臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

邁入21世紀，企業面臨的是一個充滿變化與複雜的競爭環境，需要更多的產品創新、更短的產品生命週期、更高的品質要求，才能面對全球化競爭的市場挑戰。因此，企業必須縮短新產品開發週期時間，比競爭者更早研發出高品質、低成本的新產品或新服務。
在新產品開發流程中導入新的工具和技術，可以幫助企業在導入新產品時獲得更好的績效。過去數年，學術界及企業界導入許多品質改善工具，企圖改善新產品開發過程的績效。然而在實務界，許多有用的工具和技術並沒有有效率地被使用。本研究進行一項深入的實證研究，調查在新產品開發流程的各項階段中，適合使用的工具和技術，也分析各項工具和技術對整體新產品開發績效及各項績效指標的影響程度，並透過「效能分析模型」探討需改善或提升的工具和技術。
除了工具或技術的使用外，關鍵成功因素也會影響新產品開發績效。本研究也同時探討影響新產品開發關鍵因素的重要性與對績效指標的影響，討論企業實施程度不佳、需採取進一步改善的關鍵成功因素。
本研究並針對公司的績效與公司特性進行集群分析，探討不同集群對各項關鍵績效指標、關鍵成功因素與新產品開發工具的重視程度與使用情形是否存在差異，試著找出不同集群間績效差距的理由並提供管理建議。
研究結果提供了一項有價值的資訊，可以協助新產品開發管理者在不同的新產品開發階段選用合適的新產品開發工具與技術、關鍵績效指標、關鍵成功因素，並幫助企業界更適當、更有效率地使用這些新產品開發工具和技術，以提升新產品開發的整體績效。

In the contemporary age of rapid change, firms in many industries are operating in markets that demand more frequent innovation, shorter product lifecycles, and higher quality product.
Practitioners and scholars alike have thus become increasingly interested in how to organize and manage the new product development (NPD) process effectively. Numerous tools and techniques have been developed over the years to make the NPD process more manageable and successful and improve the performance in NPD. However, in practice, many useful tools and techniques are not widely used by firms.
The present study therefore makes use of expert interviews and an empirical survey to investigate the frequency of use and the extent of implementation of various tools and techniques at each stage of the NPD process. The study also sets out to evaluate the effect of individual tools or techniques on NPD effectiveness by developing a set of appropriate performance measures. The study therefore analyzes the impact of individual tools or techniques both on overall NPD performance and on individual performance indicators within the process. The results of the analysis are then used to identify which tools or techniques should be adopted and used at various stages of the NPD process.
The study has also developed a useful model in the form of the ‘effectiveness analysis model’. Using this model, firms can identify the tools or techniques that should be utilized to a greater degree than is presently the case, and can take the effective action to raise the impact of these tools on the firm’s NPD performance.
Except tools and techniques, the execution of related critical success factors influences firm’s performance in NPD. Thus, the impacts of critical success factors are also analyzed to identify the relationship between critical success factors and NPD performance.
This study provides several useful suggestions on how firms could improve their general understanding and utilization of a number of powerful NPD tools and techniques. Also, it is also provided that how firms could emphasize their efforts on critical success factors to raise NPD performance. The practical contributions of this research have been neglected in previous studies.

目 錄

中文摘要 ………………………………………………………………………… Ⅰ
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… Ⅱ
誌謝 ……………………………………………………………………………… Ⅲ
目錄 ……………………………………………………………………………… Ⅳ
圖目錄 …………………………………………………………………………… Ⅵ
表目錄 …………………………………………………………………………… Ⅷ

第一章 緒論 ………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 ………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 研究目的 ………………………………………………………………… 4
1.3 研究範圍 ………………………………………………………………… 6
1.4 研究步驟 ………………………………………………………………… 6

第二章 文獻探討 …………………………………………………………………… 9
2.1 新產品開發工具或技術 ………………………………………………… 9
2.2 新產品開發流程 ………………………………………………………… 16
2.3 新產品開發績效衡量 ……………………………………………………18
2.4新產品開發的失敗因素…………………………………………………… 34
2.5 關鍵成功因素 …………………………………………………………… 36
2.6 研發管理的觀念模式 …………………………………………………… 53

第三章 研究方法與設計 ………………………………………………………… 65
3.1 研究方法 ………………………………………………………………… 65
3.2 研究流程 ………………………………………………………………… 67
3.3 研究架構 ………………………………………………………………… 68
3.4 問卷內容設計 …………………………………………………………… 71
3.5 問卷架構 ………………………………………………………………… 77
3.6 資料分析方法 …………………………………………………………… 78

第四章 研究結果分析 …………………………………………………………… 87
4.1 回收問卷樣本分析 ……………………………………………………… 87
4.2 樣本特徵分析 …………………………………………………………… 87
4.3 信度、效度分析 ………………………………………………………… 88
4.4 實施現況分析 …………………………………………………………… 89
4.5 新產品開發工具與技術對績效之相關分析 …………………………… 96
4.6 新產品開發工具和技術與績效關係之探討 ………………………… 104
4.7 新產品開發工具和技術與研發各階段關係之探討 ………………… 113
4.8 關鍵成功因素與績效關係之探討 …………………………………… 118
4.9 績效衡量指標與績效關係之探討 …………………………………… 124
4.10各項績效衡量指標與各項新產品開發工具和技術關係之探討 …… 128
4.11 管理推論 ……………………………………………………………… 135

第五章 結論與建議 ……………………………………………………………… 142
5.1 研究結論 ……………………………………………………………… 142
5.2 研究貢獻 ……………………………………………………………… 144
5.3 研究限制與後續研究建議 …………………………………………… 148

參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………………… 149

附錄 ……………………………………………………………………………… 164


圖 目 錄

圖1-1：研究流程圖 ………………………………………………………………… 8
圖2-1：新產品開發活動模式整合………………………………………………… 17
圖2-2：IRCE模式 ………………………………………………………………… 54
圖2-3：IRON模式 ………………………………………………………………… 55
圖2-4：IROT模式 ………………………………………………………………… 56
圖2-5：IPOO模式 ………………………………………………………………… 56
圖2-6：IPRCE模式 ……………………………………………………………… 57
圖2-7：IPPOO模式 ……………………………………………………………… 58
圖2-8：IPO模式 ………………………………………………………………… 59
圖2-9：IPORO模式 ……………………………………………………………… 60
圖2-10：RPO模式 ……………………………………………………………… 60
圖2-11：IRE模式 ………………………………………………………………… 61
圖2-12：IPO模式 ………………………………………………………………… 61
圖2-13：SIPOC模式 ……………………………………………………………… 62
圖3-1：研究的分類架構 ………………………………………………………… 66
圖3-2：問卷調查設計流程圖 …………………………………………………… 68
圖3-3：新產品開發流程下開發工具或技術與關鍵績效指標之關係圖 ……… 69
圖3-4：新產品開發流程下關鍵績效指標與關鍵成功因素之關係圖 ………… 70
圖3-5：本研究之新產品開發流程SIPOC分析架構 ………………………… 71
圖3-6：本研究之新產品開發流程系統與績效構面對應圖 …………………… 75
圖3-7：本研究之集群分析步驟 ………………………………………………… 83
圖3-8：IPA模式 ………………………………………………………………… 84
圖3-9：本研究之效能分析模型 ………………………………………………… 85
圖4-1：各項工具與技術之效能分析模式結果 ……………………………… 102
圖4-2：新產品開發工具與技術之因素陡坡圖 ……………………………… 106
圖4-3：高、低績效群各項工具與技術之使用率折線圖 …………………… 109
圖4-4：高、低績效群各項工具與技術之使用成效折線圖 ………………… 109
圖4-5：高、低績效群4類工具與技術之使用率直方圖 …………………… 110
圖4-6：高、低績效群4類工具與技術之使用成效直方圖 ………………… 111
圖4-7：高績效群於各產品開發階段之工具與技術使用率折線圖 ………… 114
圖4-8：低績效群於各產品開發階段之工具與技術使用率折線圖 ………… 114
圖4-9：關鍵成功因素之因素陡坡圖 ………………………………………… 119
圖4-10：高、低績效群各項關鍵成功因素之重要度折線圖 ………………… 120
圖4-11：高、低績效群各項關鍵成功因素之實施成效折線圖 ……………… 120
圖4-12：高、低績效群3類關鍵成功因素之認知重要度直方圖 …………… 121
圖4-13：高、低績效群3類關鍵成功因素之實施成效直方圖 ……………… 122
圖4-14：績效衡量指標之因素陡坡圖 ………………………………………… 125
圖4-15：高、低績效群3類績效衡量指標之認知重要度直方圖 …………… 126
圖4-16：高、低績效群3類績效衡量指標之實施程度直方圖 ……………… 126

表 目 錄

表2-1：新產品開發工具或技術之相關文獻整理表 …………………………… 12
表2-2：新產品開發工具或技術之相關文獻統計表 …………………………… 14
表2-3：新產品開發績效衡量指標之相關文獻整理表 ………………………… 23
表2-4：新產品開發績效衡量指標之相關文獻統計表 ………………………… 28
表2-5：學者提出之關鍵成功因素定義彙整表 ………………………………… 38
表2-6：Cooper & Kleinschmidt 之新產品開發的成功關鍵因素彙整表 …… 45
表2-7：新產品開發關鍵成功因素之相關文獻整理表 ………………………… 46
表2-8：新產品開發關鍵成功因素之相關文獻統計表 ………………………… 50
表2-9：各學者提出之研發績效衡量模式彙整表 ……………………………… 63
表3-1：受訪公司使用中之新產品開發工具或技術彙整表 …………………… 72
表3-2：受訪公司計畫導入之新產品開發工具或技術彙整表 ………………… 72
表3-3：本研究調查採用之新產品開發工具或技術列表 ……………………… 73
表3-4：本研究調查採用之績效衡量指標列表 ………………………………… 75
表3-5：本研究調查採用之關鍵成功因素列表 ………………………………… 76
表3-6：信度分析對照表 ………………………………………………………… 79
表4-1：問卷寄發與回收比率彙整表 …………………………………………… 87
表4-2：樣本特徵彙整表 ………………………………………………………… 88
表4-3：本研究問卷信度表 ……………………………………………………… 89
表4-4：本研究問卷Factor Loading分析表 …………………………………… 90
表4-5：新產品開發工具或技術之使用率及推行成效分析表 ………………… 91
表4-6：新產品開發各階段使用之工具或技術百分比分析表 ………………… 93
表4-7：績效指標之重要度及實施程度分析表 ………………………………… 95
表4-8：關鍵成功因素之重要度及實施程度分析表 …………………………… 96
表4-9：新產品開發工具或技術與績效指標之影響程度分析 ………………… 99
表4-10：工具和技術與綜合績效之迴歸分析 ………………………………… 101
表4-11：新產品開發工具與技術之因素分析結果 …………………………… 105
表4-12：高、低績效公司群樣本特徵彙總表 ………………………………… 107
表4-13：高、低績效群績效之ANOVA分析結果 …………………………… 108
表4-14：高績效群工具使用頻率與綜合績效迴歸分析 ……………………… 111
表4-15：低績效群工具使用頻率與綜合績效迴歸分析 ……………………… 113
表4-16：雙因子ANOVA分析結果 ………………………………………… 115
表4-17：各研發階段研發工具使用程度之ANOVA 表 …………………… 116
表4-18：各研發階段工具類型適用程度的多重比較分析表 ………………… 117
表4-19：關鍵成功因素之因素分析結果 ……………………………………… 118
表4-20：高績效群關鍵成功因素實施程度與綜合績效之迴歸分析 ………… 122
表4-21：低績效群關鍵成功因素實施程度與綜合績效之迴歸分析 ………… 123
表4-22：績效衡量指標之因素分析結果 ………………………………………124
表4-23：高績效群績效指標實施程度與綜合績效之迴歸分析 ……………… 127
表4-24：低績效群績效指標實施程度與綜合績效之迴歸分析 ……………… 128
表4-25：績效指標1 (顧客接受度) 與各項工具和技術之迴歸分析 ………… 130
表4-26：績效指標5 (產品開發時間) 與各項工具和技術之迴歸分析 ……… 131
表4-27：績效指標7 (新產品製造成本) 與各項工具和技術之迴歸分析 …… 132
表4-28：績效指標9 (新產品成功率) 與各項工具和技術之迴歸分析 ……… 133
表4-29：績效指標11 (銷售與盈收目標) 與各項工具和技術之迴歸分析 …… 134

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