臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

骨質疏鬆症造成的骨折、失能，不僅使罹病者身心受創、生活品質下降，骨折後所需之醫療、復健、長期照護等問題，對病患及家人都是沉重的負擔。文獻指出男性約30%至60%，停經前婦女則約五成是因疾病或藥物而導致繼發性骨質疏鬆症，然而國內目前多針對更年期婦女進行相關研究，但對繼發性骨質疏鬆症之高危險族群卻甚少，因此本研究之目的主要是想瞭解繼發性骨質疏鬆症高危險群骨密度現況及其對骨質疏鬆症之認知與預防行為，進而探討其影響因素。採橫斷式研究設計，以方便取樣方式選取臺北市某區域級以上教學醫院之內外科住院及門診20歲以上病患，且至少符合一項繼發性骨質疏鬆症之危險因子者為研究對象，並以結構式問卷收集相關資料及GE Lunar Achilles Express Bone Ultrasonometer測量跟骨骨密度，共取得有效樣本197人。結果發現骨密度正常（T-score>-1）者佔46.2%、骨質減少（-1<T-score<-2.5）者為29.4%、骨質疏鬆（T-score<-2.5）則為24.4%，平均骨密度值介於-1至-2.5間屬骨質減少情形；有無罹患疾病、罹病種類及藥物使用情形與其骨密度間並無顯著相關。個案對骨質疏鬆症認知普遍不足（M = 57.64, SD = 28.18），僅“偶爾”執行相關預防行為（M = 2.05, SD = 0.57）。年紀輕、教育程度、職業等級能正向影響個案認知；曾接觸過骨質疏鬆症相關訊息者之認知與預防行為較佳。女性、自覺健康狀況愈佳者預防行為愈好，且與認知呈顯著正相關。個案的骨密度情形並不會影響其對骨質疏鬆症之認知與預防行為，但罹病種類則與認知及預防行為呈顯著差異。有無接觸過骨質疏鬆症相關訊息、教育程度、年紀，能解釋個案對骨質疏鬆症認知42%之變異量；而認知、罹患肝臟疾病、性別與年齡則能顯著預測其預防行為執行情形（R2 = .26, F = 16.39, p < .001）。藉由本研究初步瞭解繼發性骨質疏鬆症高危險族群對骨質疏鬆症認知不高，且偶爾才執行預防行為，因此預防骨質疏鬆症的相關衛教活動之執行是必要的，建議未來之介入性措施可考量族群特性，加強民眾對此疾病之認知，建立相關預防與醫藥保健常識，以增進預防行為之執行。

Osteoporosis is a major health threat. The quality of life of osteoporosis patients can be traumatized both physically and mentally induced by the consequences of the illness such as fracture and disability. Further medical treatment, rehabilitation, and long-term care will cause further financial burden to patients and their families. Literature indicated that around 30-60% in male and 50% in perimenopausal female of osteoporosis were secondary, however, investigations on this high risk population have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the bone mineral density (BMD), knowledge and preventive behaviors of osteoporosis among secondary osteoporosis high risk population, and to explore its related factors. A cross-sectional research design was used. The structural questionnaire and GE Lunar Achilles Express Bone Ultrasonometer were used for data collection. The convenience sample of 197 secondary osteoporosis high risk cases aged 20 years and over were recruited from outpatient and inpatient of the medical and surgical department of 1 regional hospital in Taipei. Results indicated that participants had inadequate knowledge about osteoporosis (M = 57.64, SD = 28.18) and delivered osteoporosis preventive behaviors only occasionally (M = 2.05, SD = 0.57). BMD screening revealed that 48 subjects (24.4%) were osteoporosis and 58 (29.4%) cases would be classified having osteopenia. BMD would not be different by types of medical conditions and medication used which would lead to osteoporosis. Participants who were younger, with higher educational level and occupational status were positively correlated with osteoporosis preventive knowledge. Subjects’ past expose of osteoporosis related information were positively related to their knowledge and preventive behaviors. Osteoporosis preventive behaviors were positively correlated with women, knowledge and self-rated health. There were significant difference in both knowledge and preventive behaviors of osteoporosis by disease patterns. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that previous expose of osteoporosis related information, age, and educational level accounted for 42% of total variances of knowledge; and knowledge on osteoporosis prevention, having hepatized problems, gender, and age accounted for 26% of the variation in osteoporosis preventive behaviors. Based on results of this study, educational interventions specifically based on individual characteristics to improve preventive knowledge and behaviors among secondary osteoporosis high risk population are recommended.

目 錄
致 謝------------------------------------------------------------I
中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------II
英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------IV
目 錄------------------------------------------------------------VI
圖表目次------------------------------------------------------------IX
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景及重要性----------------------------------------------1
第二節 研究動機-----------------------------------------------------5
第三節 研究目的-----------------------------------------------------9
第四節 名詞解釋----------------------------------------------------10
第二章 文獻查證
第一節 骨質疏鬆症--------------------------------------------------11
第二節 骨質疏鬆症危險因子-------------------------------------------12
第三節 骨質疏鬆症之檢測、診斷與治療----------------------------------24
第四節 骨質疏鬆症之預防行為------------------------------------------32
第五節 骨質疏鬆症相關之認知、預防行為與骨密度之相關研究----------------39
第六節 研究架構---------------------------------------------------44
第七節 研究假設---------------------------------------------------46
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究設計---------------------------------------------------47
第二節 研究對象---------------------------------------------------49
第三節 研究工具---------------------------------------------------49
第四節 研究資料收集過程--------------------------------------------56
第五節 資料分析方式------------------------------------------------58
第四章 研究結果
第一節 個案特質分析------------------------------------------------59
第二節 危險因子罹患情形與骨密度現況----------------------------------64
第三節 研究對象對骨質疏鬆症之認知與預防行為執行現況--------------------71
第四節 個案特質、危險因子罹患情形與骨質疏鬆症認知之相關-----------------74
第五節 個案特質、危險因子罹患情形與骨質疏鬆症預防行為之相關--------------79
第六節 骨質疏鬆症之認知及骨密度與預防行為執行之相-----------------------82
第七節 預測影響繼發性骨質疏鬆症高危險群對骨質疏鬆症之認知及預防行為之重要變 項--85
第五章 討論
第一節 研究對象特質說明---------------------------------------------89
第二節 探討影響個案骨質疏鬆症認知之相關因素----------------------------93
第三節 探討影響個案執行骨質疏鬆症預防行為之相關因素---------------------98
第六章 結論與建議
第一節 結論-------------------------------------------------------104
第二節 建議-------------------------------------------------------108
第三節 研究限制---------------------------------------------------110
參考資料
中文部份-----------------------------------------------------------111
英文部份-----------------------------------------------------------115
附錄
附錄一 評鑑問卷效度之專家名單----------------------------------------137
附錄二 專家效度檢定結果---------------------------------------------138
附錄三 人體試驗委員會審查證明書--------------------------------------148
附錄四 正式研究問卷-------------------------------------------------149

中文部分
中華民國內分泌學會（1997）‧國人骨質疏鬆症防治指引‧行政院衛生署委託。
中華民國骨質疏鬆症學會（2005）‧台灣婦女骨質疏鬆症防治指引，中華民國骨質疏鬆症學會，台北。
內政部戶政司（2005，10月21日）‧統計資料查詢：戶籍人口統計年報-台閩地區各縣市人口數按性別及五歲年齡組分（85-93年）‧2005年10月21日取自http://www.ris.gov.tw/ch4/static/st10-1.xls
朱瑞虹、林陳立、盧妍瑾、吳慧娜、祝春紅（2004）‧影響新婚夫婦接受婚前健康檢查之相關因素‧北市醫學雜誌，1（3），319-330。
行政院衛生署（2002）‧食品資訊網：國人膳食營養素參考攝取量‧2006年6月8日取自http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/libary/libary2_2_1.htm
行政院衛生署（2004，1月2日）‧衛生署新聞：掌握BMI，健康向前邁‧2006年2月16日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht/content.aspx
李世代（2004）‧銀髮族十大健康危機‧全民健康保險雙月刊，52，10-13。
季瑋珠、賴佳君（2001）‧全民健保預防保健服務使用率之分析‧台灣公共衛生雜誌，20（1），43-51。
林茂榮、王夷暐（2004）‧社區老人跌倒的危險因子與預防‧台灣公共衛生雜誌，23（4），259-271。
林茂榮、蔡素蘭、陳淑雅、曾信嘉（2002）‧台灣中部某鄉村社區老人跌倒之危險因子‧台灣公共衛生雜誌，21（1），73-82。
林盟喬（1997）‧臺中縣老人人口骨質疏鬆盛行率與相關因素之研究‧未發表碩士論文，高雄醫學大學，高雄。
林麗真、趙湘台、林素一（2004）‧停經婦女骨質密度與飲食中鈣質攝取研究‧中華家政學刊，35，91-102。
夏萍絅、于漱（1994）‧社區婦女對骨質疏鬆症知識與其影響因素分析研究‧護理研究，2（3），275-287。
國民健康局（2005，11月22日）‧民國九十一年臺灣地區健康促進知識、態度與行為調查‧2005年11月22日取自http://olap.bhp.doh.gov.tw/index.htm
張宏亮（2001）‧老年人骨質疏鬆症與運動‧國民體育季刊，30，39-49。
張芙美、賴惠玲、張惠君、彭台珠（2003）‧原住民社區以定量超音波篩檢骨質疏鬆症之現況分析‧慈濟護理雜誌，2（1），34-41。
張淑芳、陳靜敏、陳品玲、楊榮森（2002）‧北市某社區婦女骨質疏鬆症之預防知識、健康信念、行為現況及相關因素探討‧醫護科技學刊，3（4），303-313。
梁偉成、紀煥庭、胡明霞、林茂榮（2005）‧社區老人跌倒機轉與傷害嚴重度‧物理治療，30（3），105-115。
陳民虹、徐永年、李龍騰（1999）‧健康信念模式於門診骨質疏鬆症病患的應用研究‧中華民國家庭醫學雜誌，9（3），169-180。
陳志成、田蕙茹、陳富都、熊家正（1998）‧中老年人骨質密度減少的因素之研究：年齡、性別和停經‧中華放射技術，22（1），7-12。
陳淑華、郭美玲、黃珊、蔡來蔭（2005）‧參與社區健康篩檢婦女骨質疏鬆症與其影響因素之探討‧慈濟護理雜誌，4（3），56-63。
陳滋茨（1992）‧臺北市國中女教師骨質疏鬆症預防行為之探討‧公共衛生，19（2），191-206。
陳靜敏（2006）‧緒論‧於方郁文、陳怡樺、苗迺芳、張淑芳、李媚媚、蕭伃伶、吳美月、屈蓮、謝佳容、彭秀英、陳美滿、鄧玉貴（編著），社區衛生護理學（pp. 2-28）‧台北：新文京。
彭台珠、李明憲、張芙美、黃森芳、章惠君（2002）‧定量超音波骨密度儀於社區護理篩檢活動使用之可行性‧慈濟護理雜誌，1（2），56-62。
黃兆山（2000）‧骨質疏鬆症‧內科新知，3（2），70-77。
黃毓華、邱啟潤（1996）‧健康促進生活型態量表信度效度之評估‧高雄醫學科學期刊，12，529-537。
葉宏明、林為森、江承堯、楊盛玉（2002）‧參與衛教的民眾對骨質疏鬆症的知識、態度與其預防行為之研究‧秀傳醫學雜誌，3（2-3），55-63。
葛梅貞、李蘭、蕭朱杏（1999）‧傳播管道與健康行為之關係研究-以嚼檳榔為例‧中華公共衛生雜誌，18（5），349-362。
劉文良（1998）‧老人跌傷的多重因子長期追蹤研究‧行政院衛生署計畫報告。
劉俐蓉、姜逸群（2005）‧台北市立國中教職員工健康行為自我效能和健康促進型態之相關研究‧中華職業醫學雜誌，12（1），21-32。
蔡益堅（1995）‧台灣地區衛生部門優先順序檢定之先趨研究計劃-老年髖骨骨折病患追蹤研究調查論文集‧台灣省家庭計畫研究所，台中。
衛生署（2005，10月21日）‧衛生統計資訊網：民國93年台灣地區縣市死因統計結果‧2005年11月22日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/縣市癌症與死因統計結果/93縣市順位.xls
黎家銘、陳晶瑩（2005）‧老人跌倒因素的評估與預防‧台灣醫學，9（2），277-284。
賴明宏（2005）‧台灣新店地區一般民眾骨質疏鬆症流行病學調查研究‧耕莘學報，3，113-121。
錢明賽（2001）‧骨質疏鬆症‧食品科學，33（6），32-41。
韓文蕙、張玨、祁維廉（2003）‧生活型態與健檢婦女髖骨骨質密度關係‧台灣衛誌，22（1），17-26。
顏兆熊（2003a）‧骨質疏鬆症（I）診斷與篩檢‧當代醫學，30（6），471-747。
顏兆熊（2003b）‧骨質疏鬆症（II）預防與治療‧當代醫學，30（7），558-563。
顏慶雲、高淑芬、賴才雅、詹恩愉（2005）‧骨質疏鬆症防治教育之社區介入成效研究-以新竹市香山區為例‧領導護理，6（1），16-27。
英文部分
Agren, M., Karellas, A., Leahey, D., Marks, S., & Barnn, D. (1991). Ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus: A sensitive and specific discriminator of osteopenia in postmenopausal women. Calcified Tissue International, 48(4), 240-244.
Ailigner, R. L., & Emerson, J. (1998). Women’s knowledge of soteoporosis. Applied Nursing Research, 11, 111-114.
Ailinger, R. L., Braun, M. A., Lasus, H., & Whitt, K. (2005). Factors Influencing Osteoporosis Knowledge: A community study. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 22(3), 135-142.
Ailinger, R. L., Lasus, H., & Braun, M. A. (2003). Revision of the Facts on Osteoporosis Quiz. Nursing Research, 52(3), 198-201.
Alem, A. M., Sherrard, D. J., Gillen, D. L., Weiss, N. S., Beresford, S. A., Heckbert, S. R., Wong, C., & Stehman-Breen, C. (2000). Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney International, 58(1), 396-399.
Ali, N. S. (1999). Predictors of quality of life in women: Hormone therapy self-efficacy and health-promoting behavior. Women & Health, 29(2), 69-79.
American College of Rheumatology. (2001). Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: 2001 update. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 44(7), 1496-1503.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2005). Selecting and Effectively Using a Health/Fitness Facility. Retrieved November 26, 2005, from http://www.acsm.org/health%2Bfitness/pdf/brochures/SEUHFFbrochure.pdf
Anderson, A. E., Woodward, P. J., & LaFrance, N. (1995). Bone mineral density of eating disorder subgroups. International Journal of Eating Disorder, 18(4), 335-342.
Ardizzone, S., Bollani, S., Bettica, P., Bevilacqua, M., Molteni, P., & Bianchi Porro, G. (2000). Altered bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease: There is a difference between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Journal of Internal Medicine, 247(1), 63-70.
Bachrach, L. K. (2000). Making an impact on pediatric bone health. Journal of Pediatrics, 136(2), 137-139.
Bagger, Y. Z., Tanko, L. B., Alexandersen, P., Hansen, H. B., Mollgaard, A., Ravn, P., Qvist, P., Kanis, J. A., & Christiansen, C. (2004). Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: The PERF study. Bone, 34(4), 28-35.
Bailey, K., Combs, M. C., Rogers, L. J., & Stanley, K. L. (2000). Meaauring up: could this simple nursing intervention help prevent osteoporosis? AWHONN Lifelines, 4(2), 41-44.
Barrett-Connor, E., Chang, J. C., & Edelstein, S. L. (1994). Coffee-associated osteoporosis offset by daily milk consumption. Te Rancho Bernardo Study. Journal of American Medicine, 271(4), 280-283.
Barzel, U. S. (1995). The skeleton as an ion exchange system: implications for the role of acid-base imbalance in the genesis of osteoporosis. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 10(10), 1431-1436.
Ben-Shlomo, A., Hagag, P., Evans, S., & Weiss, M. (2001). Early postmenopausal bone loss in hyperthyroidism. Maturitas, 39(1), 19-27.
Black, D. M., Cummings, S. R., Karpf, D. B., Cauley, J. A., Thompson, D. E., Nevitt, M. C., Bauer, D. C., Genant, H. K., Haskell, W. L., Marcus, R., Ott, S. M., Torner, J. C., Quandt, S. A., Reiss, T. F., & Ensrud, E. E. (1996). Randomized trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet, 348(9041), 1535-1541.
Blalock, S. J., Norton, L. L., Patel, R. A., & Dooley, M. A. (2005). Patient knowledge, beliefs , and behavior concerning the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 53(5), 732-739.
Boling, E. P. (2004). Secondary Osteoporosis: Underlying Disease and the Risk for Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis. Clinical Therapeutics, 26(1), 1-14.
Bracker, M. D., & Watts, N. B. (1998). How to get the most out of bone densitometry. Results can help assess fracture risk and guide therapy. Journal of postgraduate medicine, 104(4), 77-79, 83-86.
Brenstine, M., Rothstine, H., & Cohen, J. (2001). Sample power 2.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
Brown, J. S., & McCreedy, M. (1986). The hale elderly: health behavior and its correlates. Research in Nursing and Health, 9, 317-329.
Chang, L. C., Li, I. C., Hisao, B. Y., Cheng, W. E., & Lin, S. F. (2004). A Preliminary Survey of the Health Behaviors of Community Leaders. Jorunal of Nursing Research, 12(2), 92-102.
Chang, S. F. (2006). A cross-sectional survey of calium intake in relation to knowledge of osteoporosis and beliefs in young adult women. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 12, 21-27.
Chapuy, M. C., Arlot, M. E., Duboeuf, F., Brun, J., Crouzet, B., Arnaud, S., Delmas, P. D., & Meunier, P. J. (1992). Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. New England Journal of Medicine, 327(23), 1637-1642.
Chesnut, C. H., Silverman, S., Andriano, K., Genant, H., Gimona, A., Harris, S., Kiel, D., LeBoff, M., Maricic, M., Miller, P., Moniz, C., Peacock, M., Richardson, M., Watts, N., & Baylink, D. (2000). A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: The prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. The American Journal of Medicine, 109(4), 267-276.
Chie, W. C., Yang, R. S., Liu, J. P., & Tsai, K. S. (2004). High incidence rate of hip fracture in Taiwan: estimated from a nationwide health insurance database. Osteoporosis International, 15, 998-1002.
Chiu, J. F., Lan, S. J., Yang, C. Y., Wang, P. W., Yao, W. J., Su, L. H., & Hsieh, C. C. (1997). Long-term vegetarian diet and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women. Calcified Tissue International, 60(3), 245-249.
Cohen, A., & Shane, E. (2003). Osteoporosis after solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. Osteoporosis International, 14(8), 617-630.
Coin, A., Sergi, G., Beninca, P., Lupoli, L., Cinti, G., Ferrara, L., Benedetti, G., Tomasi, G., Pisent. C., & Enzi, G. (2000). Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Underweight and Normal elder subjects. Osteoporosis International, 11, 1043-1050.
Collier, J. D,. Ninkovic, M., & Compston, J. E. (2002). Guidelines on the management of osteoporosis associated with chronic liver disease. Gut, 50(Suppl1), 11-19.
Conlisk, A. J., & Galuska, D. A. (2000). Is caffeine associated with bone mineral density in young adult women? Preventive medicine, 31(5), 562-568.
Cooper, C., Coupland, C., & Mitchell, M. (1995). Rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid therapy and hip fracture. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 54(1), 49-52.
Coupland, C. A., Cliffe, S. J., Bassey, E. J., Grainge, M. J., Hosking, D. J., & Chilvers, C E. (1999). Habitual physical activity and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in England. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28(2), 241-246.
Cummings, S. R., & Melton III, L. J. (2002). Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet, 359, 1761-67.
Cunnane, G., & Lane, N. E. (2000). Steroid-induced osteoporosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 26(2), 311-29.
Danielson, M. E., Cauley, J. A., Baker, C. E., Newman, A. B., Dorman, J. S., Towers, J. D., & Kuller, L. K. (1999). Familial Resemblance of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Calcaneal Ultrasound Attenuation: The BMD in Mothers and Daughters Study. Journal of bone and mineral research, 14(1), 102-110.
Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S. S., Krall, E. A., & Dallal, G. E. (1997). Effect of calcium and Vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. The Journal of New England Medicine, 337(10), 670-676.
Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S. S., Krall, E. A., & Dallal, G. E. (2000). Effect of withdrawal of calcium and vitamin D supplements on bone mass in elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), 745-750.
Day, L., Fildes, B., Gordon, I., Fitzharris, M., Flamer, H., & Lord, S. (2002). Randomised factorial trial of falls prevention among older people living in their own homes. British Medical Journal, 325(7356), 128-131.
De Laet, C., Kanis, J. A., Odén, A., Johanson, H., Johnell, O., Delmas, P., Eisman, J. A., Kroger, H., Fujiwara, S., Garnero, P., McCloskey, E. V., Mellstrom, D. L., Melton 3rd, J., Meunier, P. J., Pols, H. A. P., Reeve, J., Silman, A., & Tenenhouse, A. (2005). Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: A meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International, 16(11), 1330-1338.
De Prisco, C., & Levine, S. N. (2005). Metabolic bone disease after gastric bypass surgery for obesity. The American journal of the medical sciences, 329(2), 57-61.
De Villers, M. J. (2003). Documentation of preventive education and screening for osteoporosis. Outcomes Management, 7(1), 28-32.
Delmas, P. D., Bjarnason, N. H., Mitlak, B. H., Ravoux, A. C., Shah, A. S., Huster, W. J., Draper, M., & Christiansen, C. (1997). Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(23), 1641-1647.
DeVillis, R. F. (1991). Scale Development: Theory and application. (pp. 51-90). Newbury Park, CA: Stage.
Di Daniele, N., Carbonelli, M. G., Candeloro, N., Iacopino, L., De Lorenzo, A., & Andreoli, A. (2004). Effect of supplementation of calcium and vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in peri- and post-menopause women; a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pharmacological Research, 50(6), 637-641.
Diamond, T., Stiel, D., Lunzer, M.,Wilkinson, M., Roche, J., & Posen, S. (1990). Osteoporosis and skeletal fractures in chronic liver disease. Gut. 31(1), 82-87.
Duncan, C., Blimkie, C., Cowell, C., Burke, S., Briody, J., & Howman-Giles, R. (2002). Bone mineral density in adolescent female athletes : Relationship to exercise type and muscle strength. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 34(2), 286-294.
Dunnigan, M. G., & Henderson, J. B. (1997). An epidemiological model of privational rickets and osteomalacia. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 56(3), 939-956.
Edelsten, O. Werner, P. & Vered, I. (2003). Correlates of knowledge about osteoporosis among osteoporotic men. In American Society for Bone Mineral Research Conference, Minneapolis, USA.
Edwards, L., & Fraser, M. (1997). How do we increase awareness of osteoporosis? Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology, 11(3), 631-644.
Ettinger, M. P. (2003). Aging bone and osteoporosis: strategies for preventing fractures in the elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(18), 2237-2246.
Felson, D. T., Kiel, D. P., Anderson, J. J., & Kannel, W. B. (1988). Alcohol consumption and hip fractures: The Framingham Study. American journal of epidemiology, 128(5), 1102-1110.
Felson, D. T., Zhang, Y., Hannan, M. T., Kannel, W. B., & Kiel, D. P. (1995). Alcohol intake and bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Framingham Study. America Journal of Epidemiology, 142(5), 485-492.
Feskanich, D., Weber, P., Willet, W., Rockett, H., Booth, S., & Colditz, G. (1999). Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 74-79.
Fontana, L., Shew, J. L., Holloszy, J. O., & Villareal, D. T. (2005). Low bone mass in subjects on a long-term raw vegetarian diet. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(6), 684-689.
Gallant, M. P., & Dorn, G. P. (2001). Gender and race difference in the predictors of daily health practices among older adults. Health Education Research, 16(1), 21-31.
Geier, K. (2001). Osteoporosis in men. Orthopaedic Nursing, 20(6), 49-56.
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Lewis, F. M. (2002). The Scope of Health Behavior and Health Education. In Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Lewis, F. M. (Eds.), Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice (3th ed., pp. 11). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Golden, N. H. (2000). Osteoporosis prevention: A pediatric challenge. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 154(6), 542-543.
Gonnelli, S., Cepollaro, C., Montagnani, A., Bruni, D., Caffarelli, C., Breschi, M., Gennari, L., Gennari, C., & Nuti, R. (2003). Alendronate Treatment in Men With Primary Osteoporosis: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study. Calcified Tissue International, 73(2), 133-139.
Grabe, D. W., Cerull, J., Stroup, J. S., & Kane, M. P. (2006). Comparison of the Achilles Express Ultrasonometer with Central Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40, 830-835.
Grant, A. M., Avenell, A., Campbell, M. K., McDonald, A. M., MacLennan, G. S., McPherson, G. C., Anderson, F. H., Cooper, C., Francis, R. M., Donaldson, C., Gillespie, W. J., Robinson, C. M., Torgerson, D. J., & Wallace, W. A. ( 2005). Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 365(9471), 1621-1628.
Greenspan, S. L., Bouxsein, M. L., Melton, M. E., Kolodny, A. H., Clair, J. H., Delucca, P. T., Stek, M. Jr., Faulkner, K. G., & Orwoll, E. S. (1997). Precision and discriminatory ability of calcaneal bone assessment technologies. Journal of Mineral Research, 12(11), 1303-1313.
Gullberg, B., Johnell, O., & Kanis, J. A. (1997). World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporosis international, 7(5), 407-413.
Hannan, M. T., Tucker, K. L., Dawson-Hughes, B., Cupples, L. A., Felson, D. T., & Kiel, D. P. (2000). Effect of Dietary Protein on Bone Loss in Elderly Men and Women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 15(12), 2504-2512.
Haugeberg, G., Uhlig, T., Falch, J. A., Halse, J. I., & Kvien, T. K. (2000). Bone mineral density and frequency of osteoporosis in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from 394 patients in the Oslo County Rheumatoid Arthritis register. Arthritis and Rheumatis, 43(3), 522-530.
Heinonen, A., Kannus, P., Sievänen, H., Oja, P., Pasanen, M., Rinne, M., Uusi-Rasi, K., & Vuori, H. (1996). Randomised controlled trial of effect of high-impact exercise on selected risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Lancet, 348(9038), 1343-1347.
Herzog, W., Minne, H., Deter, C., Leidig, G., Schellberg, D., Wuster, C., Gronwald, R., Sarembe, E., Kroger, F., & Bergmann, G. et al. (1993). Outcome of bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa patients 11.7 years after first admission. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 8(5), 597-605.
Hirota, T. & Hirota, K. (2004). Strategies for the prevention of osteoporosis in young and middle aged adults. Clinic Calcium, 14(11), 57-62.
Hock, J M., & Gera, I. (1992). Effects of continuous and intermittent administration and inhibition of resorption on the anabolic response of bone to parathyroid hormone. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 7(1), 65-72.
Hodgson, S. F., Dickson, E. R., Eastell, R., Eriksen, E. F., Bryant, S. C., & Riggs, B. L. (1993). Rates of cancellous bone remodeling and turnover in osteopenia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Bone, 14(6), 819-827.
Hoidrup, S., Gronbaek, M., Gottschau, A., Lauritzen, J. B., & Schroll, M. (1999). Alcohol intake, beverage preference, and risk of hip fracture in men and women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149(11), 993-1001.
Huang, T. T. (2005). Home Environmental Hazards among Community-Dwelling Elderly in Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing Research, 13(1), 49-57.
International Council of Nurses. (2001). International Prespectives. International Nursing Review, 48,197-206.
International Council of Nurses. (2004). Fact Sheet: Osteoporosis: The Silent thief. Retrieved December 2, 2005, from http://www.icn.ch/matters_osteo.htm
Ip, T. P., Lam, L. K., & Kung, W. C. (2004). Awareness of osteoporosis among physicians in China. Osteoporosis International, 15, 329-334.
Iqbal, F., Michaelson, J., Thaler, L., Rubin, J., Roman, J., & Nanes, M. S. (1999). Declining bone mass in men with chronic pulmonary disease: Contribution of glucocorticoid treatment, body mass index, and gonadal function. Chest, 116, 1616-1624.
Juby, A. G., & Davis, P. (2001). A Prospective Evaluation of the Awarness, Knowledge, Risk Factors and Current Treatment of Osteoporosis in a Cohort of Elederly Subjects. Osteoporosis International, 12, 617-622.
Kanis, J. A. (2002). Dignosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet, 359(9321), 1929-1936.
Kanis, J. A., Johansson, H., Johnell, O., Oden, A., De Laet, C., Eisman, J. A., Pols, H., & Tenenhouse, A. (2005a). Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporosis International, 16(7), 737-42.
Kanis, J. A., Johansson, H., Oden, A., Johnell, O., DeLaet, C., Eisman, J. A., McCloskey, E. V., Mellstrom, D., Melton III, L. J., Pols, H. A. P., Reeve, J., Silman, A. J., & Tenenhouse, A. (2004). A family history of fracture and fracture risk : a meta-analysis. Bone, 35, 1029-1037.
Kanis, J. A., Johnell, O., Oden, A., Johansson, H., DeLaet, C., Eisman, J. A., Fujiwara, S., Kroger, H., McCloskey, E. V., Mellstrom, D., Melton, L. J., Pols, H., Reeve, J., Silman, A., & Tenenhouse, A. (2005b). Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International, 16, 155-162.
Kanis, J. A., Johnell, O., Oden, A., Sernbo, I., Redlund-Johnell, I., Dawson, A., DeLaet, C., & Jonsson, B. (2000). Long-Term Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture in MalmŐ. Osteoporosis International, 11(8), 669-674.
Kannus, P. (1999). Preventing osteoporosis, falls, and fractures among elderly people. Promotion of lifelong physical activity is essential. British Medical Association, 318(7178), 205-206.
Kemink, S. A., Hermus, A. R., Swinkels, L. M., Lutterman, J. A., & Smals, A. G. (2000). Osteopenia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; prevalence and aspects of pathophysiology. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 23(5), 295-303.
Kern, L. M., Powe, N. R., Levine, M. A., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Harris, T. B., Robbins, J., & Fried, L. P. (2005). Association between screening for osteoporosis and the incidence of hip fracture. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142(3), 173-181.
Kessenich, C. R., Guyatt, G. H., Patton, C. L., Griffith, L.E., Hamlin, A., & Rosen, C. J. (2000). Support group intervention for women with osteoporosis. Rehabilitation Nursing, 25(3), 88-92.
Korpelainen, R., Korpelainen, J., Heikkinen, J., Vaananen, K., & Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. (2006). Lifelong risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures in elderly women with low body mass index-A population-based study. Bone, 39(2), 385-391.
Krakauer, J. C., McKenna, M. J., Buderer, N. F., Rao, D. S., Whitehouse, F. W., & Parfitt, A. M. (1995). Bone loss and bone turnover in diabetes. Diabetes, 44(7), 775-782.
Krall, E. A., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (1999). Smoking increases bone loss and decreases intestinal calcium absorption. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 14(2), 215-220.
Kraut, J. A. (2000). Disturbances of acid-base balance and bone disease in end-stage renal disease. Seminars in Dialysis, 13(4), 261-266.
Laan R. F., Jansen, T. L., & van Riel, P. L. (1999). Glucocorticosteroids in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 38(1), 6-12.
Lau, E. M., Leung, P.C., Kwok, T., Woo, J., Lynn, H., Orwoll, E., Cummings, S., & Cauley, J. (2006). The determinants of bone mineral density in Chinese men-results from Mr. Os (Hong Kong), the first cohort study on osteoporosis in Asian men. Osteoporosis International, 17(2), 297-303.
Layne, J. E., & Nelson, M. E. (1998). The effect of progressive resistance training on bone density: A review. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 31(1), 25-30.
Lips, P. (1999). Preventing of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis: should be easier if doctors follow the recent guideline. British Medical Journal, 318(7195), 1366-1367.
Lloyd, T., Rollings, N., Eggli, D. F., Kieselhorst, K., Chinchilli, V. M. (1997). Dietary caffeine intake and bone status of postmenopausal women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1826-1830.
Lunt, M., Masaryk, P., Scheidt-Nave, C., Nijs, J., Poor, G., Pols, H., Falch, J. A., Hammermeister, G., Reid, D. M., Benevolenskaya, L., Weber, K., Cannata, J., O’Neill, T. W., Felsenberg, D., Silman, A. J., & Reeve, J. (2001). The effects of lifestyle, dietary dairy intake and diabetes on bone density and vertebral deformity prevalence: the EVOS study. Osteoporos International, 12(8), 688-698.
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382-385.
Maksymowych, W. P. (1998). Managing acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures with calcitonin. Canadian Family Physician, 44, 2160-2166.
Marquez, M. A., Melton III, L. J., Muhs, J. M., Crowson, C. S., Tosomeen, A., O’Connor, M. K., O’Fallon, W. M., & Riggs. B. L. (2001). Bone Density in an Immigrant Population from Southeast Asia. Osteoporosis international, 12(7), 595-604.
Masud, T., & Morris, R. (2001). The epidemiology of falls. Age Ageing, 30(suppl 4), 4-7.
Mayo Clinic（2004）‧骨質疏鬆症‧（楊雅婷譯）‧台北：天下生活。（原著出版於2003）
Melanie, W., & Gopal, S. (1998). A health education initiative: Teaching college women about osteoporosis. Journal of Nursing Education, 37(6), 271-274.
Meunier, P. J., Sebert, J. L., Reginster, J. Y., Briancon, D., Appelboom, T., Netter, P., Loeb, G., Rouillon, A., Barry, S., Evreux, J. C., Avouac, B., & Marchandise, X. (1998). Fluoride salts are no better at preventing new vertebral fractures than calcium-vitamin D in postmenopausal osteoporosis: the FAVO study. Osteoporosis international, 8(1), 4-12.
Misra, M., Aggarwal, A., Miller, K. K., Almazan, C., Worley, M., Soyka, L. A., Herzog, D. B., & Klibanski, A. (2004). Effects of Anorexia Nervosa on Clinical, Hematologic, Biochemical, and Bone Density Parameters in Community-Dwelling Adolescent Girls. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1574-1584.
Muncer, S. J., Taylor, S., & Smith, M. (1999). Power dressing and meta-analysis: New clothes for an emperor [Abstracts]. VI European congress of psychology Abstracts, July, 310-311.
NAMS (2002). Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: Position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause: The Journal of The American Menopause Society, 9(2), 84-101.
Narayan, M. C. (2004). Nurse, healthyself of osteoporosis. Home Healthcare Nurse, 22(4), 226-236.
National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. (2005, May, 3). Dietary Reference Intakes Tables : The complete set. Retrieved November 26, 2005, from http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/21/372/0.pdf
National Institutes of Health. (1997). National Asthma Education Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health.
National Institutes of Health. (2001). Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH consensus development panel. Journal of American Medicine Association, 285(6), 785-795.
National Osteoporosis Foundation. (1998). Physician’s guide to prevention and treatment osteoporosis. Belle Mead, NJ: Excerpta Medical.
National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2005). Prevention Exercise for Health Bones. Retrieved November 26, 2005, from http://www.nof.org/prevention/exercise.htm
National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2002). America’s Bone Health: The State of Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass in Our Nation. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation.
National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2003). Physician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation.
National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2005). About osteoporosis: Fast facts. Retrieved December 10, 2005, from http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/diseasefacts.htm
Neer, R. M., Arnaud, C. D., Zanchetta, J. R., Prince, R., Gaich, G. A., Reginster, J. Y., Hodsman, A. B., Eriksen, E. F., Ish-Shalom, S., Genant, H. K., Wang, O., & Mitlak, B. H. (2001). Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) on Fractures and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344(19), 1434-1441.
Nguyen, T. V., Center, J. R., & Eisman, J. A. (2000). Osteoporosis in elderly men and women: effects of dietary calcium, physical activity, and body mass index. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 15(2), 322-331.
Pachucki-Hyde, L. (2001). Assessment of risk factors for osteoporosis and fracture. Nursing Clinics of North America, 36(3), 401-408.
Peat, I. D., Healy, S., Reid, D. M., Ralston, S. H. (1995). Steroid induced osteoporosis: an opportunity for prevention? Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 54, 66-68.
Perry, H. M. III (1999). The endocrinology of aging. Clinic chemistry, 45, 1369-1376.
Podbesek, R., Edouard, C., Meunier, P. J., Parsons, J. A., Reeve, J., Stevenson, R. W., & Zanelli, J. M. (1983). Effects of two treatment regimes with synthetic human parathyroid hormone fragment on bone formation and the tissue balance of trabecular bone in greyhounds. Endocrinology, 112(3), 1000-1006.
Porthouse, J., Cockayne, S., King, C., Saxon, L., Steele, E., Aspray, T.,Baverstock, M., Birks, Y., Dumville, J., Francis, R., Iglesias, C., Puffer, S., Sutcliffe, A., Watt, I., & Torgerson, D. J. (2005). Randomized controlled trial of supplementation with calcium and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. British Medical Journal, 330(7498), 1003-1008.
Rapuri, P. B., Gallagher, J. C., Balhorn, K. E., & Ryschon, K. L. (2000). Smoking and bone metabolism in elderly women. Bone, 27(3), 429-436.
Rapuri, P. B., Gallagher, J. C., Kinyam, H. K., & Ryschon, K. L. (2001). Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(5), 694-700.
Ray, N. F., Chan, J. K., Thamer, M., & Melton, L. J. 3rd. (1997). Medical expenditures for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures in the United States in 1995: Report from the national osteoporosis foundation. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 12(1), 24-35.
Riggs, B. L., & Melton III, L. J.（1997）‧骨質疏鬆症：病因、診斷、治療‧（楊榮森譯）‧台北：合記。（原著出版於1995）
Riggs, B. L., Khosla, S., & Melton III, L. J. (2002). Sex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton. Endocrine Society, 23(3), 279-302.
Riggs, L., & Hartmann, L. (2003). Selective estrogen receptor modulators: Mechanisms of action and application to clinical practice. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 618-629.
Ringe, J. D. (1998). Vitamin D Deficiency and Osteopathies. Osteoporosis International, 8(8), s35-s39.
Rossouw, J. E., Anderson, G. L., Prentice, R. L., LaCroix, A. Z., Kooperberg, C., Stefanick, M. L., Jackson, R. D., Beresford, S. A., Howard, B. V., Johnson, K. C., Kotchen, J. M., & Ockene J. (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. Journal of American Medical Association, 288, 321-333.
Rubenstein, L. Z., & Josephson, K. R. (2002). The epidemiology of falls and Syncope. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 18(2), 141-158.
Rubin, L. A., Hawker, G. A., Peltekova, V. D., Fielding, L. J., Ridout, R., & Cole, D. D. (1999). Determinants of peak bone mass: Clinical and genetic analysis in a young female Canadian cohort. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 14(4), 633-643.
Saw, S. M., Hong, C. Y., Lee, J., Wong, M. L., Chan, M. F., Cheng, A., & Lenog, K. H. (2003). Awareness and health beliefs of women towards osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International, 14(7), 595-601.
Schuit, S. C. E., van der Klift, M., Weel, A..E. A. M., de Laet, C. E. D. H., Burger, H., Seeman, E., Hofiman, A., Uitterlinden, A. G., van Leeuwen, J. P. T. M., & Pols, H. A. P. (2004). Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study. Bone, 34, 195-202.
Seeman, E. (2003). Invited Review: Pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Journal of applied physiology, 95, 2142-2151.
Shapses, S. A., & Riedt, C. S. (2006). Bone, body weight, and weight reduction: what are the concerns? The Journal of nutrition, 136, 1453-1456.
Sinigaglia, L., Varenna, M., Binelli, L., Zucchi, F., Ghiringhella, D., Gallazzi, M., Limonta, M., Zeni, S., & Fantini, F. (1999). Determinants of bone mass in systemic lupus erythematosus: A cross sectional study on premenopausal women. Journal of Rheumatology, 26(6), 1280-1284.
Siris, E. S., Harris, S. T., Eastell, R., Zanchetta, J. R., Goemaere, S., Diez-Perez, A., Stock, J. L., Song, J., Qu, Y., Kulkarni, P. M., Siddhanti, S. R., Wong, M., Cummings, S. R., & Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista (CORE) Investigators. (2005). Skeletal Effects of Raloxifene After 8 Years: Results from the Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista (CORE) Study. Journal of Mineral Research, 20(9), 1514-24.
Siris, E. S., Miller, P. D., Barrett-Connor, E., Faulkner, K. G., Wehren, L. E., Abbott, T. A., Berger, M. L., Santora, A. C., & Sherwood, L. M. (2001). Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women result from the national osteoporosis risk assessment. Journal of American Medical Association, 286(22), 2815-2822.
Smith, B. J., Phillips, P. J., & Heller, R. F. (1999). Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases are associated with osteoporosis and fractures: A literature review Respirology, 4(2), 101-109.
Stein, E., &. Shane, E. (2003). Secondary osteoporosis. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America, 32(1), 115-34.
Stoller, E. P., & Pollow, R. (1994). Factors Affecting the Frequency of Health Enhancing Behaviors by the Eledrly. Public Health Report, 109(3), 377-389.
Sutcliffe, A. (2005). An overview of osteoporosis. Nursing Standard, 20(2), 58-64.
Taaffe, D. R., Duret, C., Wheeeler, S., & Marcus, R. (1999). Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(10), 1208-1214.
Taal, M. W., Cassidy, M. J. D., Pearson, D., Green, D., & Masud, T. (1999). Usefulness of quantitative heel ultrasound compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in determining bone mineral density in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 14, 1917-1921.
Taal, M. W., Masud, T., Green, D., & Cassidy, M. J. (1999). Risk factors for reduced bone density in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 14(8), 1922-1928.
Tam, C. S., Heersche, J. N., Murray, T. M., & Parsons, J. A. (1982). Parathyroid hormone stimulates the bone apposition rate independently of its resorptive action: differential effects of intermittent and continuous administration. Endocrinology, 110(2), 506-512.
Tanaka, T., Latorre, M. R. D. O., Jaime, P. C., Florndo, A. A., Pippa, M. G. B., & Zerbini, C. A. F. (2001). Risk factors for proximal femur osteoporosis in men aged 50 years or older. Osteoporosis International, 12(11), 942-949.
Taxel, P. (1998). Osteoporosis: Detection, Prevention, and treatment in primary care. Geriatrics, 53(8), 22-29.
Templeton, K. (2005). Secondary Osteoporosis. Journal of the American Academy of Orthpaedic Surgeons, 13(7), 475-486.
Tinetti, M. E. (2003). Preventing falls in elderly persons. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 42-49.
Tinetti, M. E., Baker, D. I., McAvay, G., Claus, E. B., Garrett, P., Gottschalk, M., Koch, M. L., Trainor, K., & Horwitz， R. I. (1994). A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. New England Journal of Medicine, 331(13), 821-827.
Tsai, K. S., Twu, S. J., Chieng, P. U., Yang, R. S., Lee, T. K., & the Geriatric Study Group, ROC. (1996). Prevalence of vertebral fractures in Chinese men and women in urban Taiwanese communities. Calcified Tissue International, 59, 249-253.
Tuominen, J. T., & Mpolsc, P. P. (1999). Bone mineral density in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 22, 1196-1200.
Twiss, J. J., Dillon, A. L., Konfrst, J. M., Stauffer, J., & Paulman, A. (2002). The relationship of actual height loss with health-seeking behaviors and risk factors in perimenopausal and menopausal women. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 14(3), 131-137.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Van Staa, T. P., Leufkens, G. H., Abenhaim, L., Begaud, B., Zhang, B., & Cooper, C. (2000). Use of oral corticosteroids in the United Kingdom. QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 93, 105-111.
Van Staa, T. P., Leufkens, H. G. M., & Cooper, C. (2002). The Epidemiology of Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis: a Meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International, 13, 777-787.
Vestergaard, P. (2004). Prevalence and pathogenesis of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Minerva Medica, 95(6), 469-480.
Wallace, L. S. (2002). Osteoporosis prevention in college women: application of the expanded health belief model. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26, 163-172.
Walsh, L. J., Wong, C. A., Pringle, M., & Tattersfield, A. E. (1996). Use of oral corticosteroids in the community and the prevention of secondary osteoporosis: a cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 313, 344-436.
Ward, K. D., & Klesges, R. C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcified Tissue International, 68(5), 259-270.
Watts, N. B. (2000). Focus on Primary Care Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: An Update. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 55(12), s49-s55.
Werner, P. & Vered, I. (2002). The diagnosis of osteoporosis: Attitudes and knowledge of Israeli physicians. Aging clinical and experimental research, 14(1), 52-59.
Werner, P. (2003). Knowledge and correlates of osteoporosis: A comparison of Israeli-Jewish and Israeli-Arab women. Journal of Women and Aging, 15(4), 33-49.
Werner, P. (2005). Knowledge about osteoporosis: assessment, correlates and outcomes. Osteoporosis International, 16(2), 115-127.
Werner, P., Olchovsky, D., Erlich-Gelaki, H. & Vered, I. (2003a). First-degree relative of persons suffering from osteoporosis: Beliefs, knowledge, and health-related behavior. Osteoporosis International, 14, 306-311.
Werner, P., Olchovsky, D., Shemy, G., & Vered, I. (2003b). Osteoporosis health-related behaviors: A comparison of peri- and postmenopausal secular and ultra-orthodox Israeli Jewish women. Maturitas, 46(4), 283-294.
Williams, B., Cullen, L., & Barlow, J. H. (2002). “I never realized how little I knew! ” A pilot study of osteoporosis knowledge, beliefs and behaviors. Health Care for Women International, 23(4), 344-350.
Winzehberg, T. M., Oldenburg, B., Frending, S., & Jones, G. (2003). The design of a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure osteoporosis knowledge in women: the Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool (OKAT). Musculoskeletal Disorders, 4, 17-21.
Wolfhagen, F. H., van Buuren, H. R., Vleggaar, F. P., & Schalm, S. W. (2000). Management of osteoporosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Best Practice & Research in Clinical Gastroenterology, 14(4), 629-641.
World Health Organization. (1994). Women’s Health Towards a Better World. WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization. (1999, October 11). Osteoporosis: Both health organizations and individuals must act now to avoid an impending epidemic. Retrieved December 26, 2005, from http://www.who.int/inf-pr-1999/en/pr99-58.html
World Health Organization. (2004, May 6). Regional consultation on establishing a regional guideline on osteoporosis. Retrieved December 26, 2005, from http://www.emro.who.int/ncd/news-osteoporosis0504-rdaddress.htm
Yonemura, K., Kimura, M., Miyaji, T., & Hishida, A. (2000). Short-term effect of vitamin K administration on prednisolone induced loss of bone mineral density in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Calcified Tissue Internationa, 66(2), 123-128.
Yu, S., & Huang, Y. C. (2003). Knowledge of , Attitudes Toward, and Activity to Prevent Osteoporosis Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Women. Journal of Nursing Research, 11(1), 65-72.