臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於二十世紀末人類休閒生活和消費方式的重大改變，加上人們受到良好的教育，資訊社會所帶來的富庶，使得音樂、戲劇、舞蹈等表演藝術逐漸成為二十一世紀人類主要的休閒活動之一。隨著台灣經濟的快速成長，物質生活不虞匱乏，精神層次的提升已成為大眾關注及追求的目標。因此，對於藝文欣賞及相關活動的參與，逐漸成為生活的一部份。
本研究針對高雄中正文化中心之音樂、舞蹈、戲劇三種類型，共五場表演節目的觀眾群進行個人背景、休閒涉入及流暢經驗間關係之調查研究。並將其套用在學習性高的表演藝術節目上，探討觀賞者對表演藝術的涉入程度對其達到流暢經驗程度的影響；並進一步討論觀賞者之社經背景與藝術背景對其涉入程度及流暢經驗的產生是否有影響。而本研究之目的為（一）瞭解表演藝術觀賞者之個人背景、涉入程度及流暢經驗（二）瞭解表演藝術觀賞者個人背景與涉入程度、流暢經驗間的關係（三）瞭解表演藝術觀賞者涉入程度與流暢經驗的關聯性。
其結果發現觀賞者主要以青年族群、高學歷、低收入及女性居多，觀賞次數以一至三次最多。本研究結論證明，觀賞者的涉入程度與流暢經驗間的確有正向的關係存在，其對表演藝術涉入程度愈高，愈容易產生流暢經驗。

The purpose of this research was to use the programs of music, dance and theatre in a case study. The goal was to know the satisfaction of audience. The research objectives were(1)to know the background, leisure involvement and flow experience of audiences(2)to know the relationship of audience’s background, leisure involvement and flow experience(3)to know the relationship of leisure involvement and flow experience.

目次
第一章 緒論
1.1 研究動機…………………………………………………1
1.2 研究目的…………………………………………………4
第二章 文獻回顧
2.1 表演藝術……………………………………………………5
2.1.1 表演藝術定義………………………………………………5
2.1.2 表演藝術分類………………………………………………6
2.1.3 國外表演藝術發展…………………………………………8
2.1.4 國內表演藝術發展…………………………………………10
2.2 涉入理論……………………………………………………11
2.2.1 涉入的定義…………………………………………………12
2.2.2 消費者涉入衡量……………………………………………15
2.2.3 涉入的分類…………………………………………………16
2.2.4 涉入程度的影響……………………………………………19
2.3 休閒涉入……………………………………………………23
2.3.1 休閒涉入定義………………………………………………23
2.3.2 休閒涉入的衡量方式………………………………………25
2.3.3 休閒涉入之相關實證研究……………………………………29
2.4 流暢經驗理論與研究………………………………………36
2.4.1 流暢經驗的起源……………………………………………36
2.4.2 流暢經驗定義………………………………………………37
2.4.3 流暢理論模式………………………………………………40
2.4.5 流暢經驗之內涵……………………………………………43
2.4.6 流暢經驗之特徵向度………………………………………44
2.4.7 流暢經驗相關研究…………………………………………48
2.5 涉入與流暢經驗間關係之相關研究………………………51
2.6 小結…………………………………………………………52
第三章 研究方法
3.1 研究流程……………………………………………………54
3.2 研究架構與研究假設………………………………………55
3.3 研究對象及範圍……………………………………………56
3.4 問卷設計……………………………………………………57
3.5 資料蒐集與分析方法………………………………………60
3.5.1 資料取樣設計………………………………………………60
3.5.2 資料分析……………………………………………………61
第四章 實證研究與分析
4.1 觀賞者背景資料……………………………………………63
4.2 觀賞者休閒涉入之分析……………………………………66
4.3 觀賞者流暢經驗之分析……………………………………69
4.4 觀賞者背景對流暢經驗之差異性分析……………………74
4.4.1 觀賞者社經背景對流暢經驗之差異性分析…………………74
4.4.2 觀賞者參與行為對流暢經驗之差異性分析…………………76
4.5 觀賞者背景對休閒涉入之差異性分析……………………77
4.5.1 觀賞者社經背景對休閒涉入之差異性分析……………………77
4.5.2 觀賞者參與行為背景對休閒涉入之差異性分析………………79
4.6 觀賞者休閒涉入與流暢經驗之相關分析……………………81
4.7 討論……………………………………………………………84
第五章 結論與建議
5.1 結論……………………………………………………………85
5.2 研究建議………………………………………………………91
5.2.1後續研究建議…………………………………………………93
5.2 結語……………………………………………………………94
參考書目……………………………………………………………95
中文部份……………………………………………………………95
英文部份……………………………………………………………97
附錄 研究問卷…………………………………………………105
表目錄
表2.1 表演藝術類型分類表……………………………………………7
表2.2 國內外各學者對涉入之定義…………………………………13
表2.3 國內外「涉入」對消費者行為影響之相關研究………………21
表2.4 國內外學者對休閒涉入之定義………………………………24
表2.5 行為層面涉入衡量之相關研究………………………………26
表2.6 休閒涉入理論相關應用………………………………………34
表2.7 各學者對流暢經驗的定義……………………………………38
表3.1 流暢經驗項目之問項…………………………………………57
表3.2 休閒涉入項目之問項…………………………………………59
表3.3 個人基本資料問項……………………………………………60
表4.1 觀賞者社經背景資料…………………………………………64
表4.2 觀賞者參與行為………………………………………………65
表4.3 休閒涉入題項之平均數與標準差……………………………67
表4.4 休閒涉入因素分析表…………………………………………69
表4.5 觀賞者流暢經驗題項之平均數及標準差……………………70
表 4.6 觀賞者流暢經驗之因素分析…………………………………73
表4.7 觀賞者個人背景對流暢經驗之單因子變異數分析…………75
表4.8 觀賞者個人背景對流暢經驗之T檢定分析…………………76
表4.9 觀賞者個人背景對休閒涉入之T檢定分析…………………78
表4.10 觀賞者個人背景對休閒涉入之單因子變異數分析…………80
表4.11 觀賞者休閒涉入與流暢經驗之典型相關分析摘要表………81

圖目錄
圖2.1 流暢狀態之模式………………………………………………41
圖2.2 四路徑流暢模式………………………………………………42
圖2.3 八路徑流暢模式………………………………………………43
圖3.1 本研究流程……………………………………………………54
圖3.2 本研究架構……………………………………………………55
圖4.1 休閒涉入與流暢經驗變項之典型相關分析路徑圖…………84

參考文獻
中文部份：
1.Kotler, P., & Scheef, J. (1998)，票房行銷：飛利浦‧科特勒談表演藝術行銷策略。高登第譯。遠流出版，台北。
2.王正平、朱笠瑄（2003），攀岩活動持久性涉入程度與活動/環境屬性之關係研究。2003年務實觀光休閒產業經營學術研討會。
3.王偉哲(1996)，遊客對休閒農場之認知與體驗之研究，逢甲大學建築及都市計劃研究所碩士論文。
4.王嘉棣(1995)，表演藝術觀賞行為與自我監控、藝術觀感、生活型態之關係。國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文。
5.王裕平(2002)，消費者涉入程度、產品類別與推薦式廣告之溝通效果研究。國立臺灣師範大學運動休閒與管理研究所碩士論文。
6.方怡堯(2002)，溫泉遊客遊憩涉入與遊憩體驗關係之研究－以北投溫泉為例。國立臺灣師範大學運動休閒與管理研究所碩士論文。
7.朱笠瑄（2003），東北角海岸攀岩冒險遊憩活動之研究。朝陽科技大學休閒事業管理學系碩士論文。
8.江文達(2002)，顧客描述期望對顧客滿意度評量與購後意向關係之研究。中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。
9.行政院文化建設委員會(2002)，九十年文化統計。行政院文建會，台北。
10.行政院文化建設委員會(2001)，台灣地區表演藝術名錄。行政院文建會，台北。
11.行政院主計處(1996)，中華民國台灣地區八十五年家庭收支調查報告。行政院主計處，台北。
12.李孟陵(2002)，消費者滿意度、涉入程度對其忠誠度影響之研究--以台北市咖啡連鎖店為例，交通大學管理科學系碩士論文。
13.林淑芬（2003），女性保健志工人格特質、組織承諾與神馳經驗關係之探討。大葉大學休閒事業管理學系碩士論文。
14.林東泰（1992），休閒教育與其宣導策略之研究。師大書苑，台北。
15.林靈宏(1993)，消費品類型、創新類型與新產品行銷策略關係研究。政治大學企管研究所博士論文。
16.林靈宏(1994)，消費者行為。五南出版社，台北。
17.吳靜吉(1987)，談表演藝術活動與文化。行政院文化建設委員會，台北。
18.吳靜吉(1997)，表演藝術二十七變，表演藝術，(55)，36-47。
19.姚代平(2005)，以休閒為動機之業餘戲劇參與者之態度、涉入與休閒效益之探討－以台北地區的大學戲劇社員為例，大葉大學休閒事業管理學系碩士論文。
20.涂秀文（1998），國民中學學生人格特質、人際關係與快樂之相關研究。高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
21.夏學理、凌公山、陳媛(1998)，文化行政。空大，台北。
22.康志瑋(2000)，涉入理論於網路商品行銷之應用。長庚大學企業管理研究所博士論文。
23.高俊雄（1995），休閒參與體驗形成之分析。戶外遊憩研究，4 期。
24.徐嘉君（1999），登山活動參與者行為意向之研究。八十八年度全國管理碩士論文獎暨研討會。
25.徐曉鶯(2003)，不同表演藝術類型之觀眾付費價格差異及其影響因素之比較。朝陽科技大學休閒事業管理研究所碩士論文。
26.郭肇元(2003)，休閒心流經驗、休閒體驗與身心健康之關係探討。國立政治大學心理學系碩士論文。
27.梅益等主編(1992)，中國大百科全書-戲劇。錦鏽，台北。
28.陳亞萍(2000)，北市表演藝術觀眾之生活型態與行銷研究。國立中央大學藝術學研究所碩士論文。
29.陳偉睿（2001），網際網路之流暢經驗初探性研究。國立中山大學資訊管理學系研究所碩士論文。
30.陳家伶（2001），社區公共環境議題與民眾涉入關係之研究-以台中市大坑地區為例。東海大學景觀學系碩士論文。
31.陳美玲（1997），從成人發展觀點探討嘉義地區成人休閒態度、休閒參與及其相關因素。
32.陳鎰明(1990)，涉入程度對網球拍購買決策歷程之研究-以體育專業與非專業學生為例。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
33.陳簾伃(2004)，體驗品質對情緒、價值、體驗滿意度、承諾及行為意圖影響之研究－以台灣現代戲劇演出為例。天主教輔仁大學管理學研究所碩士論文。
34.張慧美（1986），製造業未婚女性職工休閒之研究－以中部地區工廠為例。東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
35.張永進(2003)，運動員目標涉入、自覺能力、目的狀態與覺醒對流暢經驗頻率及強度之影響，國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
36.彭逸芝(2005)，遊憩自行車使用者之遊憩涉入與地方依附關係之研究，銘傳大學觀光研究所碩士論文。
37.董育任(2000)，觀賞者對表演藝術節目與設施評估之研究--以國立中正文化中心國家音樂廳為例。中國文化大學觀光事業研究所碩士論文。
38.黃俊英、賴文彬(1990)，涉入的理論發展與實務應用，管理科學學報，7 ( 1 )， 15-29。
39.黃俊英(2000)，行銷管理-策略性的觀點。華泰文化事業公司，台北。
40.慕羽(2004)，百老匯音樂劇。大地，台北。
41.劉盈足(2005)，公務員週末之休閒涉入與其休閒滿意度關係之探討－以彰化地區鄉鎮市公所為例，大葉大學休閒事業管理學系碩士論文。
42.戴湘涒(2001)，影響表演藝術消費體驗之因素及評估準則。國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
43.邁克．比林頓(Michael Billington)等(1989)，表演藝術(Performing Arts)。蔡美鈴譯。桂冠圖書，台北。
44.鐘寬仁(1989)，雙面訴求與單面訴求廣告效果比較之研究－在不同產品涉入程度與不同訊息負荷量情況下。國立交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。
45.聶喬齡（1999），心理技能、運動表現與運動流暢經驗的關係研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
46.聶喬齡（2000），流暢量表之信度與校度初步分析。國立體育學院論叢，11卷，1期，247-260頁。
47.蘇迺棻(2004)，溯溪參與者非學業性自我概念對流暢經驗的影響暨驗證流暢原始模式與四向度模式。國立雲林科技大學休閒運動研究所碩士論文。

英文部份：
1.Allison, M. T., & Carlisle D. M. (1988). Women, work and flow. In M.
2.Block & Richins. (1983). A theoretical model for the study of
product importance perceptions. Journal of Marketing,47(summer):81-96
3.Backman, S. J. & Compton, J. L. (1991). The usefulness of selected variable for predicting activity loyalty. Leisure Science, 13, 205-220.
4.Bricker, K. S. & Kerstetter, D. L. (2000). “Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists.” Leisure Science,22, 233-257.
5.Bloch, P.H., & Richins, M.L. (1983). A Theoretical Model for the Study of Product Importance Perceptions. Journal of Marketing, 47, 69-81.
6.Csikszentmuhalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.
7.Bloch, P. H.(1981), Exploration into the Scaling of Consumers’ Involvement with a Product Class, Advances in Consumer Research, 8, 61-65.
8.Bobby, G.（1995）.The importance of leisure satisfaction.Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 279-299
9.Brown, B. A. et. al.（1991）. Happiness through leisure: Theimpact of type of leisure activity, age, gender and leisure satisfaction on psychological well-being.Journal of Applied Recreation Research. 16(4),368-392
10.Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience:
11.Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York: Cambridge.
12.Churchill, G. A. and Surprenant C. (1982), An Investment into Determinants of Customer Satisfaction, Journal of Marketing Research, 491-504.
13.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: The experience of play in work and games. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
14.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1982). Toward a psychology of optimal experience.
15.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1985). Reflections on enjoyment. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 28(4), 469-497.
16.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Introduction. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I.
17.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). The flow experience and its significance for human psychology.
18.In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi(Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp. 15-35). New York: Cambridge.
19.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Sociological implications of the flow
experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.),
Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness,
20.(pp. 36-59). New York: Cambridge.
21.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience.New York: Harper Collins..
22.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self. New York: Harper Collins.
23.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity. New York: Harper Collins.
24.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Harper Collins.
25.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Graef, R. (1980). The Experience of Freedom in Daily Life. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 401-414.
26.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Kleiber, D. A. (1991). Leisure and selfactualization, In B. L. Driver, P. J. Brown & G. L. Peterson (Eds.),Benefits of leisure (pp.91-02). State College, PA: Venture.
27.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1984). Being adolescent: Conflict and growth in the teenage years. New York: Basic Books.
28.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. The Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disorders, 175, 526-536.
29.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1992). Validity and reliability of the experience sampling method. In M. de Vries (Ed.), The experience of psychopathology. New York: Cambridge.
30.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56,815-822.
31.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1992). The measurement of flow in everyday life: Toward a theory of emergent motivation. In Nebraska
symposium on motivation, (pp.57-97). Omaha, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
32.Csikszentmihalyi (Ed.), Beyond boredom and anxiety, (pp.161-178).
San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
33.Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K., & Whalen, S. (1993). Talented
teenagers: A longitudinal study of their development. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
34.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Schneider, B. (2000). Becoming adult: How
teenagers prepare for the world of work. New York: Basic Books.
35.DeCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affective
determinants of behavior. New York: Academic Press.
36.Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (1988). Modernization and the changing
context of flow in work and leisure, In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I.
37.Dimanche, F., Havitz, M, E., & Howard, D. R. (1991). Testing the
involvement profile scale in the context of selected recreational and
touristic activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 51-66.
38.Ellis, G. D., Voelkl, J. E., & Morris, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(4), 337-356.
39.Evans, G. W., & Cohen, S. (1987) Environmental stress. In D. Stokols & I.Altman (Eds.), Handbook of emvironmental psychology (2 vols.), (pp. 571-610). New York: Academic Press.
40.Fesenmaier, D. R., & Johnson, B. (1989). Involvement-based segmentation: Implication for travel marketing in Texas. Tourism
Management, 10, 293-300.
41.Gunter, B., & Gunter, N. (1980). Leisure styles: A conceptual
framework for modern leisure. Sociological Quarterly, 2, 361-374.
42.Gursoy, D., & Gavcar, E. (2003). International leisure tourists’
involvement profile. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 906-926.
43.Graef, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Flow deprivation, In M.
44.Dimanche, F., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1991). Testing the
involvement profile scale in the context of selected recreational and
touristic activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 51-66.
45.Ellis, G. D., Voelkl, J. E., & Morris, C. (1998). Measure flow experience in daily life: An examination of the items used to measure challenge and
46.skill. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(3), 380-389.
47.Ghani, J. A., & Deshpande, S P. (1994). Task characteristics and the
experience of optimal flow in human-computer interaction. Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 309-322.
48.Hahha, N., & Wozniak, R. (2001). Consumer behavior (1sted.). New York: Prentice-Hall.
49.Houston, Michael J. and Michael L. Rothschild (1977), a Paradigm for Research on Consumer Involvement, Working Paper, No.11-77-46.
50.Haworth, J. T.（1986）.Meaningful activity and psychological model of non-employment, Leisure Studies, 5, 281-97
51.Haworth, J. T. & Hill, S.（1992）.Work, leisure, and psychological well-being in a sample of young adults, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 2, 147-160
52.Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1990). Propositions for testing the
involvement construct in recreational and tourism contexts. Leisure
Sciences, 12, 179-195.
53.Havitz, M. E. & Dimanche, F. (1999). Leisure involvement revisited: Drive propertyes and paradoxes. Journal of leisure research, 31, 122-149.
54.Havitz, M. E. & Mannell R. C. (2005). Enduring involvement, Situational Involvement, and Flow in Leisure and Non-leisure Activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 152-177
55.Higie, R. A. & Feick, L. K. (1989). Enduring involvement conceptual and measurement issiues. Advances in Consumer Research, 16, 690-696.
56.Han, S. (1988). The relationship between life satisfaction an flow in elderly Korean immigrants. (pp.138-149).
57.Houston, M.J., & Rothschild, M.L. (1978). Conceptual and Methodological Perspectives on Involvement. Educators’ Proceedings, American Marketing Association,Chicago, 184-187.
58.Howard, J. A. and J. N. Sheth (1969), The Theory of Buyer Behavior”, New York：John Willy and Sons.
59.Iwasaki, Y. & Havitz, M. E. (1998). A path analytic model of relationships between involvement, psychological comm.itment, and loyalty. Journal of leisure research, 30, 256-280.
60.Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow state in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4, 161-180.
61.Jackson, S. A. (1995). Factor influencing the occurrence of flow state in elite athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, (7), 138-166.
62.Jackson, S. A. (1996). Toward a Conceptual Understanding of the Flow
Experience in Elite Athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and
Sport, 67(1), 76-90.
63.Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing Flow in Physical
Activity: The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2.
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 133-150.
64.Jackson, S. A., Kimiecik, J. C., Ford, S. K., & Marsh, H. W. (1998).
Psychological Correlates of Flow in Sport. Journal of Sport &
Exercise Psychology, 20, 358-369.
65.Jackson, S.A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18, 17-35.
66.Jackson, S. A. & Roberts, G. C. (1992). Positive performance states of athletes: Toward a conceptual understanding of peak performance. The Sport Psychology, 6, 156-171.
67.Jackson, S. A., Thomas, P. R., Marsh, H. W. & Smethurst, C. J. (2001).
Relationship between Flow, Self-Concept Psychological Skills, and
Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 129-153.
68.Kyle, G., Graefe, A., Manning, R. & Bacon, J.（2003）. An examination of the relationship between leisure activity involvement and place attachment among hikers along the Appalachian trail. Journal of leisure research, 35, 249-273.
69.Kyle, G., Bricker, K., Graefe, A. & Wickham, T.（2004）. An examination of the relationships with activities and settings. Leisure Science, 26, 123-142.
70.Kim, S. S., Scott, D., & Crompton, J. L. (1997). An exploration of the relationships among social psychological involvement, behavior involvement , commitment, and future intentions in the context of birdwatching. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 320-341.
71.Kotler,(2000).Marketing Management, Tenth edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 36-37.
72.Kerstetter, D. L., & Kovich, G. M. (1997). An involvement profile
of division I women’s basketball spectators. Journal of Sport
Management, 11, 234-249.
73.Krugman, Herbert E. (1965 Fall), The Impact of Television Advertising：Learning Without Involvement, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.29, pp.349-356.
74.Kelly, J. R. & Ross, J-E.（1989）. Later-life leisure.Beginning a new agenda. Leisure Science, 11 ( 1 ) , 47 -59
75.Laurent Gilles and Jean-Noel Kapferer (1985), Measuring Consumer Involvement Profiles, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.23,41-53.
76.Laurent Gilles and Jean-Noel Kapferer (1986), Consumer Involvement Profiles：A New Practical Approach to Consumer Involvement, Journal of Advertising Research, 25, 48-56.
77.Losier, G. F. & Bourque, P. E.（1993. A motivational model of leisure participation in the elderly. Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinary & Applied, 127(2),153-170
78.Lu, L. & Argyle, M.（1994）.Leisure Satisfaction and happiness as a function of Leisure Activity. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 10, 89-96
79.Madrigal, R., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1992). Married couples’ involvement with family vacations. Leisure Sciences, 14, 287-301.
80.Mowen, J. C. & Minor, M. (1995). Consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 5, 315-317.
81.Massimini, F., Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Carli, M. (1987). The monitoring of optimal experience: A tool for psychiatric rehabilitation. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 175, 545-549.
82.Mannel, R. C.（1994）High investment activity and life satisfaction among older adults: committed, serious leisure, and flow activities, in J. R. Kelly (ed.), Activity and Aging: Staying involved in Later life , Newbury Park,CA: Sage
83.Massimini, F., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Delle Fave, A. (1988). Flow and biocultural evolution. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.60-81). New York: Cambridge.
84.Mcintyre , N.(1989).The personal Meaning Participaion:Enduring Involvement. Journal of Leisure Research.21(2),167-179.
85.Mitchell, Andrew A. (1981), Dimension of Advertising Involvement, In:K.B.
86.Monroe(ed.), Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.8, Ann Arbor, MI:University Microfilms International.
87.McIntyre, N. & Pigram, J. (1992). Recreational specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle-based campers. Leisure science, 14, 3-15.
88.McIntyre, N. (1989). The personal meaning of participation: Enduring involvement. Journal of leisure research, 21(2), 167-179.
89.Mittal, Banwwari (1983), Understanding the Bases and Effects of Involvement in the Consumer Choice Process, (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1982), Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
90.Mittal , B., & Myung –soo Lee (1989). A Casual Model of Consumer Involvement , Journal of Economics Psychology,10 ,November,363-89.
91.Rothschild, M.L. (1979). Advertising Strategies for High and Low Involvement Situations. Attitude Research Plays for High Stakes, J . c Malongey e d . 74 - 93.
92.Petty, Richard E., and John T. Cacioppo (1981), Attitude and Persuasion：Classic and Contemporary Approaches, Dubuque, Iowa：Wm. C. Brown Co.
93.Nakamura, J. (1988). Optimal experience and the use of talent. In M.
Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience:
Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.319-326). New
York: Cambridge.
94.Ray, Michael L. (1973), Marketing Communication and Hierarchy of Effects, In New Models of Mass Communication Research, ed. P. Clarke, Beverly Hills, CA:Sage Publications,147-176.
95.Rothschild, M. L. （1984）. Perspectives on involvement: Current problems and future direction. Advances in consumer research, 11, 216-217.
96.Rathunde, K. (1996). Family context and talented adolescents’ optimal experience in school-related activities. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(4), 605-628.
97.Rebeiro, K. L., & Polgar, J. M. (1999). Enabling occupational performance: Optimal experiences in therapy. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, volume66, 14-22.
98.Ragheb, M. G.（1980）. Interrelationships among leisure participation, leisure satisfaction, and leisure attitudes.Journal of Leisure Research, 12(2), 138-149
99.Sawyer, A. (1981) . Point of purchase behavior and price perception of supermarket shoppers. Unpublished manuscript .
100.Suh, S. H., Lee, Y., Park, Y. & Shin, G. C. (1997). The impact of consumer involvemewnt on consumers’ perception of service quality-focusing on Korea hotel Industry. Journal of Marketing, 49, 72-82.
101.Sheth, Jagdish N. and M. Venkatesan (1986), Risk Reduction Process in Repetitive Consumer Behavior, Journal of Marketing Research, 5, 307-310.
102.Selin, S. & Howard, D. (1988). Ego involvement and leisure behavior: A conceptual specification. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 237-244.
103.Stebbins, R.A.（1982）.Serious leisure : a conceptual statement. Pacific Sociological Review, 25, 251-72
104.Stebbins, R. A.（1992）.Amateurs, Professionals, and Serious Leisure. Montreal and Kingston:McGill-Queen’s University Press
105.Woodside, A.G., Sullivan, D.P., & Trappey, R.J. (1999).Assessing relationships among strategic types, distinctive marketing competencies , and organizationalper for mance. Journal of Business Research, 45(2), 135-146.
106.Stone, R. N. (1984). The marketing characteristics of involvement. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 210-215.
107.Schuett, M. (1993). Refining measure of adventure recreation involvement. Leisure Science, 15, 205-216.
108.Taylor, Steven A. and Thomas L. Baker (1994), An Assessment of Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Formation of Consumer’s Purchase Intention, Journal of Retailing Banking, 70,163-178.
109.Virden, R. J., & Schreyer, R. (1988). Recreation specialization as an indicator of environmental preference. Environment & Behavior, 20(6), 721-739.
110.Zaichkowsky,J.L .(1985).Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research,12 ,341-352.
111.Zaichkowsky,J.L .(1986).Conceptualizing involvement.Journal of Advertising ,15(2) ,4-14.