傳統壓克力系骨水泥運用於人工關節置換手術具有諸多缺點，改良現有商用壓克力系骨水泥的研究也對此些缺點提出相當的改善方法，對於壓克力系骨水泥於硬化過程中放熱以及尺寸安定性問題，可由置換同為壓克力系但聚合放熱量較小的PEMA/nBMA骨水泥加以改善。但由於PEMA/nBMA骨水泥的剛性較一般的商用PMMA/MMA骨水泥低，具有強度不足的缺陷。所以此研究將針對提昇壓克力系骨水泥之機械性質進行深入探討。
為了增進傳統壓克力系骨水泥的機械性質，本研究嘗試以融熔混煉的方式添加有機奈米黏土（層狀矽酸鹽）於壓克力系骨水泥基材中，遂形成壓克力/層狀矽酸鹽複合材料，進行一系列由添加劑濃度、基材分子量與混煉時的操作溫度的變因，所製作不同複合材料之分散性、熱學性質與機械性質間的比較。以得一套完善的製作此類複合材料之挑選機制。
研究結果顯示，壓克力/層狀矽酸鹽複合材料的分散性隨著壓克力基材的分子量增高及混煉溫度增加，使得微觀結構下顆粒顯現較大而分散較差。但所撐開的層間距離似乎差距不大，所有奈米複材皆有3.6~3.7nm的層間距。
熱學性質方面，奈米複材與純基材的裂解溫度比較顯示比原基材皆比原基材高約10~20℃，且隨著添加層狀系酸鹽濃度增加裂解溫度亦有提高的趨勢。在玻璃轉移溫度上，奈米複合材料具有比基材較高的玻璃轉移溫度，高約介於5℃內。
機械性質方面，拉伸與儲存模數皆依添加層狀系酸鹽濃度增加而增加。但衝擊強度卻略為下降。

Recently, studies attempted to decrease the bone cement curing exotherm. The new PEMA/nBMA bone cement system is chosen to achieve this goal. However, due to the fact that it is weaker in mechanical strength, organic nano-sized clay will be added. This composite system of bone cement/clay is expected to be better than commercial product nowadays in the following ways: 1. low exotherm during cure, 2. viability in adjusting mechanical strength between human bone and prosthesis, and 3. low shrinkage.
In this research, a nanocomposites of PMMA/clay was made by melt intercalation and supposed to be an additive for the preparation of bone cement. Expansion of the inter-layer space by PMMA was examined by XRD and TEM. The thermal properties of nanocomposites were tested by both TGA and DMA. And the results were correlated with the preparation parameter, molecular weight of PMMA, clay concentration and operation temperature when preparing.
The tensile and storage modulus of the nanocomposites was found to improve with respect to raw PMMA. And also, the decomposing temperature and glass transition temperature were increased with clay adding concentrations.

致謝…………………………………….. ……………….. ……………Ⅰ
中文摘要…………………………………….. ……………….. ………Ⅱ
Abstract…………………………………….. ………………..……… Ⅲ
目錄…………………………………….. ……………….. ……………Ⅳ
表目錄…………………………………….. ……………….. …………Ⅷ
圖目錄…………………………………….. ……………….. …………Ⅸ
壹、緒論…………………………………….. ……………….. ………1
1.1 研究背景與動機…………………………………….. …………1
1.2 研究方法…………………………………….. ……………….. .5

貳、文獻回顧…………………………………….. ……………………..7
2.1 改良傳統骨水泥與研究現況……………………………..…….7
2.2 高分子奈米複合材料…………………...……………………..13
2.2.1 奈米複材的形成及概述………………………..…………13
2.2.1.1 奈米觀念的形成…………………………….………..13
2.2.1.2 奈米複材的定義………………………………….…..13
2.2.2 奈米級複材之特性………………………………………..13
2.2.2.1 高強度和耐熱性………………………………….…..13
2.2.2.2 高氣體阻隔及難燃性………………………………...14
2.2.2.3 優良的加工性…………………………………….…..14
2.2.3奈米複材之製備機構……………………………………....14
2.2.3.1黏土的膨潤改質…………………………………...…..15
2.2.4高分子奈米級複合材料的製備………………………….…17
2.2.5高分子混摻黏土之複合材料分散型態………………….…18
2.2.6 奈米黏土改質PMMA……………………………………..20
2.3 混煉機制…………………………………….. …………….…..23
2.3.1 混煉機構簡介…………………………………….. ………23
2.3.2 雙螺桿元件組合與操作設計….……………………….…24
2.3.2.1雙螺桿押出機簡介…………………………………….24
2.3.2.2 雙螺桿押出之操作設計…………………………...…25

參、實驗…………………………………….. ……………….. ………27
3.1 骨水泥放熱量檢測………………………………...…….. ……27
3.1.1 實驗材料…………………………………….. ……………27
3.1.2 實驗方法…………………………………….. ……………28
3.2 PMMA基材之基本物性分析與混煉實驗………………...……29
3.2.1 實驗材料…………………………………….. ……………29
3.2.2 實驗方法…………………………………….. ……………30
3.2.2.1 熔融指數（MFI）……………………………………..30
3.2.2.2 塑譜儀少量混煉實驗…………………………...……30
3.2.3 雙螺桿混煉實驗…………………………………….. ……31
3.3 試片製作與檢測…………………………………….. ……...…33
3.3.1 射出成型…………………………………….. ……………33
3.3.2 熱重分析儀檢測…………………………………………..34
3.3.3 熱學性質檢測…………………………………….. ………34
3.3.4 X-ray繞射(XRD) …………………………………………..34
3.3.4.1 X-ray繞射的測試原理……………………………...…34
3.3.4.2 X-ray繞射測試………………………………………...35
3.3.5 微結構分析…………………………………….. …………36
3.3.6 動態機械性質分析………………………………………..36
3.3.6.1動態機械性質測試及分析……………………….……37
3.4 試驗流程圖…………………………………….. ……..……38

肆、實驗結果與討論…………………… ……………….. ……..…40
4.1 商用骨水泥與仿製配方放熱量比較………………..…………40
4.2 塑譜儀少量混煉結果…………………………………..... ……42
4.3 PMMA/clay複材分散性分析………………………………….. 42
4.3.1 穿透式電子顯微鏡圖像分析………………………..……42
4.3.2 X-ray繞射儀結果………………………………………..…49
4.4 熱學性質比較…………………………………….. ….…..……52
4.4.1 裂解溫度…………………………………….. ……………52
4.4.2 玻璃轉化溫度………………………………………….. …55
4.5 機械性質比較…………………………………….. ……...……56
4.5.1 拉伸模數…………………………………….. ……...……56
4.5.2 抗衝擊強度…………………………………….. …………62
4.6 不同混煉溫度之奈米複材，
其分散性、熱學性質及機械性質比較…………………………64
4.6.1 分散性…………………………………….. …….…..……64
4.6.2 熱學性質…………………………………….. .……..……68
4.6.2.1 裂解溫度……………………………………….. ……68
4.6.2.2 玻璃轉化溫度………………………………...………69
4.6.3 機械性質…………………………………….. ……………70

伍、結論…………………………………….. …………………………71
5.1 基材分子量的影響…………………………………...….. ……71
5.1.1 分散性……………………………………………….. ……71
5.1.2 熱學性質…………………………………………….. ……71
5.1.3 機械性質…………………………………………….. ……72
5.2 有機奈米黏土之濃度的影響…………………………..... ……72
5.2.1 分散性……………………………………………….. ……72
5.2.2 熱學性質…………………………………………….. ……72
5.2.3 機械性質…………………………………………….. ……72
5.3 融熔混煉操作溫度的影響……….……………………….……72
5.3.1 分散性……………………………………………….. ……72
5.3.2 熱學性質…………………………………………….. ……73
5.3.3 機械性質…………………………………………….. ……73

陸、參考文獻……………………………………………..…….. ……74

附錄……………………………………………………………… ……80

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