臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近十年來細菌性敗血症和敗血性休克的病例逐年增加，而且死亡率很高。科學界已發現，革蘭氏陰性菌和革蘭氏陽性菌細胞壁成分的LPS和LTA均是引發宿主過度免疫反應的重要毒性物質，而且來自不同菌種的LPS和LTA對不同細胞也會產生不同程度的發炎反應。由於關於此方面的藥物開發，始終沒有醫學臨床上突破的發現，因此尋求物理性非侵入性的治療方法為臨床醫學上的另一思考方向。本研究探討在靜磁場的作用下，是否可廣效的降低來自不同菌種的LPS與LTA對軟硬組織細胞的毒殺作用。本實驗將LPS和LTA加入NIH-3T3、MG63細胞中，尋找內毒素毒殺細胞的能力及 50%的細胞致死濃度。接著加入靜磁場作為物理性的刺激，觀察細胞數量和釋放發炎激素如IL-1、IL-6、TNF-的量。本研究結果顯示，來自不同菌種的LPS和LTA對NIH-3T3與MG63細胞的50%致死濃度均不相同，與文獻的結果相符合。若加入更多的內毒素，細胞的死亡率會達高原期而不再變化。在接續的實驗中，我們發現將NIH-3T3和MG63細胞預先暴露於靜磁場(4000G) 12小時後，可以有效的抑制來自不同菌種的LPS和LTA之細胞毒性。而且靜磁場的預暴露對未加入LPS和LTA的NIH-3T3和MG63細胞沒有毒殺作用。此結果讓我們確定利用靜磁場廣效的抑制LPS或LTA對細胞的過度免疫反應是一個可行的研究方向。

For nearly a decade, cases on sepsis and septic shock have gradually increase over the years. It has been observed that both LPS and LTA compositions found in the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria were the toxic substances responsible for inducing cytotoxicity. Endotoxin (LPS and LTA) from different bacteria were found to induce different degrees of inflamed responses. However, drugs developed based on the above mechanism showed no significant clinical breakthrough. The continuous search for physiologic non-invasive treatments have been considered as alternative methods. This study aims to investigate the probability of decreasing LPS and LTA cell toxicity on soft and hard tissue when exposed to static magnetic field. To find the toxicity concentrations with 50% cell mortality rate, both LPS and LTA were added into tested cells (NIH-3T3 and MG63 cells) with various concentrations and cell viability were tested by MTT method. To test the inhibitive effects of static magnetic field on the cell count and the amount of inflammatory substances release such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF- etc, NdFeB magnets were used as a physiologic stimulator. The result of this study indicates that 50% cell mortality rate dosage of NIH-3T3 and MG63 cells induced by LPS and LTA from various bacteria were different. This result is consistence to previous investigations. Cell mortality rate reaches a plateau with no further changes when more endotoxins were added. In the latter part of the study, it was observed that when NIH-3T3 and MG63 cells were exposed to a static magnetic field (4000G) for 12 hours, static magnetic field can effectively inhibit the toxic reaction of LPS and LTA with a bacteria-independent manner. On the other hand, NIH-3T3 and MG63 cells exposed to static magnetic field for 12 hours but without the addition of LPS and LTA exhibited no toxic effect. Based on the primary results, we are certain that further research on static magnetic field in inhibiting LPS or LTA induced cytotoxicity is feasible.

目 錄
頁數
中文摘要……………………………………………I
英文摘要…………………………………………………II
目錄……………………………………………………VI

第一章、緒論
第一節 研究動機與重要性……………………1
第二節 研究目的………………………………4
第三節 研究假設…………………………………4
第四節 名詞界定…………………………………5

第二章、文獻回顧與查證
第一節 LPS和LTA與細胞膜結合機制之探討…12
第二節 LPS和引發發炎反應之機制……………13
第三節 內毒素耐受性…………………………16
第四節 來自不同細菌來源的LPS和LTA所引發的
發炎反應……………………………17

第三章、材料與方法
第一節 靜磁鐵之製備及靜磁場之檢測…………19
第二節 實驗之細胞培養方法……………………19
第三節 LPS和LTA對細胞影響之影響………23
1.LPS濃度對細胞生長的影響…………23
2.LTA濃度對細胞生長的影響…………24
第四節 細胞活性的測量
1.以MTT分析法分析靜磁場對LPS毒殺細胞
作用的影響……………………………24
2.以MTT分析法分析靜磁場對LTA毒殺細胞作
用的影響………………………………25
第五節 基因晶片的偵測………………………27

第四章、研究結果……………………………………28

第五章、研究討論...………………………………47

第六章、未來研究目標………………………………53

第六章、參考文獻……………………………………55

參考文獻
Agarwal S, Piesco N P, Johns LP, Riccelli AE. Differential expression of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in human monocytes in response to lipopolysaccharides from different microbes. J Dent Res, 74: 1057-1065, 1995.
Aghajani E, Korvald C, Nordhaug D, Sager G, Revhaug A, Myrmel T. E. Coli sepsis induces profound mechanoenergetic inefficiency in the porcine left ventricle. Shock, 21: 103-9, 2004.
Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nature Immunol, 2: 675-680, 2001.
Aliprantis AO, Yang RB, Mark MR, Suggett S, Devaux B, Radolf JD, Klimpel GR, Godowski P, Zychlinsky A. Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through toll-like receptor-2.
Science, 285: 736-9, 1999.
Anderson KV, Bokla L, Nusslein-Volhard C. Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo: The induction of polarity by the Toll gene product. Cell, 42: 791-798, l985.
Atef MM, Elhaset MSA, Elkareem A, Aida S, Fadel MS. Effects of a static magnetic field on haemoglobin structure and function. Int J Biol Macromol, 17: 105-111, 1995.
Bassett CAL, Mitchell SN, Gaston SR. Treatment of ununited tibial diaphyseal fractures with pulsing electromagnetic fields. J Bone Joint Surg , 63: 511-523, 1981.
Bassett CAL. Fundamental and practical aspects of therapeutic uses of PEMF. Crit Rev Biomed Eng, 17: 451-529, 1989.
Berk SG, Srikanth S, Mahajan SM, Ventrice CA. Static uniform magnetic fields and amoebae. Bioelectromagnetics, 18: 81-84, 1997.
Bertolini DR, Nedwin GE, Bringman TS, Smith DD, Mundy GR. Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumor necrosis factors. Nature, 319: 516-518, 1986.
Bhakdi SA, Geyer, Hartung. Structure-function -relationship of cytokine induction by lipoteichoic acids. Infect.
Immun, 59: 4614-4620, 2001.
Birkedal-Hansen H. Role of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in tissue destruction. J Periodont Res, 28: 500-510, 1993.
Bone RC. Sepsis and SIRS. Nephro Dial Transpl Suppl, 4: 99-103, 1994.
Boyan BD, Batzer R, Kieswetter K, Liu Y, Cochran DL, Szmuckler-Moncler S, Dean DD, Schwartz Z. Titanium surface roughness alters responsiveness of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells to 1,25-(OH)2D3. J Biomed Mater Res, 39: 77-85, 1998.
Cao Z, Henzel WJ, Gao X. IRAK: A kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science, 271: 1128-1131, 1996.
Cao Z, Xiong J, Takeuchi M. TRAF6 is a signal transducer for interleukin-1. Nature, 383: 443-446, 1996.
Cavaillon JM, Adrie C, Fitting C, Adib-Conquy M. Endotoxin tolerance: is there a clinical relevance? J Endotoxin Res, 9: 101-107, 2003.
Centanni, E. Immunitatserscheinungen im experimentellen Fieber mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des pyogenen Stoffes aus Typhusbakterien. Klin. Wochenschr, 21: 664-669, 1942.
Chapekar MS, Zaremba TG, Kuester RK, Hitchins VM. Synergistic induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid in combination with polytetrafluoroethylene particles in a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. J Biomed Mater Res, 31: 251-256, 1996.
Charon JA, Luger TA, Mergenhangen SE, Oppenheim JJ. Icreased thymocyte-activating factor in human gingival fluid during gingival inflammation. Infect Immun, 38: 1190-1195, 1985.
Chow JC, Young DW, Golenbock DT, Christ WJ, Gusovsky F. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction. J Biol Chem, 274: 10689-10692, 1999.
Darendeliler MA, JohoJP. Class II bimaxillary protrusion treated with magnetic force. Case report. J Clin Orthod, 26: 361-368, 1992.
Darendeliler MA, Sinclair PM, Kusy RP. The effects of samarium-cobalt magnets and pulsed electromagnetic fields on tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentfac Orthop, 107: 578-588, 1995.
Darendeliler MA, Darendeliler A, Mandurino M. Clinical application of magnets in orthodontics and biological implications: a review. Eur J Orthod, 19:431-442, 1997.
David C, Stephen B, Bobert H, Clarick BH, Bhardwaj N, May LT, Sehgal PB. Multiple forms of INF-β2/IL-6 in serum and body fluids during acute bacterial infection. J Immunol, 142: 948-953, 1989.
Dennis G, Chapman RJ, Gelfand JA, Callanhan MV, Adams DF, Lie T. Relative production of IL-1β and TNF-α by mononuclear cells after exposure to dental implants. J Periodontol, 63: 426-430, 1992.
Dewhirst FE, Stashenko PP, Mole JE, Tsuramachi T. Purification and partial sequence of human osteoclast-activating factor: Identity with interleukin-1 β. J Immunol, 135: 2562-2568, 1985.
Diks SH, Richel DJ, Peppelenbosch MP. LPS signal transduction: the picture is becoming more complex. Curr Top Med Chem, 4: 1115-1126, 2004.
Dinarello CA. Biology of interleukin-1. FASEB J, 2: 108-115, 1988.
Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B. Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure. expression and evolution. Eur Cytokine Network, 11: 362-371, 2000.
Dziarski R, Tapping PI, Tobias PS. Bindng of bacterial peptidoglycan to CD14. J Biol Chem, 273: 8680-8690, 1998.
Erroi A, Fantuzzi G, Mengozzi M, Sironi M, Orencole SF, Clark BD, Dinarello CA. Differential regulation of cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide tolerance in mice. Infect Immun, 61: 4356-4359, 1993.
Fan KS. The Effects of Static-magnetic Field Used in Orthodontic Treatment on Growth Behavior of Fibroblast. 臺北醫學大學碩士論文, 2004.
Fan H, Cook JA. Molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance. J Endotoxin Res, 10: 71-84, 2004.
Faorite GO, Morgan HR. Effects producted by the intravenous injection in man of a toxic antigenic material derived from Eberthella thyphosa: clinical, hematological, chemical and serological syudies.J Clin Invest, 21: 589-599, 1942.
Feinendegen LE, Muhlensiepen H. In vivo enzyme control through a strong stationary magnetic field - the case of thymidine kinase in mouse bone marrow clls. Int J Radiat Biol, 52: 469-479, 1987.
Fischer W. Lipoteichoic acid and lipids in the membrane of Staphylococcus aureus. Med Microbiol Immun, 183: 61-76, 1994.
Flipo D, Fournier M, Benquet C, Roux P, Boulaire CL, Pinnsky C, LaBella FS, Krzystyniak K. Increased apoptosis, changes in intracellular Ca2+, and functional alterations in lymphocytes and macrophages after in vitro exposure to static magnetic field. J Toxic Environ Health, 54: 63-76, 1988.
Freudenberg MA, Keppler D, Galanos C. Requirement for lipopolysaccharide-responsive macrophages in galactosamine-induced sensitization to endotoxin. Infect Immun, 51: 891-895, 1986.
Gao JJ, Xue Q, Zuvanich EG, Haghi KR, Morrison DC. Commercial preparations of lipoteichoic acid contain endotoxin that contributes to activation of mouse macrophages in vitro. Infect Immun, 69: 751-7, 2001.
Ginsburg I. Role of lipoteichoic acid in infection and inflammation.
Lancet Infect Dis, 2: 171-179, 2002.
Gowen M, Gregory R. Actions of recombinant interleukin-1, interleukin-2, and interferon-γ on bone resorption in vitro. J Immunol, 136: 2478-2482, 1986.
Hanazawa S, Hirose K, Ohmori Y, Amano S, Kitano S. Bacteroides gingivalis fimbriae stimulate production of thymocyte-activating factor by human gingival fibroblasts. Infect Immun, 56: 272-274, 1988.
Hanazawa S, Kitano S. Functional role of interleukin-1 in periodontal disease: induction of interleukin-1 by bacteroides gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in periodontal macrophages from C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. Infect Immun, 50: 262-270, 1985.
Hattar K, Grandel U, Moeller A, Fink L, Iglhaut J, Hartung T, Morath S, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Sibelius U. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus stimulates human neutrophil cytokine release by a CD14-dependent, Toll-like-receptor-independent mechanism: Autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] in mediating LTA-induced interleukin-8 generation. Crit Care Med, 34: 835-841, 2006.
Haziot A, Ferrero E, Lin XY, Stewart CL, Goyert SM. CD14-deficient mice are exquisitely insensitive to the effects of LPS. Prog Clin Biol Res, 392: 349-351, 1995.
Hermann C, Spreitzer I, Schroder NW, Morath S, Lehner MD, Fischer W, Schutt C, Schumann RR, Hartung T. Cytokine induction by purified lipoteichoic acids from various bacterial species--role of LBP, sCD14, CD14 and failure to induce IL-12 and subsequent IFN-gamma release. Eur J Immunol, 32 : 541-551, 2002.
Hirschfeid M, Weis JJ, Toshchakov V, Salkowski CA, Cody MJ. Signaling by Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 agonists results in differential gene expression in murine macrophages. Infect Immun, 69: 1477-1482, 2001.
Horiba N, Maekawa Y, Abe Y, Ito M, Matsumoto T, Nakamura H, Ozeki M. Cytotoxicity against various cell lines of lipopolysaccharides purified from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Veillonella isolated from infected root canals. J Endod, 15: 530-534, 1989.
Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kawai T. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipo- polysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. J Immunol, 162: 3749-3752, 1999.
Huang HM, Lee SY, Yao WC, Lin CT, Yeh CY. Static Magnets Upregulate Osteoblast Maturate by Affecting Local Differentiation Factors. J Chin dent, 447: 201-208, 2006.
Jandinski JJ, Feder L, Holt SC. Bacterial substrate growth alters the LPS induced production of IL-1. J Dent Res, 67: 179-185, 1988
Jandinski JJ, Stashenko P, Feder LS, Leung CC, Peros WJ, Rynar JE, Deasy MJ. Localization of interleukin-1 β in human periodontal tissue. J Periodontol, 62: 36-43, 1991.
Jandinski JJ. Osteoclast activating factor is now interleukin-1 β: historical perspective and biological implication. J Oral Pathol Apr, 17: 145-152, 1988.
Jiang Q, Akashi S, Miyake K. Lipopolysaccharide induces physical proximity between CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) prior to nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B. J Immunol, 165: 2163-2167, 2000.
Kawai T, Adachi O, Ogawa T, Akira S. Unresponsiveness of MyD88-deficient Mice to endotoxin. Immunity, 11: 115-122, 1999.
Kengatharan KM, De Kimps S, Robson C, Foster SJ, Thiemermann C.Mechanism of gram-positive shock: identification of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid moieties essential in the induction of nitric oxide synthase, shock, and multiple organ failure. J Exp Med, 188: 305-315, 1998.
Kirkland TN, Finley F, Leturcq Dm, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS. Analysis of lipopolysaccharide binding CD14. J Biol Chem, 268: 24818-24823, 1993.
Kitchens RL, Ulevitch RJ, Munford RS. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) partial structures inhibit responses to LPS in a human macrophage cell line without inhibiting LPS uptake by a CD14-mediated pathway. J Exp Med, 176: 485-494, 1992.
Kopp E, Medzhitov R, Carothers J. ECSIT is an evolutionarily conserved intermediate in the Tol/IL-1 signal transduction pathway. Genes Dev, l3: 2059-2071, l999.
Kupper TS, Ballard DW, Chua AO, McGuire JS, Flood PM, Horowitz MC, Langdon R, Lightfoot L, Gubler U. Human keratinocytes contain mRNA indistinguishable from monocyte interleukin-1 mRNA. J Exp Med, 164: 2095-2100, 1986
Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Nichaut L. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent anti-fungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell, 86: 973-983, 1996.
Liburdy RP, Sloma TR, Sokolic R, Yaswen P. ELF magnetic fields, breast cancer, and melatonin: 60 Hz fields block melatonin's oncostatic action on ER+ breast cancer cell proliferation. J Pineal Res, 14: 89-97, 1993.
Lindermann RA, Economocu JS, Rothermel H. Production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by human peripheral monocytes activated by periodontal bacteria and extracted lipopolysaccharide. J Dent Res, 67: 1131-1135, 1988.
Lien E, Ingalls RB. Toll-like receptors. Crit Care Med, 30: 1-11, 2002.
Lohmann CH, Schwartz Z, Liu Y, Duerkov H, Dean DD. Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells affects differentiation and local production. J Orthop Res, 18: 637-646, 2000.
Lynn WA, Raetz CR, Qureshi N, Golenbock DT. Lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of CDllb/CD18 expression on neutrophils: Evidence of specific receptor-base response and inhibition by lipid A,-based antagonists. J Immunol, 147: 3072-3079, 1991.
Mantovani A. Novel pathways for negative regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Biotecnologia Aplicada, 15: 35-42, 1998.
Mathiak G, Kabir K, Grass G, Keller H, Steinringer E, Minor T, Rangger C, Neville LF. Lipopolysaccharides from different bacterial sources elicit disparate cytokine responses in whole blood assays. Int J Mol Med, 11: 41-44, 2003.
McDonnell SE, Kerr LD, Matrisian LM. Epidermal growth factor stimulation of stromelysin mRNA in rat fibroblasts requires induction of proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-fun and activation of protein Kinase C. Mol Cell Biol, 10: 4248-4293, 1990.
McFarlane CG, Reynolds JJ, Meikle MC. The release of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with periodontitis. J Periodont Res, 25: 207-214, 1990.
Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA Jr: A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature, 388: 394-397, 1997.
Moore KJ, Audersson LP, Ingalls RR. Divergent response to LPS and bacteria in CD14-deficient Murine macrophages. J Immunol, 165: 4272-4280, 2000.
Miyauchi M, Ijuhin N, Nikai H, Takata T, Ito H, Ogawa I. Effect of exogenously applied prostaglandin E2 on alveolar bone loss—histometric analysis. J Periodontol, 63: 405-411, 1992.
Natanson C, Esposito CJ, Banks SM. The sirens' songs of confirmatory sepsis trials: selection bias and sampling error.
Crit Care Med, 26: 1927-1931, 1998.
Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Kishimoto K, Hiyama K. The kinase TAK1 can activate the NIK-I kappaB as well as the MAP kinase cascade in the IL-1 signalling pathway. Nature, 398: 252-256, 1999.
Okada N, Kobayashi M, Mugikura K, Okamatsu Y, Hanazawa S, Kitano S, Hasegawa K. Interleukin-6 production in human fibroblasts derived from periodontal tissues is differentially regulated by cytokines a glucocorticoid. J Periodont Res, 32: 559-569, 1997.
Pacini S, Vannelli GB, Barni T, Ruggiero M, Sardi I, Pacini P, Gulisano M. Effects of 0.2 T static magnetic field on human neurons: remodeling and inhibition of signal transduction without genome instability. Neuro Sci Lett, 267: 185-188, 1999.
Page RC. The role of inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Periodont Res, 26: 230-242, 1991.
Palma C, Cassone A, Serbousek D, Pearson CA, Djeu JY. Lactoferrin release and interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor production by human polymorphonuclear cells stimulated by various lipopolysaccharides: relationship to growth inhibition of Candida albicans. Infect Immun, 60: 4604-4611, 1992.
Poltorak A, He X, Srnirnova I. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/ l0ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science, 282: 2085-2088, 1998.
Qureshi ST, Lariviere L, Leveque G. Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in Toil-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). J Exp Med, 189: 615-625, 1999.
Raymond RR, Clavo AC, Wahl RC. Exposure to strong static magnetic field slows the growth of human cancer cells in vitro. Bioelectromag, 17: 358-363, 1996
Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG, Gerlach H, Grundling M, Kreymann G, Kujath P, Marggraf G, Mayer K, Meier-Hellmann A, Peckelsen C, Putensen C, Quintel M, Ragaller M, Rossaint R, Stuber F, Weiler N, Welte T, Werdan K. Diagnosis and Therapy of Sepsis : Guidelines of the German Sepsis Society Inc. and the German Interdisciplinary Society for Intensive and Emergency Medicine. Internist, 47: 356-373, 2006.
Richards D, Rutherford RB. The effects of interleukin-1 on collagenolytic activity and Prostaglandin E secretion by human periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblast. Arch Oral Biol, 33: 237-243, 1988.
Rock FL, Hardiman G, Timans JC, Kastelein RA, Bazan JFA. Family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95: 588-593, 1998.
Saluk-Juszczak J, Wachowicz B. The proinflammatory activity of lipopolysaccharide. Postepy Biochem, 51: 280-287, 2005.
Sakurai H, Okuno K, Kubo A, Nakamura K, Shoda M. Effect of a 7-tesla homogeneous magnetic field on mammalian cells. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 49: 57-63, 1999.
Scannapieco FA. Periodontal inflammation: from gingivitis to systemic disease? Compend Contin Educ Dent, 25: 16-25, 2004.
Schroder NW, Morath S, Alexander C, Hamann L, Hartung T, Zahringer U, Gobel UB, Weber JR, Schumann RR. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus activates immune cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and CD14, whereas TLR-4 and MD-2 are not involved. J Biol Chem, 278: 15587-15594, 2003.
Schromm AB, Lien E, Henneke P. Molecular genetic analysis of an endotoxin nonresponder mutant ceil line: A point mutation in a conserved region of MD-2 abolishes endotoxin-induced signaling. J Exp Med, 194: 79-88, 2001.
Schwandner R. Dziarski R. Wesche H. Rothe M. Kirschning CJ. Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Biol Chem, 274: 17406-17409, 1999.
Shimazu R, Akashi S, Ogata H, Nagai Y, Fukudome K, Miyake K, Kimoto M. MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med, 189: 1777-1782,
1999.
Short WO, Goodwill L, Taylor CW, Job C, Arthur ME. Alteration of human tumor cell adhesion by high-strength static magnetic fields. Invest Radiol, 27: 836-840, 1992.
Sollazzo V, Traina GC, DeMattei M, Pellati A, Pezzetti F, Caruso A. Response of human MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line and human osteoblast-like cells to pulsed electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 18: 541-547, 1997.
Takaesu G, Kishida S, Hiyama A. TAB2, a novel adaptor protein, Mediates activation of TAKI MAPKKK by linking TAK1 to TRAF6 in the IL-1 signal transduction pathway. Mol Cell, 5: 649-658, 2000.
Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Takeda K, Akira S. TLR6: a novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family. Gene, 231: 59-65, 1999.
Tengku BS, Joseph BK, Harbrow D, Taverne AAR, Symons AL. Effect of a static magnetic field on orthodontic tooth movement in the rat. Eur J Orthod, 22: 475-487, 2000.
Toplak H, Batchiulis V, Hermetter A, Hunziker T, Honegger UE, Wiesmann UN. Effects of cultureand incubation conditions on membrane fluidity in monolayers of cultured cells measured as fluorescence antisotropy using trimethylammoniumdiphenlhexatriene(TMA-DPH). Biochimia et Biophysica Acta, 1028: 67-72, 1990.
Viriyakosol S, Tobias PS, Kitchens RL. MD-2 binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem, 276: 38044–38051, 2001.
Unaune ER. The regulatory role of macrophages in antigenic stimulation Ⅱ . Symbolitic relationship between lymphocytes and macrophages. Adv lmmunol, 31: 1-136, 1981.
Wertheimer N, Leeper E. Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol ,109: 273-284, 1979.
West MA, Heagy W. Endotoxin tolerance: a review. Crit Care Med, 30: 64-73, 2002.
Whiteside TL. Cytokines measurements and interpretation of cytokines assays in human disease. J Clin Immunol, 14: 327-337, 1994.
Winkler S. The effectiveness of embedded magnets on complete dentures during speech and mastication: a cineradiographic study. Dent Digest, 73: 118, 1967.
Wiskirchen J, Gronewaller EF, Kehlbach R, Heinzelmann F, Wittau M, Rodemann HP, Claussen CD, Duda SH. Long-term effects of repeatitive exposure to a static magnetic field (1.5 T) on proliferation of human fetal lung fibroblasts. Magnet Reson Med , 41: 464-468, 1999.
Wiskirchen J, Gronewaller EF, Kehlbach R, Rodegerdts E, Wittau M, Rodemann HP, Claussen CD, Duda SH. Human fetal lung fibroblasts: in vitro study of repetitive magnetic field exposure at 0.2, 1.0, 1.5 T. Radiol, 215: 858-862, 2000.
Yoshimura A, Lien E, Ingalls RR. Cutting edge: Recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via Toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol, 163: 1-5, 1999.