臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要

東方文明中的風水學已有數千年歷史，原本是一種有智慧的自然環境觀。傳統風水從其本源分析，也是一種擇吉處而居的一種活動。所謂吉處，就是理想的生存環境，藉由認識、尊重，乃至調適環境的過程，而營造一個安居樂業、永續發展的生活環境。為了創造好的風水，場域中的廁所、廚房以及臥室間的幾何尺寸關係被視為是非常重要的元素。可確信的是，風水或許擁有自己所屬的科學緣由，而不全然是迷信。

風水是漢族人所認識的氣候，這一氣候第一由風左右，第二根據風會帶來的雲量多寡決定雨量（水）。風水學中最重要的元素是「氣（Chi）」--某種形式的能量。在中文字上，「氣（Chi）」與「空氣（air）」共用了同一個字，再者，氣（Chi）的諸多特徵點也類似於空氣（air）。因此，儘管從典型的風水認知角度，氣（Chi）具有非常寬闊的意涵，似乎其有某些特質如同場域中的空氣抑或水體的流動，如此可以相對較為簡易以運用CFD 計算流體動力學來量測與模擬。

再者，從國際室內通風研究趨勢中不難發現，追求更健康舒適的建築環境儼然成為二十一世紀的今日相當熱門的話題之一。而室內熱舒適（Thermal Comfort）與室內空氣品質（Indoor Air Quality）則是主要的課題（Fanger, 1996）。有鑑於此，實有必要以東方文明的思維，輔以西方科學方法的檢證，針對室內空間中之不同變因，進行定量解析。

因此，本研究擬運用CFD 數值解析方式進行室內氣流場、溫度場與濃度場結果分析，並利用電腦進行室內環境可視化分析，探究自然通風與風水之關連性，以及陽宅風水之科學性。CFD 的理論與計算程序亦作簡要呈現。氣流模擬範例則被用來描述場域中於不同條件下的流場結構，以及用以說明幾個常見的風水準則。雖然CFD 模擬於本文中乃基於一組理想與簡化的案例，結果仍有助於開創一種新的研究途徑，一種結合自然科學與典型風水學的研究。研究結果可提供作為建築與室內設計實務應用之參考。

關鍵詞：風水、數值模擬、自然通風、流場結構

ABSTRACT


Feng Shui which has been practicing for thousands of years in Asian coutries is an ancient Oriental wisdom that relates built environment to the Nature. The concepts of Feng Shui are to guide people to interpret human behaviour to settle their own living space in a more harmonious place. The geometrical relationship between critical areas within a flat, say toilets, kitchens, and bedrooms has been considered as a very important element in the creation of good Feng Shui. It is believed that Feng Shui may have its own scientific origin and is not merely superstition.

The most important element in Feng Shui is “Chi” - a kind of energy. In Chinese, “Chi” and “air” share the same character. Furthermore, many characteristics of “Chi” resemble that of air. Hence, although the meaning of “Chi” is very broad in classical Feng-shui sense, it may have something to do with the air and/or water flow within the flat, which is relatively easier to measure and simulate by computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

The state-of-the-art development shows the a better ventilation mechanism is beneficial for energy saving and human health. Many researches were conducted to pursue indoor environment with thermal comfort and good indoor air quality. The one of the issues is how to supply air harmoniously to the occupants’ zone

This study, therefore, attempts to analyze the airflow patterns inside a flat by CFD simulation with various scenarios of Feng-shui rule in the first stage Although the CFD simulation in this paper will be based on an ideal and simplified case, it may help to explore a new research route to integrate natural science and classical Feng-shui study together.. The results will illustrate the airflow patterns under various Feng-shui rules by the scientific tools.

Keywords：Feng Shui, Numerical Simulation, Natural Ventilation, Airflow Pattern

目錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
表圖目錄 vi
用語及符號說明 x
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的 4
1-3 文獻回顧 5
1-4 研究範圍 10
第二章 風水觀♦觀風水：風水的應用現況 11
2-1 東方風水觀 14
2-2 西方觀風水 19
2-3 陽宅風水術 22
2-4 臥室風水術之比較整理 25
第三章 研究方法與設定 31
3-1 自然通風的CFD數值模型 31
3-1-1 臥室單元空間幾何邊界設定 33
3-1-2 臥室單元空間邊界條件設定 38
3-1-3 臥室單元空間格點系統設定 40
3-2 電腦模擬數值解析 40
3-2-1 計算流體力學運用在建築與室內流場之應用 43
3-2-2 PHOENICS軟體之解析流程 45
3-2-3 建築室內空氣流動的數學描述 46
3-2-4 紊流模型（turbulence models）統御方程式 47
3-3 環境因子評估指標之選定 50
3-3-1 風擊障礙不滿意度DR指標 52
3-3-2 CO2濃度指標 54
3-3-3 室內空氣齡指標評估原則 58
3-3-4 換氣次數ACH之評估原則 61
3-3-5 空氣交換效率AEE指標 64
第四章 風水變因對自然通風效果之比對 67
4-1 不同風水變因氣流場探討 67
4-2 不同風水變因溫度場探討 73
4-3 不同風水變因通風路徑探討 78
4-4 不同風水變因濃度場探討 85
4-4-1 室間、局部平均空氣齡評比 106
4-4-2 換氣效率評比 107
4-4-3 空氣交換效率評比 108
4-4-4 綜合比較室內空氣品質結果 109
第五章 結論與建議 111
5-1 結論 111
5-2 後續研究建議 117
附錄 119
參考文獻 149
著者簡歷
著作權聲明

■參考文獻
中文部份
1.江哲銘 2000 《空氣流場預測在輔助建築設計之應用─採用CFD數值模擬技術》，中華民國建築師學會第十二屆建築研究發表會論文集
2.江哲銘、賴榮平 《建築技術則有關通風條文增修定之研究》，中華民國建築學會，內政部建築研究所委託
3.3.行政院環保署 1995 《台灣地區空氣品質監測報告》
4.周伯丞 1994 《以生活行為模式為變因探討住宅室內空氣環境之研究》，國立成功大學碩士論文
5.徐偉森 1997 《住宅臥室自然通風效果之研究----濃度衰減法實驗與數值模擬之解析》，國立成功大學碩士論文
6.陳若華 1999 《建築群配置方式與自然通風效應之研究》，內政部建築研究所
7.7.陳海曙 1990 《室內空氣品質不佳之案例研究》，中華民國建築師學會第三屆建築學術研究發表會論文集
8.陳海曙 2000 《建築強制換氣率最適化評估》，中華民國建築師學會第十二屆建築研究發表會論文集
9.陳駿智 1998 《空間內空氣調節與熱舒適度之研究》，私立中原大學碩士論文
10.陳鵬宇 1996 《住宅單元空間自然通風效果之研究----以集合住宅臥室空間為例》，國立成功大學碩士論文
11.廖述良 1991 《一般室內空氣污染物污染源與現況之調查研究》，行政院環保署
12.賴榮平 1980 《台灣地區建築通風換氣問題之探討》，建築師雜誌
13.簡永和 1995 《住宅單元空間模擬自然通風換氣對室內空氣環境影響之研究》，國立成功大學碩士論文
14.喻肇青，〝國民住宅建築計畫準則研究〞，內政部建築研究所籌備處，1992.9
15.蔡忠孝、江哲銘，〝台灣住宅廚房單元空間自然通風之研究— 以溫度、氣流分佈影響為例〞，成大建築研究所碩論，1996
16.江哲銘，〝辦公建築室內空氣品質（CO2、CO、PM10）之研究〞，內政部建築研究所籌備處，1993
17.江哲銘，〝建築技術規則有關通風條文增修訂之研究〞，內政部建築研究所，1997
18.李綺華，1998，《利用運算觀念對風水宅法的初步研究－以陽宅十書為例》，雲林科技大學工業設計研究所空間設計組碩士論文。
英文部份
19.Mak MY. Feng Shui and building performance. Ecological perspectives and teaching architectural science. Canberra: University of Canberra; 1995. pp. 180–184.
20.Lee SH. Feng Shui: its context and meaning. PhD thesis, Cornell University,1986.
21.Tam CM, Tso TYN, Lam KC. Feng Shui and its impact on land and property development. Journal of Urban Planning and Development 1999;125(4):152–63.
22.So ATP, Lu JWZ. Natural ventilation design by computational fluid dynamics—a Feng Shui approach. Architectural Science Review 2001;44(1):61–9.
23.Ai Dingzeng. Outlines of Feng Shui: The origin of Chinese architectural anthropology. Taiwan: Garden City Cultural Press; 1998 [in Chinese].
24.Cheng Jianjun, Kong Shangpo. Feng Shui and architecture. Jaing Xi: Jiang Xi Science and Technology Press; 1993 [in Chinese].
25.Xu P. Feng Shui: a model for landscape analysis. PhD thesis, Harvard University; 1990.
26.Skinner S. The living earth manual of Feng-shui Chinese geomancy. London: Arkana; 1989.
27.8. Yi Ding, Yu Lu, Hong Yong. Geomancy and the selection of architecture placement in ancient China. Hebei: Hebei Science and Technology Press; 1996 [in Chinese].
28.Shang Kuo. China’s pattern of Feng Shui, its formation, relationship to environment and landscaping. In: Wang Qiheng editor. Research of Feng Shui theory. Hebei: Tanjin University Press; 1992. p. 26–32 [in Chinese].
29.Mak MY. Application of Feng Shui principles to major cities in the world. In: Baird G, Osterhaus W editors. Science and design. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington; 1998. p. 83–9.
30.Yu KJ. The source of ideal landscape: the cultural meaning of Feng Shui. Beijing: Commercial Press; 1998 [in Chinese].
31.Essen HV. Feng shui for the southern hemisphere. Australia: Axiom Publishing; 2000.
32.Michael Y. Mak , S. Thomas Ng , The art and science of Feng Shui—a study on architects’ perception, Building and Environment 40 (2005) 427–434
33.Edkins,J.1871-2 ” Feng shui”,Chines Recorder Missionary Journal, No.4. 274-277pp.
34.Eitel, E.J. 1873 Feng-shui: Or, the Rudiments of Natural Science in China, Hong Kong.
35.Feuchtwang , S.D.R Martin W. Liddament, “A Guide to Energy Efficient Ventilation”, Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre of International Energy Agency, UK, 1996.
36.R.Salemi, F.Alamdari, and P.Fishwick, “Air Distribution in a Naturally Ventilated Office” CIBSE ASHRAE JOINT NATIONAL CONFERENCE, 1996.
37.ASHRAE Standard 55a, Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, 1995.
38.ASHRAE Indoor air quality standard 62r－The inside story, 1998.
39.ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for acceptable air quality, 1989.
40.European Prestandard prENV 1752 Draft, Ventilation for building: Design criteria for the indoor environment, 1996.
41.Hatch, T.H. Changing objectives in occupational health, AIHA J.23:1, 1962.
42.ISO 7730, Moderate thermal environments－Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort, 1994.
43.Kruger U., et al., Field studies of the indoor air quality by photo-acoustic spectroscopy, Eviron. Int., Vol.21, No. 6,pp.791-801, 1996.
44.Martin W. Liddament, A guide to energy efficient ventilation, AIVC Guide, 1996.
45.Allard Francis, “Natural Ventilation in Buildings”, James & James, 1998.
46.CIBSE Technical Publications Committee, “Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings”, CIBSE Applications Manual AM10: 1997.
47.Etheridge, David; Sandberg, Mats, “Building Ventilation: Theory and Measurement” , John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
48.Awbi, H.B., “Ventilation of Buildings”, E & FN Spon, 1995.
49.Munson, B.R.; Young, D.F. & Okiishi, T.H., “Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
50.Spalding, Brian, “The PHOENICS Encyclopaedia”, PHOENCS-3.1, Concentration, Heat & Momentum, Ltd., Bakery House, 40 High Street, Wimbledon Village, London, SW19 5AU, UK.
51.Linden, P.F., Fluid Mechanics of Natural Ventilation, “Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics”, 31: 201-238, 1999.
52.Hunt, G.R.; Linden, P.F., Fluid Mechanics of Natural Ventilation – Displacement Ventilation by Buoyancy-Driven Flows assisted by Wind, “Building and Environment”, 34(6): 707-720, 1999.
53.Geros, V.; Santamouris, M. & Tsangrasoulis, A. et al., Experimental Evaluation of Night Ventilation Phenomena, “Energy and Buildings”, 29(2): 141-154, 1999.
54.Dascalaki, E.; Santamouris, M. & Asimakopoulos,D.N., On the Use of Deterministic and Intelligent Techniques to predict the Air Velocity Distribution on External Openings in Single-Sided Natural Ventilation Configurations, “Solar Energy”, 66(3): 223-243, 1999.
55.Ayad, S.S., Computational Study of Natural Ventilation, “Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics”, 82(1-3): 49-68, 1999.
56.Moin P.; Mahesh, K., Direct Numerical Simulation: A Tool in Turbulence Research, “Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics”, 30: 539-578, 1998.
57.Miguel, A.F., Airflow through Porous Screens: From Theory to Practical Considerations, “Energy and Buildings”, 28(1): 63-69, 1998.
58.Chen, Qingyan; Xu, Weiran, Zero-Equation Turbulence Model for Indoor Airflow Simulation, “Energy and Buildings”, 28(2): 137-144, 1998.
59.Flourentzou, F.; Van der Maas, J. & Roulet C.A., Natural Ventilation for Passive Cooling: Measurement of Discharge Coefficients, “Energy and Building”, 27(3): 283-292, 1998.