的動機及意向，間接影響居民的意向及實際參與行動；居民的動機正向及顯著的直接影響居民的意向及實際參與行動；居民的意向正向及顯著的直接影響實際參與行動。而海域旅遊遊客行為模式的實證結果顯示遊客的旅遊態度顯著的直接影響旅遊動機，間接影響遊憩滿意度及遊後行為；遊客的旅遊態度顯著的直接影響遊憩滿意度，間接影響遊後行為；遊客的旅遊動機顯著的直接影響遊憩滿意度，間接影響遊後行為；遊客的遊憩滿意度顯著的直接影響遊後行為；但遊客的旅遊意象對遊憩滿意度及遊後行為之影響未達顯著水準。

This study assessed the sustainable development of oceanic recreation model from local resident intention model and tourist behavior model at Che-an community, Penghu. This study was used latent variables of local residents’ attitude, motivation, intention, participation, and perception. One hundred and forty-eight questionnaires were administered from on June 2005, no respondent refused to answer and two questionnaires were invalid owing to being incomplete, leaving a total of 146 valid questionnaires. On the other hand, I utilized the latent variables of travel motivation, travel attitude, travel image, satisfaction, post-purchase behavioral intentions, travel characteristics, and elemental data of tourists to examine the tourist behavioral model. Four hundred and seventy valid questionnaires were collected from June to September 2005. The descriptive statistics of socio-demographic was analyzed by SPSS (version 12.0 for windows). The confirmatory factor analysis and structure model analysis were analyzed by LISREL 8.52 for windows. All the parameters were estimated by maximum likelihood method. Empirical results of resident intention model indicated that local residents’ attitude affected the development intention directly and affected the participation indirectly. Motivation affected the development intention and participation directly. Intention affected the participation directly, the empirical results of tourist behavioral model indicated that attitude affected the motivation directly and affected satisfaction and post-purchase behavioral intentions indirectly. Attitude also affected the satisfaction directly and affected post-purchase behavioral intentions indirectly. Motivation affected the satisfaction directly and affected post-purchase behavioral intentions. Satisfaction affected the post-purchase behavioral intentions directly. However, travel image did not have any significant effects on satisfaction and post-purchase behavioral intentions.

目錄
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………..i
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………iii
誌謝…………………………………………………………………………iv
目錄………………………………………………………………………….v
表目錄……………………………………………………………………..viii
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………ix
第一章 緖論……………………………………………………….…...….1
1.1 研究背景與動機……………………………………………………………..…..1
1.2研究目的…………………………………………………………………......…. 3
1.3研究流程…………………………………………………………..………...…...5
第二章 文獻探討與研究假設………………………..………….…….….6
2.1台灣地區海域旅遊的發展…….…………………………………..……….....…6
2.2居民態度、動機、意向與參與之關係………….………………………….…..8
2.3遊客旅遊態度、旅遊動機、旅遊意象、遊憩滿意度、遊後行為之關係.….11
2.4社區永續觀光的發展………………….………………………………..……...16
第三章 研究方法…………………………………………..………….…18
3.1研究架構……………………………………………………………..…..….….18
3.1.1居民對發展海域旅遊之意向………………………….……………………………...……19
3.1.2遊客參與海域旅遊之行為…………………………………....………………………...….20
3.2研究地與研究對象……………………………………………….……...……..20
3.2.1研究地…………………………………………………………………………………….…20
3.2.2研究對象…………………………………………………………………………...…….....22
3.3問卷設計………………………………………………………….………..…...23
3.3.1居民意向問卷設計………………………………………………………………...………..23
3.3.2遊客行為問卷設計…………………………………………………………………...….…24
3.3.3遊客行為問卷量表之預測結果……………………………………………………...…….26
3.4測量尺度..............................................................................................................32
3.5問卷調查與抽樣方法……………………………………………………...….. 32
3.5.1居民問卷調查……………………………………………………………………..…..….…32
3.5.2遊客問卷調查…………………………………………………………………..…….…….32
3.6資料分析方法………………………………..…………………………………33
第四章 結果………………………………..………………………...…..35
4.1居民參與海域旅遊之意向…………………………………………………......35
4.1.1樣本回收與信效度………………………………………………………………….….....35
4.1.2居民社經背景…………….………………………………………………………….....…35
4.1.3居民意向之測量模式………………………………………………………………..……37
4.1.4居民意向之整體模式………………………………………………………...….………..39
4.1.5居民意向之路徑分析…………………………………………………………..…….…...40
4.1.6居民的現在知覺與未來認知……………………………………………………..……....42
4.2遊客參與海域旅遊的遊憩行為模式……………………………..…...….....…46
4.2.1樣本回收與信效度……………………………………………………………..………....46
4.2.2遊客社經背景與旅遊特性………………….……………………………..………..…….46
4.2.3遊客行為之測量模式…………………………………………………………………..…49
4.2.4遊客行為之整體模式……………………………………………………..………….…...51
4.2.5遊客行為之路徑分析………………………………………………….…………….…....52
4.2.6遊客對發展海域旅遊之態度………………………………………………………......…54
第五章 討論……………………………………………………...…........57
5.1社區發展觀光之特色………………………………………………….…........ 57
5.2社區居民社經背景…………………………………………………...….……..58
5.3社區居民對發展海域旅遊之意向……………………………………………..58
5.4社區居民對發展海域旅遊之現在知覺與未來情況…………………….….…59
5.5海域旅遊遊客社經背景與旅遊特性…………………………………………..60
5.6海域旅遊遊客行為模式………………………………………………….…….61
第六章 結論與建議…………………………………………………...…63
6.1結論……………………………………………………………………..………63
6.2建議……………………………………………………………………..………65
參考文獻………………………………………………………...…………66
附錄一 遊客問卷預試…………..………………………………………...81
附錄二 居民正式問卷……………………..…………………………….. 84
附錄三 遊客正式問卷..........................………..………………………….87























表目錄
表1 遊客行為模式項目分析………………………………...………….27
表2 近五年澎湖觀光人數統計平均值………………………………... 33
表3 受訪居民基本資料…………………………………….…………...36
表4 測量模式因素負荷、T-value、平均變異抽取量、組成信度…...38
表5 居民意向之整體適配度…………………………………………....39
表6 居民意向路徑分析之各項效果……………………………….…...40
表7 現在知覺與未來情況之平均值、t值、r值……………..……….43
表8 遊客基本資料……………………….….…………………………..46
表9 遊客旅遊特性……………………………………….………….…..48
表10 測量模式因素負荷、T-value、平均變異抽取量、組成信度…...49
表11 遊客行為之整體配適度…………………………………………....51
表12 遊客行為路徑分析之各項效果…………………………………....54
表13 遊客態度…………………………………………………….……...55
表14 台灣南部地區社區居民的族群結構…………..……………...…...58
表15 遊客社經背景相關研究之比較………………………….…...……60
表16 遊客旅遊特性相關研究之比較……………….……………...……61




圖目錄
圖1 研究流程圖………………………………………………………......5
圖2 菜園社區永續發展模式架構圖………………………………....…18
圖3 居民研究架構圖………………………………………………....…19
圖4 遊客研究架構圖…………………………………….……….…......20
圖5 菜園社區位置圖................................................................................21
圖6 菜園社區居民意向路徑圖………...………………..……….…......41
圖7 居民現在知覺與未來情況之績效分析圖…….…..………...……..45
圖8 遊客遊憩行為路徑圖…………………………….……….…...…...53

中文文獻
1.中央大學城鄉建設與發展中心，(2001)，台灣地區海域遊憩系統整體規劃，交通部觀光局，台北。
2.尤國政、陳墀吉，(2002)，社區觀光與生態旅遊和諧發展之學理意涵－以宜蘭縣員山鄉阿蘭城社區為例，旅遊健康學刊，2(1): 52-62。
3.交通部觀光局，(2000)，21世紀台灣發展觀光新策略，台北。
4.行政院農委會特有生物研究保育中心，(2004)，特有生物名錄，台北。
5.何秉燦，(2004)，觀光衝擊認知與觀光衝擊管理策略之研究－以奮起湖地區為例，嘉義大學碩士論文。
6.李宗鴻，(2003)，台灣離島島嶼遊客遊憩體驗之研究，旅遊管理研究，3(2): 51-66。
7.李欣育、陳良進，(2004)，主題文化園區遊客旅遊動機與滿意度之研究－以三地門瑪家原住民文化園區為例，觀光休閒暨餐旅產業永續經營學術研討會，4: 42-53。
8.李來圓，劉清榕，(1999)，福隆漁村居民對海域遊憩開發的態度之研究，戶外遊憩研究，12(2): 39-54。
9.李佩芬、胡學彥、黃幹忠，(2001)，地方產業活化後居住環境影響之初探－以台南縣白河鎮蓮花產業為例，中華民國都市計劃學會學術研討會論文集，24-37。
10.李明儒、陳雅玲、陳月園、賀詩堯，(2003)，澎湖居民對發展生態觀光與環境衝擊的認知，第三屆觀光休閒暨餐旅產業永續經營研討會，77-86。
11.李思屏、林晏州，(2001)，遊客對生態旅遊之環境態度與行為關係之研究關渡自然公園為例，戶外遊憩研究，14(3): 15-36。
12.李素馨，(1996)，觀光新紀元－永續發展的選擇，戶外遊憩研究，9(4): 1-17。
13.沈進成、陳伯南，(2005)，宗教觀光旅遊動機、認知價值、滿意度與忠誠度關係之研究-以南投中台禪寺為例，服務業管理評論，1(1): 159-184。
14.沈進成、謝金燕，(2003)，宗教觀光吸引力、滿意度與忠誠度關係模式之研究－以高雄佛光山為例，觀光休閒暨餐旅產業永續經營學術研討會，149-161。
15.吳宗瓊，(2002)，部落觀光慶典活動影響之研究－遊客認知面向的探討，旅遊管理研究，2(2): 39-56。
16.吳忠宏、王月鶯、李世昌、邱廷亮，(2005)，山美鄒族原住民對生態旅遊永續發展認知與態度之研究，南開學報，3(2): 67-82。
17.吳忠宏、黃宗成，(2001)，玉山國家公園管理處服務品質之研究：以遊客滿意度為例，國家公園學報，11(2): 116-134。
18.吳忠宏、黃宗成、洪常明，(2005)，澎湖居民對生態旅遊知覺與發展生態旅遊態度關係之研究，戶外遊憩研究，18(3): 1-30。
19.吳佩芬，(1997)，主題園遊客對主題意象認知之研究－以六福村主題遊樂園為例，碩士論文，逢甲大學土地管理研究所，台中。
20.吳敏惠、吳宗瓊，(2000)，原住民部落發展觀光歷程之研究－以阿里山山美村為例，千禧古蹟管理與週休二日休閒活動研討會，199-211。
21.林若慧、陳澤義、劉瓊如，(2003)，海岸型風景區之旅遊意象對遊客行為意圖之影響-以遊客滿意度為仲介變數，戶外遊憩研究，16(2): 1-22。
22.林晏州，(2001)，馬公生態園區遊客系統暨遊程規劃，交通部觀光局澎湖國家風景區管理處委託研究報告。
23.林晏州，(2004)，鹿谷居民對發展生態旅遊態度之研究，2004海峽兩岸休閒農業與觀光旅遊學術研討會，1-30。
24.林鉅銀、翁秀華、陳元彬、余文誌，(2003)，國家級風景特定區之規劃執行與管理事權事業調查研究報告，監察院交通部及採購委員會，台北。
25.林朝欽、李英弘，(2001)，遊憩體驗之多階段性驗證，戶外遊憩研究，14(1): 1-10。
26.施教裕，(1996)，社區參與的理論與實務，社會福利，129，2-8。
27.侯錦雄、宋念謙，(1998)，台中市黎明住宅社區居民社區意識之研究，建築學報，24: 51-65。
28.莊香蘭、容繼業、徐素珍、葉碧華，(2005)，民眾參與中正紀念堂休閒教育生活型態、動機、滿意度之研究，旅遊管理研究，5(1): 77-98。
29.陳玉清、林晏州，(2003)，生態旅遊地遊客選擇行為之研究，戶外遊憩研究，16(3): 23-40。
30.陳明川，(2003)，社區居民對生態旅遊衝擊認知與發展態度之研究—以嘉義縣山美村為例，中興大學碩士論文，台中。
31.陳勁甫、陳佩君、陳美惠、蔡孟桓、李佳玲，(2005)，台南市居民對發展觀光衝擊認知之研究，2005城市觀光與兩岸觀光旅遊學術研討會，137-148。
32.陳勁甫、蔡郁芬、蕭玉華，(2005)，台中地區市民農園參與者動機、參與頻率與滿意度關係之研究，旅遊管理研究，5(2): 157-171。
33.陳運欽，(2004)，社區總體營造下之社區生態旅遊－以桃米社區為例，銘傳大學碩士論文，台北。
34.陳墀吉、黃士哲、林俊男，(2000)，自然保育與社區永續生命力的營造，世新大學人文學報，2: 7-38。
35.張恕忠，(2002)，遊客對休閒漁業活動之態度與體驗之研究，台灣大學碩士論文，台北。
36.張恕忠、林晏州，(2002)，遊客對休閒漁業活動之態度與體驗之研究，戶外遊憩研究，15(4): 27-48。
37.張恕忠、林晏州，(2002)，遊客對休閒漁業活動之態度與體驗之研究，第四屆休閒、遊憩、觀光學術研討會，觀光發展與觀光衝擊篇，1－14。
38.張建萍，(2001)，生態旅遊－理論與實踐，中國旅遊出版社，中國。
39.歐聖榮、陳明川，(2003)，社區居民對生態旅遊衝擊認知與發展態度之研究-以嘉義縣山美村為例，第五屆休閒、遊憩、觀光學術研討會，104-117。
40.歐聖榮、劉曉琪，(2002)，民眾對園藝產業活動之動機與體驗研究，戶外遊憩研究，15(4): 75-92。
41.歐聖榮、蕭芸殷，(1998)，生態旅遊遊客特質之研究-以福山植物園為例，戶外遊憩研究，11(3): 35-58。
42.歐聖榮、顏宏旭，(1994)，金門地區觀光發展衝擊認知之研究，戶外遊憩研究，7(4): 61-90。
43.黃天中、洪英正，(1992)，心理學。台北：桂冠。
44.黃世明、沈育鈴，(2005)，金門地區居民對永續觀光態度之研究，旅遊管理研究，5(1): 33-53。
45.黃宗成、吳忠宏、郭建池，(2001)，阿里山地區原住民對其觀光發展衝擊認知與態度之研究，公共事務評論，2(2): 91-122。
46.葉茂生，(2001)，澎湖吉貝島遊客對海域遊憩活動滿意度之研究，世新大學碩士論文，台北。
47.楊文燦、葉冠瑩，(2001)，原住民對其保留地發展生態旅遊態度之研究，戶外遊憩研究，14(4): 27-49。
48.趙家民、劉原超、范凱，(2005)，嘉義市地區民眾對廢棄光碟回收行為之研究，環境管理研究，6(2): 99-128。
49.蔡長清，(2002)，海洋觀光遊憩特性與管理課題之基礎探討，高雄應用科技大學學報，32: 171-190。
50.蔡進發、吳忠宏、黃宗成，(2005)，以重複購買理論探討國家公園重複旅遊決定因子，環境與管理研究，6(2): 1-18。
51.蔡進發、葉碧華、李雅玲、黃宗成，(2004)，雲嘉南濱海國家風景區遊客遊憩行為之研究：以嘉義布袋為例，環境與管理研究，5(2): 43-66。
52.澎湖縣馬公市戶政事務所，(2006)，馬公市人口統計資料，澎湖縣政府，澎湖。
53.澎湖國家風景管理處，(2006)，觀光統計資料，交通部觀光局，台北。
54.澎湖國家風景區管理處，(2001)，馬公生態園區遊憩系統暨遊程規劃，澎湖。
55.澎湖國家風景管理處，(2003)，澎湖風景特定區遊客調查暨旅遊人次推估模式建立規劃，澎湖。
56.劉瓊如、林若慧、吳正雄，(2002)，海岸型風景區遊客旅遊意象之區隔研究－以東北角海岸國家風景區為例，戶外遊憩研究，15(3): 55－78。
57.劉瓊如、林若慧、許麗卿，(2001)，東北角海岸國家風景區遊客體驗之因果關係研究，2001休閒遊憩觀光研討會，210-225。
58.賴玉芳、廖學誠，(2005)，南投縣五城社區民眾參與溪流保育組織運作與居民反應之研究，中華水土保持學報，36(1): 55-67。
59.顏家芝、江香樺，(2003)，北投居民對觀光再發展影響之認知與態度研究，觀光研究學報，10(1): 39-61。
西文文獻
1.Ahn, B. Y., Lee, B. K., & Shafer, C. S. (2002). Operationalizing sustainability in regional tourism planning: an application of the limits of acceptable change framework. Tourism Management, 23, 1-15.
2.Ajzen, I. (1985). From intensions to actions-a theory of planned behavior, action control: from cognition to behavior. Heidelberg: Springer.
3.Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, Personality, and behavior. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
4.Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
5.Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1992). Application of the theory of planned behavior to leisure choice. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(3), 207-240.
6.Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding the attitudes and predicting social behavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
7.Anderdon, E. W., & Sullivian, M. (1993). The antecedents and consequences of customer satisfaction for firms. Marketing Science, 12, 125-143.
8.Ann, B. Y., Lee, B. K., & Shafer, C. S. (2002). Operationalizing sustainablity in regional tourism planning: an application of the limits of acceptable change framework. Tourism Management, 23: 1-15.
9.Anton, J. (1996). Customer relationship management: Making hard decisions with soft numbers, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
10.Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 665-690.
11.Aronsson, L. (1994). Sustainable tourism systems: the example of sustainable rural tourism in Sweden. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2(1&2): 77-92.
12.Backman, S. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). The usefulness of selected variables for predicting activity loyalty. Leisure Science, 13, 205-220.
13.Backman, S. J., & Shinew, K. J. (1994). The composition of source and activity loyalty within a public agency’s golf operation. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 12(4), 1-18.
14.Backman, S. J., & Veldkamp, C. (1995). Examination of relationship between service quality and user loyalty. Journal of Park and Recreation Adminastration, 13(2), 29-41.
15.Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421-458.
16.Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structure equations models. Academic of Marketing Science, 16(1), 76-94.
17.Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). US international pleasure travelers’ images of four Mediterranean destinations: a comparison of visitors and nonvisitors. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 144-152.
18.Baker, D. A., & Crompton, J. L. (2000). Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 785-804.
19.Barsky, J. D., & Labagh, R. (1992). A Strategy for customer satisfaction. The cornell H. R. A, Quarterly, 33(5), 32-42.
20.Belsky, J. M. (1999). Misrepresenting communities: the politics of community- based rural eco-tourism in Gales Point Manatee, Belize, Rural Sociology, 64(4), 641-666.
21.Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
22.Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
23.Bigné, J. E., Sánchez, M. I., & Sánchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behavior: Inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22(6), 607-616.
24.Birgit, L. (2001). Image Segmentation: The Case of a Tourism Destination. Journal of Service Marketing, 15(1), 49-66.
25.Bitner, M. J. (1990). Evaluating service encounters: The effects of physical surroundings and employee responses. Journal of Marketing, 54, 69-82.
26.Borden, R. J., & Schettino, A. P. (1979). Determinants of environment responsible behavior. Journal of Environmental Education, 10(4), 35-39.
27.Boulding, W., Kalra, A., Staelin, R., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1993). A dynamic process model of service quality: FROM expectation to behavioral intentions. Journal of Marketing Research, 30, 7-27.
28.Butcher, N. E. (1997). James hutton's house at St John's Hill, Edinburgh. Book of the Old Edinburgh Club. New Series, 4.
29.Carmines, E., & McIver, J. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables: analysis of covariance structures. In G. Bohmstedt & Borgatta (eds.), Social measurement: current issues, Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage.
30.Castaneda, P. G., & Miclat, R. I. (1981). The municipal coral reef park in the Philippines. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium. Manila, Philippines. 1, 283-285.
31.Ceballös-Lascurain, H. (1996). Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas. Parks. 2, 31-35.
32.Chon, K. (1991). Tourism destination image modification process, Tourism Management, 68-72.
33.Churchill, G. A., & Surprenant, C. (1982). An investigation into the determinants of customer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research, 491-504.
34.Crandall, R. (1980). Motivations for leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 12 (1): 45-54.
35.Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18-24.
36.Crompton, J. L., & Mackay, L. J. (1988). A conceptual model of consumer evaluation of recreation service quality. Leisure Studies, 7(1), 41-49.
37.Cunningham, J. V. (1972). Citizen participation in public affairs. Public Administration Review, 32, 589-602.
38.Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation－an appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2), 187-219.
39.Dadgostar, B., & Iso-talo, R. M. (1992). Factors affecting time spent by near-home tourists in city destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 31(2), 34–39.
40.Dorfman, P. W. (1979). Measurement and meaning of recreation satisfaction. Environment & Behavior, 11(4), 483-510.
41.DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
42.Eagles, J. F. & Blackwell, R. D. (1995). Consumer Behavior. Dryden Press, Chicago.
43.Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(3), 3-11.
44.Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D., & Miniard, P. W. (1995). Consumer Behavior (8th edn). New York: Dryden Press.
45.Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10-16.
46.Fennell, D. A. (1999). Ecotourism: an introduction. London: Routledgec.
47.Fennell, D. A. (2002). Ecotourism programme planning. Wallingford, Oxon: CABI.
48.Festinger, T. (1972). Why some choose not to adopt through agencies. New York: Metropolitan Applied Research Center.
49.Fluker, M.R., & Turner, L.W. (2000). Needs, motivations, and expectations of a commercial white rafting experience. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 380-389.
50.Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Attitude toward objects as predicators of single and multiple behavioral criteria. Phychological Review, 81, 59-74.
51.Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: the Swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56, 6-21.
52.Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
53.Furnham, A., & Lovett, J. (2001). Predicting the use of complementary medicine: a test of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(12), 2588-2620.
54.Gartner, W. C. (1989). Tourism image: attribute measurement of state tourism products using multidimensional scaling techniques. Journal of Travel Research, 28(2), 15-19.
55.Goodrich, J. N. (1978). The relationship between preferences for and perceptions of vacation destinations: application of a choice model. Journal of Travel Research, 17(2), 8-13.
56.Graefe, A. R., & Fedler, A. J. (1986). Situational and subjective determinants of satisfaction in marine recreational fishing. Leisure Sciences, 8, 275-295.
57.Gunn, D. (1994). Evaluation on welfare in the husbandry of laboratory rabbits. PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham.
58.Hairs, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. 5 th ed. New York: Macmillan.
59.Heskett, J. L., Jones, T. O., Loveman, G. W., Sasser, W. E., & Schlesinger, L. A. (1994). Putting the service profit chain to work. Business Review, 72(2), 164-174.
60.Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: a met-analysis. Journal of Environmental Educational, 18(2), 1-8.
61.Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria in fix indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
62.Hunt, J. D. (1975). Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3), 1-7.
63.Hwan-Suk C. C., & Ercan S. (2005). Measuring residents’ attitude toward sustainable tourism: development of sustainable tourism attitude scale. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 380-394.
64.IUCN UNEP & WWF. (1980). World Conservation Strategy IUCN, Switzerland.
65.Jenkins, J. (1999). Innovation diffusion: genetics nursing education. Unpublishedoctoral dissertation, George Mason University, Virginia.
66.Joobyun, L., Alan, R. G., & Robert, C. B. (2004). Service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intention among forest visitors. Journal of Travel and Tourism Maketing, 17(1), 73-82.
67.Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
68.Juergen, G. (1997). Tourism motivation and expectation formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 283-304.
69.Ko, D. W., & Stewart, W. P. (2002). A structural equation of model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management. 23, 521-530.
70.Korca, P. (1998). Resident perceptions of tourism in a resort town. Leisure Sciences, 20(3), 193-212.
71.Kotler, P. (1982). Marketing for nonprofit organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
72.Kotler, P. (1999). How to Create, Win, and Dominate Markets. New York: Free Press.
73.Lee, C., & Green, R. T. (1991). Cross-cultural examination of the Fishbein behavioral intentional model. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2), 289-305.
74.Madrigal, L. (1995). Differential fertility of mothers of twins and mothers of singletons: a study in Limón, Costa Rica. Human Biology, 67, 779-787.
75.Mannell, R. C., & Iso-Ahola, S.E. (1987). Psychological nature of leisure and tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3), 314-331.
76.Mannell, R. C. & Kleiber, D. A. (1997). A social psychology of leisure. Venture Publishing, Inc. State College, PA.
77.Manning, R. D., Lime, W., & Freimund, D. P. (1996). Crowding norms at Frontcountry Sites: a visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences, 18, 39-59.
78.McIntosh, R. W. & Goeldner, C. R. (1995). Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophy , New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
79.McIntyre, G. (1993). Sustainable tourism development: guide for local planners, WTO.
80.Midmore, D. J. (1994). Simple hydroponics for food security, ILEIA Newsletter, 10, 11-12.
81.Miller, M. L. (1993). The rise of coastal and marine tourism. Ocean and Coastal Management, 20, 181-199.
82.Milman, A., & Pizam, A. (1995). The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination: the central Florida case. Journal of Travel Research, 33(3), 21-27.
83.Murphy, P. E. (1985). Tourism: A community approach. London: Routledge.
84.Newhouse, N. (1990). Implications of attitude and behavior research for environmental conservation. Journal of Environmental Education, 22(1), 26-32.
85.Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2 nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
86.Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63, 33-44.
87.Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 60, 31-46.
88.Pearce, J. A. (1980). Host community acceptance of foreign tourists: strategic considerations. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(2), 224-233.
89.Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17, 586-599.
90.Pritchard, M. P., Howard, D. R., & Havitz, M. E. (1992). Loyalty measurement: a critical examination and theoretical extension. Leisure Sciences, 14, 155-164.
91.Ragheb, M. G., & Tate, R. L. (1993). A behavioral model of leisure participation, based on leisure attitude motivation and satisfaction. Leisure Studies, 12, 61-67.
92.Richard, J. B., & Schettino, A. P. (1979). Determinants of environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 10(4), 35-39.
93.Robbins, S. P. (1993). Organizational behavior: concepts, controversies, and application, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice Hall.
94.Ross, E. D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1991). Sightseeing tourists’ motivation and satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 18, 226-237.
95.Ross, S., & Wall, G. (1999). Eco-tourism: towards congruence between theory and practice. Tourism Management, 20, 123-132.
96.Schiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (1997). Consumer Behavior (6th edn). UpperSaddle River: Prentice-Hall.
97.Schreyer, R., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1978). The influence of experience expectation on crowding perceptions and social-psychological carrying capacities. Leisure Sciences, 1, 373-394.
98.Schroeder, T. (1996). The relationship between residerents’ image of their state as a tourist destination and their support from tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 34(4), 71-73.
99.Selby, M., & Morgan, N. J. (1996). Reconstruing place image: a case study of its role in destination market research. Tourism Management, 17(4), 287–294.
100.Shu, T. C., Crompton, J. L., & Willson, V. L. (2002). An empirical investigation of the relationships between service quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions among visitors to a wildlife refuge. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(1), 1-24.
101.Sirgy, M.J., & Su, C. (2000). Destination image, self congruity, and travel behaviour: toward an integrative model. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 340-352.
102.Stone, G. J., & Sandra, N. (1999). Older, single female holidaymakers in the United Kingdom-Who needs them? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5(1), 7-17.
103.Stum, D. L., & Thiry, A. (1991). Building customer loyalty. Training and Development Journal, 45(4), 34-36.
104.Tribe, J. D., & Snaith A. T. (1998). From SERVQUAL to HOLSAT: holiday satisfaction in Varadero, Cuba. Tourism Management, 19 (1), 25-34.
105.Uysal, M., Gahan, L., & Martin, B. (1993). An examination of event motivations: a case study. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1(1), 5-10.
106.Valentine, P. S. (1993). Ecotourism and nature conservation. Tourism Management, 14, 107-115.
107.Vincent, V. C., & Thompson, W. (2002). Assessing community support and sustainability for ecotourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 153-160.
108.Wall, G. (1997). Is eco-tourism sustainable? Environment Management, 21(4), 483- 491.
109.Walmsley, D. J., & Young, M. (1998). Evaluative images and tourism: the use of personal constructs to describe the structure of destination images. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 65-69.
110.Walpole, M. J., & Goodwin, H. J., (2000). Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 559-576.
111.Weber, A. L. (1991). Introduction To Psychology. Harper Collins Colledge. New York.
112.Weigel, R. H., & Newman, L. S. (1976). Increasing attitude-behavior correspondence by broadening the scope of the behavioral measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(6), 793-802.
113.Wight, P. A. (1993). Ecotourism: ethics or eco-sell? Journal of Travel Research, 21, 3-9.
114.Wight, P. A. (1997). Ecotourism accommodation spectrum: does supply match the demand? Tourism Management, 18(4), 209-220.
115.World commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our common Future. New York: Oxford University Press.
116.World Tourism Organization. (1998). Tourism 2020 Vision. Madrid: WTO.
117.Yooshik, Y., & Muzaffer, U. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45-56.
118.Zeithaml, V., Berry, L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. The Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31-46.