臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要

「土耳其」或「歐土關係」對於國內的國際關係領域而言似乎並不熟悉，然而鑑於土耳其與歐盟間的特殊關係脈絡，實際上諸多西方或土耳其籍學者對歐土關係相關議題極為關注並有廣泛的研究探討。儘管土耳其早於1960年代即提出加入歐洲經濟共同體（歐盟前身）之訴求，土國亦長期與西方國家間維持良好的政治安全合作聯繫，不過雙方關係發展卻並不順遂，甚至在歐盟2004年布魯塞爾高峰會中始決議於2005年10月開啟土耳其申請案之談判進程。在歐土關係整體呈現出若即若離的特殊發展途徑下，傳統研究大多由地緣政治或歷史層面切入分析歐土關係的發展，本論文中筆者則嘗試由一個新安全觀的角度針對歐土關係議題進行整理及分析。

由於歐土間的互動脈絡早已超溢傳統地緣政治所談論之軍事安全範疇，而安全又為歐土關係研究中關鍵的分析視角，因此筆者嘗試藉由Karl Deutsch及Barry Buzan等學者所揭示「由安全複合體邁向安全社群」的區域安全發展途徑作為本文主要的分析架構，並針對歐盟與土耳其間的政治、經濟與文化三大面向進行全面性的探討，更嘗試經由此一分析途徑預測未來歐土間關係可能的發展趨向。

Abstract

Many western or Turkish scholars have been concerned about EU-Turkey relevant issues. Although the terms of “Turkey” or “Relations between Turkey and Europe/EU” seem to be not familiar to Taiwanese academic circles of IR study. For the past four and a half decades, Turkey has been an important pillar of the Western alliance.
At the same time, Turkey has had a long association with the project of European integration. It made its first application to join what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) in early 1960s. But EU began to agree officially opened Turkey’s membership negotiation until October in 2005. Most scholars tend to analyze the development of EU-Turkey relations from the angle of geographic politics context. By contrast, this thesis prefer a more comprehensive security concept—A Security Community.
The main purpose of this research is to make use of two concepts—security complex and security community which are provided by Karl Deutsch and Barry Buzan, and the process “From security complex to security community” into EU-Turkey analysis. According to the framework, the political, economics and cultural dimensions of EU-Turkey relations are considered and examined. Furthermore this research not only attempt to establish a comprehensive analysis framework, but to estimate possible developments between EU and Turkey in the future.

目 錄

第一章 緒論…………………………………………1
第一節 研究背景與研究動機……………………………………………...1
壹、歐土關係研究之重要性：地緣政治觀點……………………...4
貳、歐土關係牽涉之爭議問題：政治、經濟與文化面……………7
參、研究動機與問題意識﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍9
第二節 研究目的…………………………………………………………...12
第三節 文獻回顧…………………………………………………………...14
第四節 研究方法與分析架構…………………………………………….20
第二章 安全社群研究途徑………………………..23
第一節 安全研究之演化………………………………………………….23
第二節 安全社群核心概念……………………………………………….28
壹、安全社群學理概念之淵源﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍28
貳、安全社群的重探與發展﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍31
第三節 由安全複合體至安全社群………………………………………35
第四節 安全社群途徑分析歐土關係……………………………………38
第三章 土耳其與歐盟政治安全聯繫：結構面的分析43
第一節 若即若離的土歐關係史…………………………………………44
壹、一心向歐：1923-1963年的西化準備期…………………….44
貳、重修舊好？1963-1987的動盪與變遷……………………….45
參、陷入膠著：1987-1999………………………………………...46
肆、突破逆境：1999年後之談判期……………………………...47
第二節 區域政治動態…………………………………………………….50
壹、土耳其-美國—霸權安排下的合作關係……………………..52
貳、土耳其-俄羅斯—歐亞次區域權力真空下的紛爭情仇……..55
參、土耳其-中亞/外高加索—斡旋下的能源政治……………….59
肆、土耳其-中東—近距離紛爭中的尷尬角色…………………...61
伍、土耳其-巴爾幹—霸權區域佈局的配合角色………………...63
第三節 土希關係與賽普勒斯問題………………………………………64
壹、土耳其與希臘間主要關係脈絡………………………………65
貳、土耳其-希臘關係與歐盟關係：邁向安全社群？……………70
第四節 土耳其國內政治爭議……………………………………………71
壹、土耳其基本政治情勢………………………………………….72
貳、土歐相關國內政治議題：民主、人權、庫德族………………..72
第五節 結構面分析與安全社群分析途徑…………………………...78
第四章 歐盟與土耳其政治安全聯繫：行為者的立場與態度……………………………………..80
第一節 歐盟制度層次對土耳其政策（制度面）…………………80
壹、歐盟東擴與土耳其…………………………………………81
貳、歐盟對土耳其的其餘考量—制度面………………………86
參、歐盟對土耳其其餘考量—安全面—歐盟共同外交和防衛政策…………………………………………………………………...87
肆、歐洲議會—代表民間立場……………………………………91
第二節 歐盟內部成員對土耳其關係立場……………………………94
第三節 土耳其西化策略（國家層次）………………………………….100
第四節 行為者態度立場分析與安全社群分析途徑………………...106
第五章 非政治面向之聯繫（Beyond Political）：土耳其與歐盟經濟、文化安全聯繫………107
第一節 歐盟與土耳其經濟聯繫………………………………………108
壹、從安卡拉協議到關稅同盟：緩慢的經濟合作……………109
貳、關稅同盟之後？：歐土經濟合作的困難及挑戰……….112
第二節 歐盟與土耳其宗教文化聯繫…………………………………118
壹、歐洲認同：基督教俱樂部？………………………………119
貳、土耳其內部認同：認同撕裂的國家…………………….122
第三節 其餘安全關係聯繫……………………………………………127
壹、土耳其移民問題…………………………………………128
貳、土歐移民相關議題………………………………………130
第四節 非政治層面之安全社群分析途徑………………………….137
第六章 結論與研究發現…………………………139
第一節 實務面向：「歐土關係」相關研究發現…………………139
第二節 回歸學理面向：言之過早？模糊的歐土安全社群輪140
第三節 未來研究與觀察之重點及相關建議……………………....150

參考文獻………………………………………………153
附錄一 土耳其地圖…………………………………169
附錄二 歐盟土耳其關係大事記……………………170

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土耳其文文獻

Çarkoğlu, Ali, R. Erzan, Kemal Kirişci, and Heniz Yılmaz(2002), “Türk Halkının Avurpa Birliği’ne Üyeleğe Bakışı,” Boğaziçi Üniversitesi TESEV, Ístanbul.
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Sever, Ayşegül (2001), “ABD’nin Íkili Çevreleme Politikası ve Türkiye,” in Özcan and Küt eds., En Uzun On Oıl, 369-374.

網路資源

歐盟官方網站，〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/turkey/〉。
土耳其外交部，Türkiye Cumhürıyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı，〈http://www.mfa.gov.tr/MFA_tr/〉。 
歐盟政策研究網站，〈http://www.ceps.be/Articles1.php?FormName=Search&FormAction=search〉。
蘭德研究智庫，〈http://www.rand.org/〉。
淡江大學歐盟文獻中心，〈http://www.lib.tku.edu.tw/eudoc/newsletter.shtml〉。
BBC新聞網站，〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/default.stm〉。
華盛頓近東研究中心，The Washington Institute for Near East Policy，〈http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/〉。
國際研究暨戰略研究中心，Center for Strategic & International Studies，〈http://www.csis.org/〉。
“EU hails Turkey membership talks,” (2005) BBC NEWS, 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4307700.stm〉, visited on 2006/4/24.
“The Transportation of Caspian Oil to Western Markets: The Turkish Role” (1999), Center for Strategic & International Studies,〈http://www.csis.org/index.php?option=com_csis_progj&task=view&id=47〉, visited on 1/11/2006
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Carter, Richard, “Germany and France to take common position on Turkey,” EU Observer, http://www.euobserver.com/?sid=9&aid=17912, visited on 3/1/2006.

Carter,　Richard, “MEPs give thumbs-up to Turkey,” (2004), EU Observer, 〈http://www.euobserver.com/〉, visited on 3/1/2006.
“Turkey 'not ready' says French PM”, EU Observer, 〈http://www.euobserver.com/〉, visited on 3/1/2006.
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官方文件

“Establish an Association between the European Economic Community and Turkey,” (1973), Official Journal of the European Communities, 16:113, 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/turkey/docs.htm〉, visited on 2005/11/22.
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EU Commission(1999), “Regular Report From the Commission on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession”, 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/turkey/docs.htm〉, visited on 2006/1/10.
EC Commission(2001), “Regular Report From the Commission on Progress Towards Accession,” 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/turkey/docs.htm〉, visited on 2006/1/10
EC Commission (2003), “A Secure Europe in a Better World- European Security Strategy,” (Brussels: 12 Dec 2003)
Standard Eurobarmeter(2005), “Public Opinion in the European Union-First Results,” Field Work: May/June 2005”, 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb63/eb63_en.htm〉, visited on 2006/2/16.
Eurobarmeter(2005), “Public Opinion in the European Union-National Report,” Executive Summary, Turkey ,〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb63/eb63_en.htm〉, visited on 2006/2/16.



中文文獻

張亞中（1998），《歐洲統合：政府間主義與超國家主義的互動》，台北：揚智。
陳勁（2004），《歐盟外交政策與對外關係》，台北：五南。
莫大華（2003），《建構主義國際關係理論與安全研究》，台北：時英。
Zbigniew Brzezinski(1998)，林添貴譯，《大棋盤：全球戰略大思考》，台北：立緒文化。
蘇宏達（2003），「論網路資源在台灣歐盟研究中的角色」，《問題與研究》， 42:5，81-113。
黃旻華（2002），「伊斯蘭教真的被『妖魔化』了嗎﹖--一個整合既有經驗發現的論點」，《問題與研究》， 41:4，21-46。
黃旻華（2004），「How Can Political Culture Be a Useful Independent Variable?」，《台灣政治學刊》，8:1， 147-191。
楊昊（2005），「『安全治理』的理論與實踐：以東南亞國協安全治理模式的建構演化為例」，《台灣政治學刊》，9:2， 151-231。
陳欣之()，「國際安全研究之理論變遷與挑戰」，《遠景基金會季刊》，4:3， 1-39。
況正吉（2003），「歐盟東擴進程及其面臨之挑戰」，《問題與研究》，42:5，25-54。
莫大華（1998），「『安全研究』論戰之評析」，《問題與研究》，37:8，20。
卓忠宏（2002），「歐盟擴張南歐發展」，《2002年歐盟發展與前瞻學術研討會論文集》，台北：歐洲聯盟研究論壇。
卓忠宏（2004），「歐盟東擴：地中海面向之後續效應」，《歐盟擴大後面臨之內外新局學術研討會論文集》，嘉義：南華大學歐研所。
崔祐g（2004），〈賽浦路斯族群衝突之研究〉，《歐盟擴大後面臨之內外新局學術研討會論文集》，嘉義：南華大學歐研所。
洪茂雄（2001），「從東歐看歐洲聯盟的統合：轉變與期待」，《中山人文社會科學期刊》，9:2，1-20。
彭兆行（2001），「東西文化的交叉點」，《輸出入金融雙月刊》，97，17。
簡淑綺（2002），「歐盟東進計劃匈牙利與波蘭兩候選國之努力」，《臺灣經濟研究月刊》，25:6，84-87。
劉書彬（2000），「歐洲聯盟東擴的課題與影響—以波蘭、捷克、匈牙利申請入歐盟為例」，《中山人文社會科學期刊》，8:1，209-236。
陳朝政（2001），「強權在中亞與外高加索地區的競逐」，《美歐季刊》，15:1，122-147。
龍舒甲（2000），「『歐安組織』召開伊斯坦堡高峰會之意義 」，《美歐季刊》，14:1，113-135。
謝麗卿、卓碧雲（2000），「歐亞的橋樑-土耳其共和國」，《 輸出入金融雙月刊》，87，26-33。
陷f雯（2000），《裏海地區石油資源之爭（1992-2000）》，台北：政大俄文碩士論文。
邱智皇（2006），《賽普勒斯加入歐盟研究》，台北：國立政治大學外交學系碩士論文，未出版。
陳明佑（2004），《土耳其庫德族分離運動之研究(1978-2003)》，台北：國立政治
大學外交學系碩士論文。
李欣儒（2004），《經濟因素對民主政治之影響：量化與質化研究的結合》，台北：國立政治大學政治系碩士論文。
杜默（2002年12月13日），「加入歐盟土耳其阻礙重重」，《自由時報》，第十版。
胡蕙寧（2002年12月15日），「歐盟東擴定案 土耳其落單」，《自由時報》第十版。
董更生（2002年12月15日），「歐盟東擴 接納10新成員國」，《聯合報》，第十二版。
陳泓答（2004年9月25日），「土耳其承諾刑法改革 入歐盟有望」，《自由時報》，第十版。
蔡筱穎（2004年10月7日），「歐盟同意談判土耳其入盟案」，《中國時報》，第A14版。
楊清順（2004年12月18日），「土耳其入會 歐盟同意明年談判」，《聯合報》，第A13版。
林怡君（2005年5月5日），「亞美尼亞、土耳其：焦點新聞—難解的歷史血債」，《中國時報》，第47版。