臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究背景：台灣在西元2000年禁用含鉛汽油前，鉛暴露是眾所皆知的環境污染危害。鉛對人體的健康影響極大，尤其對學齡前幼兒的危害。文獻指出鉛對於幼兒的神經與智力發展的傷害是不可彌補的。因此本研究目的希望藉由探討居住在花蓮地區與高雄地區兩個不同地理環境背景的幼兒血鉛濃度和其影響因子的相關性，來瞭解幼兒血鉛濃度的現況及可能之鉛暴露源。

研究方法：本研究採用立意取樣的方式，選取花蓮地區12鄉鎮及高雄地區3鄉鎮之學齡前1~4歲幼兒為研究對象，分別採集血樣與問卷調查，並收集兩地區土壤樣本與空氣鉛濃度監測值資料。研究所得資料除了以SPSS 10.0 中文版做描述性統計與推論性統計外，另外以美國環保署的鉛風險評估軟體IEUBK模型與Crystal Ball 風險評估軟體來預測環境鉛暴露對於幼兒的影響力。

研究結果：花蓮地區幼兒與高雄地區幼兒平均血鉛濃度分別為0.91 ± 2.04 μg/dl 與 2.24 ± 1.78 μg/dl，兩地平均血鉛呈顯著差異（p=0.001）。另外發現血鉛濃度與家人從事鉛相關工作有明顯相關，而在家中有油漆剝落情形之幼兒雖與血鉛濃度相關不顯著，但其血鉛濃度較無油漆剝落者高。值得注意的是，在花蓮地區與高雄地區原住民幼兒血鉛濃度都有偏高的情況，可能原因在於他們的環境和衛生條件不佳，且對於鉛的危害性不了解所致。此外兩地平均血鉛濃度雖有差異，但鉛暴露的型態應極為相似，意即在環境中空氣鉛與土壤鉛對幼兒血鉛濃度有相當影響。經由美國環保署鉛風險評估軟體之IEUBK模型與Crystal Ball 風險評估軟體來建構的環境鉛對台灣幼兒血鉛濃度影響的預測模型，結果發現依據環保署環境監測的空氣濃度與本研究的壤鉛數據所預測出的血鉛值與目前研究對象相符合。但模型僅表示幼兒是受到經常性鉛暴露，而未考慮到其他偶發性的暴露因子。

結論：本研究結果顯示兩地區幼兒血鉛濃度皆比使用含鉛汽油時低，但不代表幼兒就沒有受到鉛暴露的危害，尤其幼兒因血鉛濃度高而造成身心發育障礙的影響是不可彌補的。因此本研究希望暸解影響幼兒血鉛濃度的鉛暴露源，並針對具有較高鉛暴露之幼兒與其家人教導正確的衛教常識和醫療介入，能有效的減少幼兒接觸鉛暴露源才是目前努力的重點。並期望將來國內衛生機關能夠試辦全面性學齡前幼兒血鉛濃度篩檢讓幼兒能夠健健康康的成長。

Backgroud﹕Leaded gasoline was banned in 2000 in Taiwan. Before then, lead exposure was a well-known environmental pollution. Preschool children are susceptible to lead exposure, because lead affects their nerve systems and intelligence, and the damage is irreversible. This research intended to understand the relations between child blood lead levels and environmentally affecting factors, by using child blood lead concentrations and environmental lead data derived from two different geographical environments of Hualien and Kaohsiung.
Methods：This research used purposive sampling, selecting 1~4-year-old preschool children as research subjects from 12 towns of Hualian and 3 towns of Kaohsiung. A blood sample and a questionnaire survey of living pattern were collected from each subject. Soil samples were taken from the two areas and the airborne lead data were retrieved from the local air monitoring sites. The description statistics and the deduction statistics were conducted using SPSS 10.0 Chinese Edition, and lead risk assessment software of IEUBK（developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency）and Crystal Ball was used to calculate the influence of environmental lead exposure on child blood lead levels.
Results：This research analysis found that the mean child blood lead concentrations in Hualien and Kaohsiung were 0.91 ± 2.04 μg/dl and 2.24 ± 1.78 μg/dl, respectively, and the difference between two areas was significant（p=0.001）. The data showed that the blood lead concentrations were correlated with family’s occupations that were lead related. Children who lived in the houses with peeled paint chips had the higher blood lead concentrations, although the difference was not significant. There is one fact of concern that the aboriginal child blood lead concentrations were elevated in both Hualien and Kaohsiung. This may have been due to the poor living environments and hygiene conditions, and lack of awareness of lead-causing effects. Although the mean blood lead concentrations were different between the two areas, the pattern of lead exposure was similar; that is, environmental lead from the air and soils had impacts on blood lead concentrations. The risk assessment models of IEUBK and Crystal Ball, used to estimate child blood lead concentrations in Hualien and Kaohsiung with inputs of available environmental data, derived very close results to the blood lead data from this study. However, the models could only provide predictions for regular lead exposure. They will need to be modified if other factors are considered.
Conclusions：This research result indicates that blood lead concentrations were lower than those in the previous time when leaded gasoline was consumed in Taiwan, but dose not imply that childhood lead exposure was no longer of concern, because lead causing damage on child’s physical and psychological development is permanent. Therefore, this research hopes to understand the influence factors of childhood lead exposure, to teach families of lead exposured children general and correct knowledge and medical treatment, and also effectively to reduce sources of childhood lead exposure. We expect that the health aqencies reinforce the policy of blood lead screening for all preschool children in the future and let them grow up healthly.

頁次
中文摘要 --------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅰ
英文摘要 --------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅲ
目錄 --------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅴ
圖目錄 --------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅶ
表目錄 --------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅷ
附件目錄 --------------------------------------------------------------- ⅩⅠ
第一章 緒論----- ------------------------------------------------------ 1
第一節 研究背景與動機---- --------------------------------------------- 1
第二節 研究目的- ------------------------------------------------------ 4
第三節 名詞解釋- ------------------------------------------------------ 5
第二章 文獻探討- ------------------------------------------------------ 7
第一節 鉛的暴露途徑與危害 --------------------------------------------- 7
第二節 幼兒鉛中毒發展史-- --------------------------------------------- 11
第三節 家庭社經地位對幼兒血鉛的影響----------------------------------- 14
第四節 家庭環境鉛暴露與幼兒血鉛的關係--------------------------------- 15
第五節 地理環境鉛暴露與幼兒血鉛的關係--------------------------------- 16
第三章 材料與方法-------- --------------------------------------------- 19
第一節 研究設計與花蓮幼兒 --------------------------------------------- 19
第二節 研究架構- ------------------------------------------------------ 21
第三節 研究假設------------------------------------------------------- 22
第四節 研究工具- ------------------------------------------------------ 23
第五節 研究步驟- ------------------------------------------------------ 25
第六節 花蓮幼兒之權益保護 --------------------------------------------- 27
第七節 資料分析- ------------------------------------------------------ 28
第四章 研究結果- ------------------------------------------------------ 29
第一節 花蓮地區研究對象與血鉛分析------------------------------------- 29
第二節 高雄地區研究對象與血鉛分析------------------------------------- 47
第三節 花蓮地區與高雄地區土壤分析結果--------------------------------- 64
第四節 花蓮地區與高雄地區空氣分析結果--------------------------------- 66
第五章 討論----------------------------------------------------------- 67
第一節 描述性統計----------------------------------------------------- 67
第二節 影響因子與血鉛關係 --------------------------------------------- 68
第三節 Model模擬分析-------------------------------------------------- 74
第六章 結論與建議----------------------------------------------------- 79
第一節 結論----------------------------------------------------------- 79
第二節 建議----------------------------------------------------------- 80
第三節 研究限制------------------------------------------------------- 81
參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------------- 83
一、中文部份----------------------------------------------------------- 83
二、英文部分----------------------------------------------------------- 87

圖目錄
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圖3-2-1 研究架構圖 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
圖4-1-1 花蓮鄉鎮市圖 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
圖4-1-2 花蓮地區幼兒血鉛分布圖 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 33
圖4-2-1 高雄鄉鎮圖 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
圖4-2-2 高雄地區幼兒血鉛分布圖 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 51
圖4-4-1 花蓮地區與高雄地區空氣鉛濃度趨勢圖 --------------------------------------------- 66
圖5-2-1 花蓮地區與高雄地區空氣鉛平均值分布 --------------------------------------------- 72
圖5-2-2 花蓮地區與高雄地區土壤鉛平均值分布 --------------------------------------------- 73
圖5-3-1 花蓮地區幼兒每日鉛攝取量 ------------------------------------------------------------ 78
圖5-3-2 高雄地區幼兒每日鉛攝取量 ------------------------------------------------------------ 78



















表目錄
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表2-1-1 幼兒血鉛濃度程度與相關症狀 ------------------------------------------------------ 10
表3-1-1 花蓮地區與高雄地區之人工監測站位址 -------------------------------------------- 19
表4-1-1 花蓮幼兒屬性分布 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
表4-1-2 花蓮幼兒父母親年齡層分布 ---------------------------------------------------------- 31
表4-1-3 花蓮幼兒父母親職業、教育程度分布 ---------------------------------------------- 32
表4-1-4 花蓮幼兒家庭社經地位分布 ---------------------------------------------------------- 33
表4-1-5 花蓮幼兒依不同性別之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------------- 34
表4-1-6 花蓮幼兒依不同年齡層之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 35
表4-1-7 花蓮幼兒依不同年齡別之男女平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------- 35
表4-1-8 花蓮幼兒依不同種族別之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 36
表4-1-9 花蓮幼兒依不同種族別之男女平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------- 36
表4-1-10 花蓮幼兒依不同居住地區之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------- 37
表4-1-11 花蓮幼兒依不同居住地區之平均血鉛濃度之Scheffe事後比較---------------- 37
表4-1-12 花蓮幼兒依不同居住區域之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------- 38
表4-1-13 花蓮幼兒依父親職業之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------------- 39
表4-1-14 花蓮幼兒依父親教育程度之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------- 39
表4-1-15 花蓮幼兒依母親職業之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------------- 40
表4-1-16 花蓮幼兒依母親教育程度之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------- 40
表4-1-17 花蓮幼兒依家庭社經地位之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------- 41
表4-1-18 花蓮幼兒依生活習性別之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 42
表4-1-19 花蓮幼兒依健康狀況別之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 43
表4-1-20 花蓮幼兒依生活環境別之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 44
表4-1-21 花蓮幼兒依生活環境別之平均血鉛濃度(續) -------------------------------------- 45

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表4-1-22 花蓮幼兒血鉛與其他因子相關- -------------------------------------------------------- 46
表4-2-1 高雄幼兒屬性分布 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
表4-2-2 高雄幼兒父母親年齡層分布 ------------------------------------------------------------ 49
表4-2-3 高雄幼兒父母親職業、教育程度分布 ------------------------------------------------ 50
表4-2-4 高雄幼兒家庭社經地位分布 ------------------------------------------------------------- 51
表4-2-5 高雄幼兒依不同性別之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------------- 52
表4-2-6 高雄幼兒依不同年齡層之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 53
表4-2-7 高雄幼兒依不同年齡別之男女平均血鉛濃度 ------------------------------------- 53
表4-2-8 高雄幼兒依不同種族別之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 54
表4-2-9 高雄幼兒依不同種族別之男女平均血鉛濃度 ------------------------------------- 54
表4-2-10 高雄幼兒依不同居住地區之平均血鉛濃度 --------------------------------------- 55
表4-2-11 高雄幼兒依不同居住地區之平均血鉛濃度之Scheffe事後比較------------------ 55
表4-2-12 高雄幼兒依父親職業之平均血鉛濃度 ---------------------------------------------- 56
表4-2-13 高雄幼兒依父親教育程度之平均血鉛濃度 ------------------------------------------ 56
表4-2-14 高雄幼兒依母親職業之平均血鉛濃度 ----------------------------------------------- 57
表4-2-15 高雄幼兒依母親教育程度之平均血鉛濃度 ------------------------------------------ 57
表4-2-16 高雄幼兒依家庭社經地位之平均血鉛濃度 ------------------------------------------ 58
表4-2-17 高雄幼兒依生活習性別之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 59
表4-2-18 高雄幼兒依健康狀況別之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 60
表4-2-19 高雄幼兒依生活環境別之平均血鉛濃度 -------------------------------------------- 61
表4-2-20 高雄幼兒依生活環境別之平均血鉛濃度(續) --------------------------------------- 62
表4-2-21 高雄幼兒血鉛與其他因子相關- -------------------------------------------------------- 63
表4-3-1 花蓮地區土壤壤鉛濃度 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 64

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表4-3-2 高雄地區土壤壤鉛濃度 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 65
表4-4-1 花蓮地區與高雄地區空氣鉛濃度監測值 --------------------------------------------- 66
表5-3-1 花蓮地區鉛健康風險評估的模擬Model --------------------------------------------- 75
表5-3-2 高雄地區鉛健康風險評估的模擬Model --------------------------------------------- 76





























附件目錄
頁次
附件一 社會經濟地位量表 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
附件二 土壤中鉛標準值 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102
附件二 空氣中鉛標準值 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102
附件三 幼兒問卷 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103
附件四 血鉛濃度實驗操作步驟 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
附件五 土壤鉛濃度實驗操作步驟 --------------------------------------------------------------- 112
附件六 IEUBK各變項之Default Values ------------------------------------------------------- 119
附件七 Crystal Ball 7.1操作步驟 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 123

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內政部統計處. from http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/index.asp
交通部全球資訊網. from http://www.motc.gov.tw/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=index.htm
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