臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自由車公路賽是一項極具挑戰的耐力性運動項目。在1896年第一屆雅典奧運中就為競賽項目，也是亞、奧運中最主要的項目之一。而國內針對自由車選手在比賽前後的生理的相關研究卻相當的缺乏。本研究的主要目的在於探討150公里自由車比賽前後，受試者的血液生化值變化情形。以2005年全國運動會，男子組150公里自由車個人公路賽中，12名完成全程比賽的選手為對象。分析在經過150公里長時間比賽後，選手比賽前、比賽後立即與賽後一天的血液常規檢查值、乳酸、血糖、尿酸、鈣離子、鉀離子和鈣離子的變化情形。結果發現在經過150公里自由車比賽後，選手的紅血球、血紅素與血比容並沒有明顯的變化(p > .05)，但白血球數量在運動後出現顯著高於運動前 (p <.05)，顯示身體的免疫機制在長距離自由車運動下有被活化的情形，而運動血乳酸立即立即升高，而肌酸激酶(creatine kinase, CK)則由於肌肉損傷而持續的升高；但疲勞時血糖的降低表示體內可供應的能量減少。自由車運動後鈣離子和鈉離子顯著的上升顯示運動員在比賽過程中電解質失衡的情形增加，根據賽後血糖顯著低於賽前，顯示無氧醣類代謝對自自車運動佔有重要的地位。結論:選手在運動過程中大量流汗後，需補充適當水分、醣類及電解質來維持身體功能，並且補充適當的蛋白質來修補因運動所造成的肌肉傷害。

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the150 km cycle road race on blood cell counts and serum electrolyte concentrations. 12 volunteers were practiced in this study (age: 21.4 ± 8.19yrs, high: 170.5 ± 5.63 cm, weight: 62.0 ± 6.42kg). Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after the race and 24 hours after the race. Haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration did not significant change before and after race (p> .05), however leukocytes volume was significant increase by 57.78%. Serum calcium and sodium concentrations showed decrease significantly, but the response was recovery to normal range after 24hours. Serum lactate acid and creatine kinase concentration increased (p < .05). After one day rest, lactate acid was down to baseline, but creatine kinase still higher then baseline. In the 12 male athletes studied serially for 24 h after the race, the major changes involved increase in mean serum electrolyte, it means 150 km cycle road race might induce electrolyte unbalanced and impaired the exercise performance. However plasma volume immediately and 24 hours compared with the pre-race value, there were not progressive and significant change in MCH and MCHC probably indicating water supplement during racing might prevent the body fluid loss. The decreasing of blood glucose showed even athletes ingested water or sports drink, it seems necessary for athletes to eat more carbohydrate to maintain energies need during endurance race.

目 錄
簽名頁---------------------------------------------------------------ii
授權書--------------------------------------------------------------iii
中文摘要-----------------------------------------------------------iv
英文摘要-----------------------------------------------------------vi
謝誌----------------------------------------------------------------vii
目錄---------------------------------------------------------------viii
圖目錄--------------------------------------------------------------xi
表目錄-------------------------------------------------------------xii
第一章 緒論------------------------------------------------------1
第一節 前言---------------------------------------------------1
第二節 問題背景---------------------------------------------2
第三節 研究重要性------------------------------------------5
第四節 研究目的---------------------------------------------5
第五節 研究範圍與限制-------------------------------------6
第六節 名詞操作性定義-------------------------------------6
第二章 文獻探討-------------------------------------------------7
第一節 血乳酸--------------------------------------------------7
第二節 血糖----------------------------------------------------9
第三節 尿酸---------------------------------------------------11
第四節 肌酸激酶---------------------------------------------13
第五節 電解質------------------------------------------------14
第三章　研究方法-----------------------------------------------17
第一節 研究對象----------------------------------------------17
第二節 實驗設計與實驗變項--------------------------------17
第三節 實驗步驟----------------------------------------------18
第四節 實驗儀器----------------------------------------------20
第五節 實驗生化分析方法-----------------------------------21
第六節 實驗控制----------------------------------------------23
第七節 資料處理與分析方法--------------------------------24
第四章　結果-----------------------------------------------------25
第一節 受試者基本資料及比賽成績---------------------25
第二節 血液常規檢查指數之變化情形------------------26
第三節 血清中生化值之變化情形實驗步驟-------------27
第伍章 討論-----------------------------------------------------34
第一節 血液常規檢查指數之變化情形-------------------34
第二節 血清中生化值之變化情形------------------------37
第陸章 結論與建議--------------------------------------------46
第一節 結論--------------------------------------------------46
第二節 建議--------------------------------------------------47
參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------48
一、中文文獻----------------------------------------------------48
二、英文文獻----------------------------------------------------50
附錄----------------------------------------------------------------57

一、中文文獻
方進隆（1990）。長跑訓練和運動強度對青年男子血清尿酸之影響。體育學報，12，115-141。
石芳綺、李建明、徐廣明、徐台閣（2004）。馬拉松賽後血液生化值的變化。93年度體育學術研討專刊，375-380。
李旺祚（1991）。新編Guyton生理學。台北市：合記圖書出版社。
李建明、黃欽永、黃谷臣、湯馥君（2002）。不同年齡層參與馬拉松的血液生化值之比較。大專體育學刊，4，157-164。
李寧遠、巫錦霖、郭婕、陳文銓、張志平、程一雄等（2004）。運動營養學。台北市：華香園出版社。
林正常、林貴福、徐台閣、吳慧君譯（2002）。運動生理學 （Scott, K. P., & Edward, T H. 著，2001年出版）。台北市：藝軒。
林麗娟（1998）。運動對調節鈣離子激素之影響。中華體育季刊，45，77-84。
林學宜、徐台閣（2000）。不同運動強度對抗氧化酵素及丙二醛的影響。體育學報，23，251-260。
吳家慶、黃滄海、謝伸裕（2005）。鐵人三項比賽對肌肉損傷指標與脂質過氧化的影嚮，運動生理暨體能學報，2，93-102。
吳慧君、黃弈仁、譚凱（2003）。24小時超級馬拉松對跑者血球變化及鐵代謝之影響，體育學報，34，1-12。
施正人、施光隆（1995）。自由車運動員的營養需求。中華體育，8(2)，122-130。
徐台閣（1997）。半程馬拉松賽對自然殺手細胞及自由基之影響。台北市：華興書局印行。
翁慶章、鐘伯光（2002）。高原訓練的理論與實踐。北京市：人民出版社。
黃永任、張維仁、陳玉英（1993）。馬拉松賽跑對血液中脂肪濃度的影響。體育學報，15，279-294。
廖永欽（2004）。不同海拔高度半程與全程馬拉松比賽於血液生化值的變化。未出版碩士論文，國立體育學院，台北縣。
黃涵瑳，許美智，王香生（2002）。長時問運動後補充含抗氧化劑運動飲料對復水與血液生化值的效應。大專體育學刊，4(2)，131-140。
謝伸裕（1997）。基礎運動生物化學。台北市：力大圖書公司。
樓迎統，陳君侃，黃榮棋，王錫五 （2001）。實用生理學。台北市，匯華書局有限公司。


二、英文文獻

Banfi, G., Marinelli, M., Roi, G. S., & Giacometti, M. (1995). Platelet indices in athletes performing a race in altitude environment. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Anadlysis, 9, 34-36.
Bartsch, P., Welsch, B., Albert, M., Friedman, B., Levi, M., & Kruithof, E. K. O. (1995). Balanced activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis after a 2-h triathlon. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, 1465-1470.
Bodeman, NH., Irmer, m., Schiueter, KJ, Reininghour, M., Keul, J. (1987). Activation of sodium transport in human erythrocytes by beta-adrenoceprot stimulation in vivo. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 56(4), 375-380.
Bodeman, NH., Irmer, M., Schlueter, KJ, Reininghour, M., & Keul, J. (1987). Activation of sodium transport in human erythrocytes by beta-adrenoceprot stimulation in vivo. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 56(4), 375- 380.

Chen, T. C., & Hsieh, S. S. (2001). Effects of a 7-days eccentric training period on muscle damage and inflammation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(10), 1732-1738.
Clarkson, P. M., Nosaka, K., & Braun, B. (1992). Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 512-520.
Close, G. L., Ashton, T., Cable, T., Doran, D., & MacLaren, D. P. M. (2004). Eccentric exercise, isokinetic muscle torque and delayed onset muscle soreness: the role of reactive oxygen species. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, 615-621.
Dawson, B., Henry, G. J., Goodman, C., Gillam, I., Beildy, J. R., Ching, S., F. et al. (2002). Effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on biochemical and ultrastructural indices of muscle damage after a 21 km run. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23, 10-15.
Dill, D. B., & Costill, D. L. (1974). Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 37, 247-248.
Ebbeling, C. B., & Clarkson, C. B. (1989). Exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation. Sports Medicine, 7, 207-234,
Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (1997). Designing resistance training programs (2nd ed.). Chanpaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Fohrenbach, B., Mader, A., & Hollmann, W. (1987). Determination of endurance capacity and prediction of exercise intensities for training and competition in marathon runner. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 11-18.
Gass, G. C., McLellen, T. M., & Gass, E. M. (1991). Effects of prolonged exercise at a similar percentage of maximal oxygen consumption in trained and untrained subjects. European Applied Journal of Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 63(6), 430-435.
Gisolfi, C. V., & Duchman, S. M. (1992). Guidelines for optimal replacement of beverages for different athletic events. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 679-687
Goodman, C., Henry, G., Dawson, B., Gillam. I., Beilby, J., Ching. S. et al. (1997). Biochemical and ultrastructural indices of muscle damage after a twenty-one kilometer run. The Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 29(4), 95-98.
Hellsten, Y. (1996). Adenine nucleotide metabolism-A role in free radical generation and protection? Human muscular function during dynamic exercise. Medicine and Sport Science, 41, 102-120.
Hargreaves, M. (1991). Carbohydrates and exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 9, 17-28.
Hubner-Wozniak, E., Lutoslawska, G., Sendecki, W., Dentkowski, A., Sawicka, T., & Drozd, J.(1996). Effects of 10 week-training on biochemical variables in recreational bodybuilders. Biology of Sport, 13(2), 105-112.
Jassen, G. M. E., Degenaar, C. P., Amenheere, P. P. C., Habets, H. M., & Geurten, P. (1989). Plasma urea, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, and total protein concentrations before and after 15-25, and 42-km contests. International Journal Sports Medicine, 10, 132-138.
Kanter, M. M., Lesmes, G. R., Neguin, N. D., Kaminsky, L. A., Laham-Saeger, J., & Nequin, N. D. (1988). Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase change folloeing an eighty kilometer race. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 57, 60-63.
Karlsson, J., & Saltin, B. (1971). Diet, muscle glycogen, and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 31(2), 203-206.
Kuipers, H. (1998). Training and overtraining: An introduction. Medicine Science of Sport and Exercise, 30, 1137-1139.
Kuipers, H. (1994). Exercise-induced muscle damage. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(3), 132-135.
Lin, H. Y., Fox I. H., & Spychala, J. (1990). ATP degradation and depletion of adenine nucleotides. In G. B. Zelenock (Ed.), Clinical Ischemic Syndroms (pp. 159-184). The C. V.: Mosby Company.
Margaritis, I., Tessier, F., Verdera, F., Bermon, S., & Marconnet, P. (1999). Muscle enzyme release does not predict muscle function impairment after triathlon. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 39, 133-139.
Mathews, C. K., van Holde, K. E., & Ahern, K. G. (2000) Biochemistry (3rd ed.). San Francisco：Addison Wesley Longman.
Maughan, R. J. (1986). Exercise-induced muscle cramp: a prospective biochemical study in marathon runners. Journal Sports Sciences, 4(1), 31-34.
Mile, M. P., & Clarkson, P. M. (1994). Exercise-induced muscle pain, soreness, and cramps. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 34, 203-216.
Nash, M. S. (1995). Exercise and immunology. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,26(2), 125-127.
Nielsen, H. G., Hagberg, I. A., & Lyberg, T. (2004). Marathon Running Leads to Partial Exhaustion of ROS-Generating Capacityin Leukocytes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(1), 68–73.
Overgaard, K., Fredsted, A., Hyldal, A., Ingemann-Hansen, T., Gissel, H., & Clausen, T. (2004). Effects of running distance and training on Ca2+ content and damage in human muscle. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), 821-829.
Pyne, D. B. (1994). Exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation: a review. The Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 26(3/4), 49-58.
Pan, Y. Z., Wu, B. M., Hong, X. S. (1994). The clinical significance of platelet activation during exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. ZhongHua Nei Ke Zha Zhi, 33, 106–108.
Szygula, Z.(1990). Erythrocytic system under the influence of physical exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 10, 181-197.
Todd, M. K., Goldfarb, A. H., Kauffman, R. D., & Burleson, C. (1994). Combined effects of age and exercise on thromboxane B2 and platelet activation. Journal of Applied physiology, 76, 1548-1552.
Weight, L. M. (1993). Sports anaemia. Sports Medicine, 16, 1-4.
Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (1974). Semiautomated systems approach to the assessment of oxygen uptake during exercise. Journal Applied Physiology, 36, 618-620.
Wilkerson, J. E., Sanders, T. M., & Bloor, C. M. (1986). Blood biochemical status of miniature swine during submaximal and exhaustive exercise. Medicine Science Sports Exercise. 18, 180-185
Weltman, A. (1995). The Blood Lactate Response to Exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (1988). Training for sport and activity: The physiological basis of the conditioning process (3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.
Wolfe, R. R., Nadel, E. R., Shaw, J. E. F., Stephenson, L. A., & Wolfe, M. H. (1986). Role of changes in insulin and glucagons in glucose homeostasis in exercise. Journal of Clinical Investigatiop, 77, 900-907.