臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

不同鞋底的紋路設計是很普遍的。當地板上有液體覆蓋時，根據壓擠薄膜理論，鞋底與地板兩接觸面之間的摩擦力會因為接觸面間的液體而降低，但當接觸面間有凹槽設計時，液體便會由凹槽排除，進而提高鞋底與地板之間的摩擦係數。由此可知，鞋底的紋路設計會影響鞋底與地板間的摩擦係數，特別是在地板有液體等污染物時。本研究使用Brungraber Mark Ⅱ摩擦係數量測器來測量不同鞋材、地板、與污染狀況下，鞋底紋路設計對摩擦係數的影響。研究結果發現鞋底紋路設計對鞋底與地板間液體的排放是有幫助的，在本研究所採用的鞋底設計與污染狀況下，鞋底鞋紋路寬度較寬者其抗滑效果較好；在鞋底紋路的方向設計上，較佳的紋路方向應與走路方向垂直或呈45°夾角，如此對於改善被液體污染之地板的摩擦係數是有幫助的，尤其是被水或清潔劑水溶液污染的地板，其摩擦係數的改善效果比被油污染的地板更明顯。另外，本研究利用迴歸模式描述不同鞋材、地板、與污染狀況下，鞋底紋路寬度及方向與摩擦係數之關係，並藉此模式預測不同紋路設計下之摩擦係數。

Tread groove design in footwear is very common. According to the theory of squeeze film effect, the liquid between the floor and the sole separates the two contact surfaces and could eliminate the friction between them. Grooves on the sole facilitate liquid drainage underfoot thus increase the coefficient of friction (COF) between the floor and the sole. Therefore, tread groove design affects the COF between the sole and the floor contaminated by liquids. This research investigated the effects of tread groove on the COF under different footwear sole materials, floors and contamination conditions using the Brungraber Mark Ⅱslipmeter. The results indicated that the tread groove design is helpful to drain liquid out of the sole. Under our testing conditions, we found that the wider the tread groove was, the better the slip resistance would be. On the other hand, the direction of the tread groove designed should be vertical or 45 degree angle to the walking direction in order to improve the COF on the liquid contaminated floor especially for wet and water-detergent contaminated floors. Regression models were established to describe the relationships between the COF and the tread groove width/directions under various footwear/floor/contamination conditions. These regression models are useful in predicting the COF of the sole under different tread groove widths/direction conditions.

摘 要 i
Abstract ii
誌 謝 iii
目 錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究動機 1
1.2研究目的 3
1.3研究限制 4
1.4研究流程 5
第二章 文獻回顧 7
2.1摩擦力與摩擦係數 7
2.2步態與摩擦力 10
2.3摩擦係數影響因子 13
2.3.1地板材料與地板表面粗糙度 14
2.3.2鞋底材料與鞋底紋路設計 16
2.3.3地板表面污染物 18
2.3.4摩擦量測器 19
第三章 研究方法 25
3.1摩擦係數量測器 25
3.2地板材質 25
3.3鞋底材質與鞋底紋路寬度設計 26
3.4鞋底紋路寬度與紋路方向混合設計 28
3.5地板表面污染狀況 30
3.6實驗設計與統計分析 30
第四章 結果與討論 32
4.1紋路寬度之變異分析 32
4.2紋路寬度與摩擦係數之廻歸分析 39
4.2.1紋路寬度與摩擦係數之線性廻歸分析 39
4.2.2紋路寬度與摩擦係數之非線性廻歸分析 41
4.3紋路寬度與紋路方向混合設計之變異數分析 44
4.4紋路寬度與紋路方向混合設計之廻歸分析 52
4.4.1紋路寬度與紋路方向混合設計之線性廻歸分析 52
4.4.2紋路寬度與紋路方向混合設計之非線性廻歸分析 54
4.5討論 58
第五章 結論與建議 64
5.1結論 64
5.2建議 65
參考文獻 66

1.行政院勞委會勞工安全衛生研究所(1996)，「安全鞋舒適化研究(一)，IOSH85-S352」，行政院勞委會勞工安全衛生研究所報告。
2.何定梁(1992)，「物理–力學」，徐氏基金會出版。
3.李開偉(1993)，「滑跤與跌倒事故-文獻回顧與展望」，勞工安全衛生季刊，第1卷，第3期，第77-85頁
4.李開偉(2003)，「實用人因工程學」，全華出版社。
5.李開偉、陳慶忠、林彥輝與葉文裕(2003)，「穿著無塵鞋於無塵室地板行走之防滑性與腿部肌肉活動分析」，勞工安全衛生季刊，第11卷，第4期，第261-273頁。
6.徐祥禎譯，Beer, F.P. and Johuston, E.R.原著(1986)，「靜力學」，大同圖書有限公司。
7.陳健(1986)，「靜力學」，三民書局。
8.陳慶忠(2003)，「無塵室作業環境防滑調查暨人員腿部肌電分析」，中華大學科技管理研究所碩士論文。
9.America Society for Testing and Materials F-1677-05(2005), “Standard Test Method for Using a Portable Inclinable Articulated Strut Slip Tester(PIAST), Annual Book of AMTM Standards, Vol.15.07,” West Conshohochen, PA.
10.America Society for Testing and Materials F-1679-05(2005), “Standard Test Method for Using a Variable Incidence Tribometer(VIT), Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.15.07,” West Conshohochen, PA.
11.America Society for Testing and Materials F-609-96(2005), “Standard Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter(HPS), Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.15.07,” West Conshohochen, PA.
12.Andres, R.O., Chaffin, D.B.(1985), “Ergonomics Analysis of Slip Resistance Measurement Devices,” Ergonomics, Vol.28, No.7, pp.1065-1079.
13.Barnett, R.L.(2002), “Slip and Fall Theory-Extreme Order Statistics,” International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol.8, No.2, pp.135-159.
14.Bunterngchit, Y.(1990), “Measurement of Dynamics Friction Available between Shoes and Floors Appropriate to Friction Demand in Walking,” Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of New South Wales, Austrial.
15.Carlsöö, S.(1962), “A Method for Studying Walking on Different Surfaces,” Ergonomics, Vol.5, No.1, pp.271-274.
16.Chaffin, D. B., Anderson, G. B. J.(1984), “Occupational Biomechanics,” John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
17.Chang, W.R.(1998), “The Effect of Surface Roughness on Dynamic friction between Neolite and Quarry Tile,” Safety Science, Vol.29, No.2, pp.89-105.
18.Chang, W.R.(1999), “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Measurements of Slip Resistance,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.24, No.3, pp.299-313.
19.Chang, W.R., Matz, S.(2001),“The Slip Resistance of Common Footwear Materials Measured with Two Slipmeters,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol.32, No.6, pp.549-558.
20.Chang, W.R., Kim, I.J., Manning, D.P., Bunterngchit, B.(2001), “The Role of Surface Roughness in the Measurement of Slipperiness,” Ergonomics, Vol.44, No.13, pp.1200-1216.
21.Chang, W.R., Grönqvist, R., Leclercq, S., Myung, R., Makkonen, L., Strandberg, L., Brungraber, R.J., Mattke, U., Thorpe, S.C.(2001), “The Role of Friction in the Measurement of Slipperiness, Part1; Friction Mechaniness and Definition of Test Conditions,” Ergonomics, Vol.44, No.13, pp.1217-1232.
22.Chang, W.R., Gronqvist, R., Leclercq, S., Brungraber, R.J., Mattke, U., Strandberg, L., Thorpe, S.C., Myung, R., Makkonen, L., Courtney, T.K.(2001), “The Role of Friction in the Measurement of Slipperiness, Part 2: Survey of Friction Measurement Device,” Ergonomics, Vol.44, No.13, pp.1233-1261.
23.Chang, W.R.(2002), “The Effect of Slip Criterion and Time on Friction Measurement,” Safety Science, Vol.40, No.7-8, pp.593-611.
24.Chang, W.R.(2002), “The Effect of Surface Roughness and Contaminants on the Dynamic Friction between Porcelain Tile and Vulcanized Rubber,” Safety Science, Vol.40, No.7-8, pp.577-591.
25.Chang, W.R., Cotnam, J.P., Matz, S.(2003), “Field Evaluation of Two Commonly Used Slipmeters,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol.34, No.1, pp.51-60.
26.Chang, W.R., Li, K.W., Huang, Y.H, Filiaggi, A., Courtney, T.K.(2004), “Assessing Floor Slipperiness in Fast Food Sestaurants in Taiwan Using Objective and Subjective Measures,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol.35, No.4, pp.401-408.
27.Chang, W.R.(2004), “A Statistical to Estimate the Probability of Slip and Fall Incidents,” Safety Science, Vol.42, No.9, pp.779-789.
28.Ekkubus, C.F., Killey, W.(1973), “Validity of 0.5 Static Coefficient of Friction (James Machine) as a Measure of Safe Walkway Surfaces,” Soap/ Cosmetics/ Chemical Specialities, Vol.49, No.2, pp.40-45.
29.Goldsmith, A.(1986), “Slip and Fall Accident”, Hazard Prevention, Vol.5, pp.16-18.
30.Grieser, B.C., Rhoades, T.P., Shah, R.J.(2002), “Slip Resesistance Field Measurements Using Two Modern Slipmeters,” Professional Safety, June, pp.43-48.
31.Grönqvist, R., Roine, J., Järviinen, E., Korhonen, E.(1989), “An Apparatus and a Method for Determining the Slip Resistance of Shoe and Floor by Simulation of Human Foot Motions,” Ergonomics, Vol.32, No.8, pp.979-995.
32.Grönqvist, R, Roine, J., Korhonen, E., Rahikainen, A.(1990), “Slip Resistance Versus Surface Roughness of Deck and other Underfoot Surfaces in Ships,” Journal of Occupational Accidents, Vol.13, No.4, pp.291-302.
33.Grönqvist, R., Hirvoneu, M., Skyfta, E.(1992), “Countermeasures Against Floor Slipperiness in the Food Industry,” Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety Ⅳ, Taylor & Francis, London.
34.Grönqvist, R., Hirvoneu, M., Tuusa, A. (1993), “Slipperness of the Shoe Floor Interface: Comparison of Objective and Subjective Assessments,” Applied Ergonomics Vol.24, No.4, pp.258-262.
35.Grönqvist, R.(1995), “Mechanisms of Friction and Assessment of Slip Resistance of New and Used Footwear Soles on Contaminated Floors,” Ergonomics, Vol.38, No.2, pp.224-241.
36.Grönqvist, R., Hirvoneu, M.(1995), “Slipperiness of Footwear and Mechanisms of Walking Friction on Icy Surfaces,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.16, No.3, pp.191-200.
37.Grönqvist, R, Hirvonen, M, Tohv, A.(1999), “Evaluation of There Portable Floor Slipperiness Testers,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.25, No.1, pp.85-95.
38.Grönqvist, R.(1999), “Slips and Falls, In Biomechanics In Ergonomics,” Taylor & Francis, London.
39.Grönqvist, R., Chang, W.R., Hirvonen, M., Rajamaki, E., Tohv, A.(2000), “Validity and Reliability of Transitional Floor Friction Tests: The Effect of Normal Load and Sliding Velocity,” Proceedings of the 44th Annual International Ergonomics Association/Human Factors Ergonomics Society Congress, San Diego, CA, Vol.4, pp. 502-505.
40.Grönqvist, R., Chang, W.R., Courtnesy, T.K., Leamon, T.B., Redfern, M.S., Strandberg, L.(2001), “Measurement of Sliperiness Fundamental Concepts and Defimitions,” Ergonomics, Vol.44, No.13, pp.1102-1117.
41.Hanson.J.P., Redfern, M.S., Mazumdar, M.(1999), “Predicting Slips and Ffalls Considering Required and Available Friction,” Ergonomics, Vol.42, No.12, pp.1619-1633.
42.Harris, G.W., Shaw, S.R.(1988), “Slip Resistance of Floors:Users’ Opinions, Toetus Instrument Readings and Roughness Measurement,” Journal of Occupational Accidents, Vol.9, No.4, pp.287-298.
43.Irvine, C.H.(1996), “Evaluation of Some Factors Affecting Measurement of Slip Resistance of Shoe Sole Materials on Floor Surface,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol.4, No.2, pp.133-138.
44.James, D.I.(1983), “Rubbers and Plastics in Shoes and Flooring: The Importance of Kinetic Friction,” Ergonomics, Vol.26, No.1, pp.83-99.
45.Kim, I.J., Smith, R.(2000), “Observation of the Floor Surface Topography Changes in Pedestrian Slip Resistance Measurements,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.26, No.6, pp.581-601.
46.Leamon ,T.B., Son, D.H.(1989), “The Natural Hhistory of a Microslip,” Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety I, Taylor & Francis, London, pp.633-638.
47.Leamon, T.B., and Li, K.W.(1990), “Microslip Length and The Perception of Slipping,” Proceedings of 23rd International Congress on Occupational Heath, Montreal, Canada, p.17.
48.Leamon, T.B.(1992), “The Reduction of Slip and Fall Injuries: PartⅠ- Guidelines for the Practioner,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.10, No.1-2, pp23-27.
49.Leamon, T.B.(1992), “The Reduction of Slip and Fall Injuries: Part II the Scientific Basis (Knowledge Base) for the Guide,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.10, No.1-2, pp.29-34.
50.Leamon ,T.B., Murphy, P.L.(1995), “Occupational Slips and Falls: more than a Trivial Problem,” Ergonomics, Vol.38, No.3, pp.487-498.
51.Leclercq, S., Tisserand, M., and Saulnier, H.(1995), “Tribological concepts involved in slipping accidents analysis,” Ergonomics, Vol.38, No.2, pp.197-208.
52.Li, K.W., Chang, W.R., Leamon, T.B., Chen, C,J.(2004), “Floor slipperiness measurement: friction coefficient, roughness of floors, and subjective perception under spillage conditions,” Safety Science, Vol.42, No.6, pp.547-565.
53.Lloyd, D.G., Stevenson, M.G.(1992), “An investigation of floor surface profile characteristic that will reduce the incidence of slips and falls,” Mechanical Engineering, Vol.17, No.2, pp.99-105.
54.Manning, D.P., Jones, C.(2001), “The effect of roughness, floor polish, water, oil and ice on underfoot friction: current safety footwear solings are less slip resistant than microcellular polyurethane,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol.32, No.2, pp.185-196.
55.Miller, J.M.(1983), “Slippery work surface: toward a performance definition and quantitative coefficient of friction criteria,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol.14, No.4, pp.145-158.
56.Moore, D.F.(1972), “The friction and lubrication of elastomers,” International Series of Monographs on Material Science and Technology, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
57.Myung, R., Smith, J.L., and Leaman, T.B.(1992), “Slip Distance for Slip/Fall Studies,” Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety Ⅳ, Taylor & Francis, London, pp.983-987.
58.Neter, J., Wasserman, W., Kutner, M.H.(1989), “Applied Linear Regression Models,” Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, IL.
59.Norkin, C.C., Levangie, P.K.(1992), “Joint Structures and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis,” F.A. Davis Company, U.S.A..
60.Perkins, P.J.(1978), “Measurement of Slip between the Shoe and Ground During Walking,” Walkway Surfaces: Measurement of Slip Resistance, ASTM Special Technical Publication 649, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp.71-78.
61.Perkins, P.J., Wilson, M.P.(1983), “Slip Resistance Testing of Shoes New Development,” Ergonomics, Vol.26, No.1, pp.73-82.
62.Poole, R.W.(1978), “Measurement of Friction Property of Footwear Sole and Heel Materials,” Walkway Surface Measurement of Slip Resistance, ASTM Special Technical Publication 649, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp.11-20.
63.Powers C.M., Kulig, K., Flynn, J., Brault, J.R.(1999), “Repeatability and Bias of Two Walkway Safety Ttribometers,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol.27, No.6, pp.368-374.
64.Proctor, T.D., Coleman, V.(1988), “Slipping, Tripping, and Falling Accidents in Great Britain-Present and Future,” Journal of Occupational Accidents, Vol.9, No.4, pp.269-285.
65.Stevenson, M.G., Hoang, K., Bunterngchit, Y., Lloyd, D.G.(1989), “Measurement of Slip Resistance of Shoes on Floor Surfaces, Part 1: Methods,” Journal of Occupational Health and Safety- Australia and New Zealand, Vol.5, No.2, pp.115-120.
66.Strandberg, L., and Lanshammar, H.(1981), “The Dynamics of Slipping Accidents,” Journal of Occupational Accidents, Vol.3, No.3, pp.153-162.
67.Strandberg, L.(1983), “On Accidents Analysis and Slip Resistance Measurement,” Ergonomics, Vol.26, No.1, pp.11-32.
68.Strandberg, L.(1985), “The Effect of Conditions Underfoot on Falling and Overexertion Accidents,” Ergonomics, Vol.28, No.1, pp.131-147.
69.Swensen, E., Purswell, J., Schlegel, R., Stanevich, R.(1992), “Coefficient of Friction and Subjective Assessment of Slippery Work Surface,” Human Factors, Vol.34, No.1, pp.67-77.
70.Tisserand, M.(1985), “Progress in the Prevention of Falls Caused by Slipping,” Ergonomics, Vol.28, No.7, pp.1081-1085.
71.Wilson, M.P.(1990), “Development of SATRA Slip Test and Tread Pattern Design, Guidelines, Slips, Stumloles, and Falls: Pedestrian Footwear and Surface,” ASTM Special Technical Publication 1103, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp.113-123.