1. Stanley V, Hunt J, Willis KW, Stephen CR. Cardiovascular and respiratory function with CI-581. Anesth Analg 1968;47(6):760-768.
2. Domino EF, Chodoff P, Corssen G. Pharmacologic Effects of Ci-581, a New Dissociative Anesthetic, in Man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1965;6:279-291.
3. Adamowicz P, Kala M. Urinary excretion rates of ketamine and norketamine following therapeutic ketamine administration: method and detection window considerations. J Anal Toxicol 2005;29(5):376-382.
4. Kohrs R, Durieux ME. Ketamine: teaching an old drug new tricks. Anesth Analg 1998;87(5):1186-1193.
5. 林信男, 藥物濫用. 橘井文化事業股份有限公司, 1994 : p. 178-188.
6. Stephen E. Lankenau, Michael C, Clatts. Ketamine injection among high risk youth : preliminary finding form New York city . J of Drug issues 2002 : p. 583-588.
7. Audenaert SM, Wagner Y, Montgomery CL, Lock RL, Colclough G, Kuhn RJ, Johnson GL, Pedigo NW, Jr. Cardiorespiratory effects of premedication for children. Anesth Analg 1995;80(3):506-510.
8. Harris JE, Letson RD, Buckley JJ. The use of CI-581, a new parenteral anesthetic, in ophthalmic practice. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1968;66:206-213.
9. Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Oye I, Hell D, Angst J. Differential psychopathology and patterns of cerebral glucose utilisation produced by (S)- and (R)-ketamine in healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1997;7(1):25-38.
10. Freo U, Ori C. Effects of anesthesia and recovery from ketamine racemate and enantiomers on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in rats. Anesthesiology 2004;100(5):1172-1178.
11. Ebert B, Mikkelsen S, Thorkildsen C, Borgbjerg FM. Norketamine, the main metabolite of ketamine, is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist in the rat cortex and spinal cord. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;333(1):99-104.
12. Liu J, Ji XQ, Zhu XZ. Comparison of psychic emergence reactions after (+/-)-ketamine and (+)-ketamine in mice. Life Sci 2006;78(16):1839-1844.
13. 蘇純閨, 藥理學. 合記圖書出版社, 2001: p.457-463.
14. Friederich P, Benzenberg D, Urban BW. Ketamine and propofol differentially inhibit human neuronal K(+) channels. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001;18(3):177-183.
15. Nicol B, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. Glutamate uptake is not a major target site for anaesthetic agents. Br J Anaesth 1995;75(1):61-65.
16. Hirota K, Sato T, Rabito SF, Zsigmond EK, Matsuki A. Relaxant effect of ketamine and its isomers on histamine-induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle. Br J Anaesth 1996;76(2):266-270.
17. Hirota K, Lambert DG. Ketamine: its mechanism(s) of action and unusual clinical uses. Br J Anaesth 1996;77(4):441-444.
18. Koinig H, Marhofer P, Krenn CG, Klimscha W, Wildling E, Erlacher W, Nikolic A, Turnheim K, Semsroth M. Analgesic effects of caudal and intramuscular S(+)-ketamine in children. Anesthesiology 2000;93(4):976-980.
19. Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, Bittigau P, Vockler J, Dikranian K, Tenkova TI, Stefovska V, Turski L, Olney JW. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science 1999;283(5398):70-74.
20. Takadera T, Ishida A, Ohyashiki T. Ketamine-induced apoptosis in cultured rat cortical neurons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006;210(1-2):100-107.
21. Morgan CJ, Mofeez A, Brandner B, Bromley L, Curran HV. Ketamine impairs response inhibition and is positively reinforcing in healthy volunteers: a dose-response study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;172(3):298-308
22. Hayase T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto K. Behavioral effects of ketamine and toxic interactions with psychostimulants. BMC Neurosci 2006;7:25.
23. Takeshita H, Okuda Y, Sari A. The effects of ketamine on cerebral circulation and metabolism in man. Anesthesiology 1972;36(1):69-75.
24.Idvall J, Ahlgren I, Aronsen KR, Stenberg P. Ketamine infusions: pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Br J Anaesth 1979;51(12):1167-1173.
25. 邱麗宜, 刑事雙月刊. 2005.3-4 : p. 42-47.
26. Mozayani A. Ketamine-effects of human performance and behavior. Forensic science review 2002;14:123-131.
27. Wieber J, Gugler R, Hengstmann JH, Dengler HJ. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine in man. Anaesthesist 1975;24(6):260-263.
28. Yanagihara Y, Kariya S, Ohtani M, Uchino K, Aoyama T, Yamamura Y, Iga T. Involvement of CYP2B6 in n-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2001;29(6):887-890.
29. Hijazi Y, Boulieu R. Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30(7):853-858.
30. Lai I, Hong SC, Davisson JN. Ketamine metabolism: identification and synthesis of a deaminated product. J Pharm Sci 1985;74(4):486-488.
31. Moore KA, Sklerov J, Levine B, Jacobs AJ. Urine concentrations of ketamine and norketamine following illegal consumption. J Anal Toxicol 2001;25(7):583-588
32. Huang MK, Liu C, Li JH, Huang SD. Quantitative detection of ketamine, norketamine, and dehydronorketamine in urine using chemical derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005;820(2):165-173.
33. Savchuk S., Rudenko B., Brodskii E., Formanovskii A., Erofeev V., Babanova E., Chistyakov V., L.Rabinovich M., Dolina O. Application of gas chromatography with selective detection and ga s chromatography -mass spectrometry to identifying ketamine metabolites and to examining the conjugation of ketamine and its metabolites in human and rat organisms. J of analytical chemistry 1998;53(6):663-670.
34. 李茂榮 and 林隆清 and 林孝道, 質譜分析術專輯. 1992 : p. 87-197
35. 鄭鴻鉸, 氣相層析/質譜儀在環境分析之應用. 科儀新知, 中華民國七十九年九月第十二卷第二期 : p. 70-8436. 白珮瑾 and 何國榮, 2002年諾貝爾化學獎兩種生醫分析的離子化方法. 科儀新知, 中華民國九十二年八月第二十五卷第一期 : p. 7-1737. 田育璋 and 洪千雯 and 廖寶琦, 離子阱與四極俸-飛行時間兩種串聯式質譜儀與其在蛋白質體學研究之應用. 科儀新知, 中華民國九十二年八月第二十五卷第一期 : p. 42-56
38. 陳仁焜 and 候雅惠 and 凌永健, 液相層析質譜儀:分析膳食補充劑的關鍵儀器. 科儀新知, 中華民國九十二年十二月第二十五卷第三期 : p. 14-2339. 詹舜安 and 劉宗榮, 液相層析串聯式質譜儀之原理及應用. 科儀新知, 中華民國九十一年八月第二十四卷第一期 : p. 77-8940. 劉邦基 and 施靜蘋 and 陳翠英, 質譜分析的回顧與展望. 科儀新知, 中華民國七十九年九月第十二卷第二期 : p. 104-11241. Halket JM, Waterman D, Przyborowska AM, Patel RK, Fraser PD, Bramley PM. Chemical derivatization and mass spectral libraries in metabolic profiling by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. J Exp Bot 2005;56(410):219-243.
42. Kataoka H. Derivatization reactions for the determination of amines by gas chromatography and their applications in environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 1996;733(1-2):19-34.
43. Lin HR, Lua AC. Simultaneous determination of amphetamines and ketamines in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006;20(11):1724-1730.
44. 陳安琪, 定性分析化學. 合記圖書出版社, 1987 : p. 1-2.
45. 彭崇慧 and 馮建章 and 張錫瑜, 定量化學分析簡明教程. 藝軒圖書出版社, 1996: p.1-3.
46. Chang WT, Lin DL, Liu RH. Isotopic analogs as internal standards for quantitative analyses by GC/MS--evaluation of cross-contribution to ions designated for the analyte and the isotopic internal standard. Forensic Sci Int 2001;121(3):174-182.
47. 黃寶慧 and 李茂榮, 固相萃取技術. Chemistry. 1998;56(4):319-32648. Chiarotti M. Overview on extraction procedures. Forensic Sci Int 1993;63(1-3):161-170.
49. Lin HR, Lua AC. Detection of acid-labile conjugates of ketamine and its metabolites in urine samples collected from pub participants. J Anal Toxicol 2004;28(3):181-186.
50. Hijazi Y, Bodonian C, Bolon M, Salord F, Boulieu R. Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of ketamine in intensive care patients with brain or spinal cord injury. Br J Anaesth 2003;90(2):155-160.Lin
51. Dorne JL. Impact of inter-individual differences in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics on safety evaluation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004;18(6):609-620.