臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

根據聯合國貿易及發展會議報告指出，全球百大經濟體中私人企業就佔了五十一個，顯示企業在全球的經濟發展上有著無比重要的影響力，然而在近年來發生安隆、世界通訊、博達與力霸集團等弊案頻傳，造成社會與經濟的重大影響，更顯出企業社會責任（Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR） 的重要性；而基金為投資人選擇金融商品時的熱門投資標的，但反觀國內並無針對上市公司之企業社會責任表現來組成社會責任基金，故引發本研究之動機；故以企業社會責任而言，衡量其構面與準則之間通常存在或多或少的交互作用，故本研究採用模糊積分計算在構面與準則的績效值，並以模糊測度表達構面與準則所存在的複雜關係。
本研究的主要目的在於透過模糊多準則決策分析，找出製造業與金融服務業中最重要的企業社會責任構面與準則，並評選出符合社會責任投資準則之上市公司；藉以建構企業社會責任基金，並與台灣加權指數及台股指數期貨績效相比較是否有優異表現。
在實證結果方面，本研究發現在企業社會責任的三個構面與十五個準則之間，都存在著替代效應，而兩個產業對於構面的重視程度並沒有顯著的差異存在，僅有製造業在倫理性構面的相對權重低於金融服務業。而在企業社會責任基金的問卷中，顯示出財務分析師都較重視公司財務是否穩健，並預期社會責任基金偏向保守穩健的投資風格，而在五個基金績效指標下，社會責任基金的表現皆優於加權指數與指數型期貨，顯現出企業社會責任基金適合長期持有與低風險之特性。

According to the report of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), there are 51 individual large enterprises out of a hundred major economies in the whole world. This fact indicates that private sector is the key influential power in global economical development. During the past decade, many financial scandals occurred, such as Enron, Worldcom, Procom Technology, Rebar Group, etc. Those scandals heavily shocked the society and economy. Consequently, Corporation Social Responsibility (CSR) becomes an urgent and important topic for all companies. One of the major motivations of this study is that although mutual funds become very popular over past two decades, yet there is no mutual fund in-Taiwan concentrating on investing the companies which emphasize CSR performance. Regarding the rules and structural of CSR, there are certain interactive effects among various parameters. This study first uses the fuzzy integral analysis to measure the performance of the company, then employs the fuzzy measure to demonstrate the complicate relationship between aspect and criterion.
The main purpose of this study is to use the fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) to examine the most important CSR aspect and criterion among both manufacturing industry and financial service industry. Secondly, this work evaluates the publicly listed companies based on the investment standards of CSR and form a simulated CSR fund. This investigation then compare the performance of the simulated CSR fund with Taiwan Stock Exchange Index (TAIEX) and Morgan Stanley Capital International Taiwan Index (MSCI Taiwan index) in order to examine whether CSR fund outperforms the TAIEX and MSCI. The empirical results are summarized as follows:
The empirical result indicates that the substitute effect exists between three aspects and fifteen criterions of CSR. However, no significant difference exists from the value level of manufacturing industry and that of the financial service industry, only the weight of ethical aspect of manufacturing industry is lower than that of the financial service industry comparatively. Secondly, after analyzing the CSR questionnaires, this study finds that financial analysts paid more attention to company’s financial performance than whether the company implements CSR or not. Finally, this study utilized five indicators (Jensen α、the modified Jensen α、Treynor、Sharpe、M.C.V.) to evaluate the performance of CSR fund, the findings show that the CSR fund outperforms the TAIEX and MSCI. The conclusion is that CSR fund is suitable for investors to hold for a long-term as it has low risk and good return.

中文摘要............................................................................................................................................Ⅰ
英文摘要............................................................................................................................................Ⅱ
致謝詞................................................................................................................................................Ⅳ
目錄...... .............................................................................................................................................Ⅴ
表目錄................................................................................................................................................Ⅵ
圖目錄................................. ..............................................................................................................Ⅶ
第一章 緒論......................................................................................................................................1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻探討................................................................................................................................5
第一節 企業社會責任 5
第二節 企業社會責任與財務績效之關係 7
第三節 社會責任投資 8
第四節 財務比率與股價之影響 10
第五節 模糊多準則決策分析與模糊積分 12
第三章 研究方法..............................................................................................................................14
第一節 問卷設計與研究範圍 14
第二節 模糊理論 18
第三節 模糊測度 23
第四節 模糊積分 26
第五節 模糊排序與權重演算法 29
第六節 基金績效指標 32
第四章 實證結果..............................................................................................................................35
第一節 企業社會責任候選名單彙整 35
第二節 評選符合企業社會責任之上市公司 37
第三節 透過財務比率形成企業社會責任基金 49
第五章 結論與建議..........................................................................................................................59
第一節 結論 59
第二節 研究建議 62
參考文獻............................................................................................................................................63
附錄....................................................................................................................................................72

表目錄
表2- 1 社會責任的定義 5
表2- 2 國內外學者研究企業社會責任與財務績效的相關性研究 7
表2- 3 社會責任投資的發展歷程 9
表2- 4 財務比率與股價之相關文獻 10
表2- 5 模糊多準則決策分析與模糊積分相關研究整理 12
表3- 1 傳統李克特尺度與模糊數轉換之差異比較 20
表3- 2 方案屬性之重要程度與績效值比較 27
表4- 1 符合企業社會責任標準之企業 35
表4- 2 調整後符合企業社會責任標準之企業 36
表4- 3 第二次問卷全體基本資料分析表 37
表4- 4 第二次問卷卡方檢定表 38
表4- 5 第二次問卷受訪對象樞紐分析表 38
表4- 6 第二次問卷行業別基本資料分析表 39
表4- 7 第二次問卷信度分析表 40
表4- 8 企業社會責任構面分析表 41
表4- 9 企業社會責任準則分析表-經濟性構面 41
表4- 10 企業社會責任準則分析表-法律性構面 42
表4- 11 企業社會責任準則分析表-倫理性構面 43
表4- 12 製造業含電子業績效值評估表 45
表4- 13 數值語意轉化後之製造業前十名排序結果 46
表4- 14 Spearman 與 Kendall 之排序結果比較 46
表4- 15 金融服務業績效值評估表 47
表4- 16 數值語意轉化後之金融服務業前五名排序結果 48
表4- 17 Spearman 與 Kendall 之排序結果比較 48
表4- 18 第三次問卷基本資料分析表 49
表4- 19 第三次問卷信度分析表 50
表4- 20 財務比率之相對重要性分析表 51
表4- 21 企業社會責任基金之投資組合表 52
表4- 22 模糊權重演算法與模糊積分之排序比較 53
表4- 23 Spearman 與 Kendall 之排序結果比較 53
表4- 24 模糊權重演算法與負債權益比之排序比較 54
表4- 25 Spearman 與 Kendall 之排序結果比較 54
表4- 26 CSR基金年報酬率 56
表4- 27 CSR基金之 Jensen 指標 56
表4- 28 CSR基金之修正後 Jensen 指標 56
表4- 29 CSR基金之 Sharpe 指標 57
表4- 30 CSR基金之 Treynor 指標 57
表4- 31 CSR基金之 M.C.V. 指標 57

圖目錄
圖1- 1 研究流程 4
圖3- 1 企業社會責任構面與準則 16
圖3- 2 八大財務績效指標 17
圖3- 3 三角隸屬函數圖 20
圖3- 4 模糊數語意值之隸屬函數圖 20
圖3- 5 三角模糊數之偏好整合圖 22
圖3- 6 模糊積分計算綜合績效值示意圖 26
圖3- 7 目標、構面與準則架構圖 27

一、中文部份：
天下雜誌，2007，「CSR—領先者的策略」專題報導，367期，頁：94-169。
王泰豐，2001，台灣中小企業對社會責任認知之研究，國立中山大學企業管理研究所之未出版碩士論文。
王郁仁，2005，股票型基金綜合指標與基金績效動態監控，國立中山大學財務管理學系碩士班未出版之碩士論文。
林晉勗，2002，台灣生態基金篩選系統之建立及績效評估與投資策略研究，私立中原大學國際貿易學系未出版之碩士論文。
林成蔚，2004，模糊測度理論在多目標決策方法中之發展與應用， 國立交通大學交通運輸研究所。
林心瀅，2004，考量景氣因素下企業經營績效與股價報酬率關聯性之研究－以上市櫃光電產業為例，國立屏東科技大學企業管理學系未出版之碩士論文。
林雅惠，2006，台灣企業社會責任發展之現況研究，國立台北科技大學環境規劃與管理研究所之未出版碩士論文。
林秀芬，2006，「應用模糊層級分析法於網路商店服務品質評估之研究」，電子商務學報，8卷3期：頁347-372。
林進財、陳瑞全、陳啟斌、歐陽玉萍，2007，E-learning學習績效運用模糊法評估，資訊管理學報，14卷2期：頁247-271。
李素凡，1984，企業之企業社會責任及其會計處理之研究，國立政治大學會計研究所謂出版之碩士論文。
李秀娟，2002，生態基金之篩選準則與最適投資組合研究—以台灣上市上櫃公司為例，私立中原大學國際貿易學系未出版之碩士論文。
李中琪，2006，倫理基金績效評估與風險值之應用，私立中原大學國際貿易學系未出版之碩士論文。
吳明隆、涂金堂，2006，二版，SPSS與統計應用分析，台北，五南書局。
邱清顯，2004，「共同基金績效評估方法之綜合評論」，遠東學報，21期，：頁543-554。
郭方昇，2001，企業社會責任對企業財務績效與投資組合績效之影響性分析，私立中原大學國際貿易學系未出版之碩士論文。
翁望回，1987，企業正當性之實證研究－社會責任的觀點，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
陳靜婷，1999，企業之社會責任管理模式－一個自由而有功能的生命系統，國立交通大學經營管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
陳冠宏，2003，我國上市及上櫃電子公司股票評價之研究—以盈餘及財務比率分析，國立東華大學公共行政研究所未出版之碩士論文。
許晴玉，1985，企業社會責任管理理論初探---理論架構之建立，國立交通大學管理科學研究所未出版之碩士論文。
許菁菁，1990，模擬社會責任投資組合績效之探討，私立中原大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
黃淑貞，1989，社會責任投資在台灣之可行性研究，私立中原大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
葉燉烟、鄭景俗、彭群堂，2006，「模糊績效評估模式－以住院醫師為例」，人力資源管理學報，6卷2期：頁71-87。
遠見雜誌，2007，「第三屆遠見雜誌企業社會責任獎」專題報導， 5 月 1 日，頁：266-297。
鄧振源，2005，二版，計畫評估—方法與應用，基隆，海洋大學運籌規劃中心。
劉玉珍，2003，初版，財務管理—理論與實務，台北，新陸書局。
劉志國，2005，社會責任共同基金之績效評估，國立中央大學財務金融學系碩士在職專班之未出版碩士論文。
謝佩芬，2004，財務指標與非會計資訊對股價之影響-Ohlson模型之延伸應用，中原大學國際貿易學系之未出版碩士論文。
蕭美娟，2004，社會責任投資共同基金績效探討—以美國資產管理業者為例，中興大學企業管理學系在職專班之未出版碩士論文。
蘇木春、張孝德，2004，三版，機器學習：類神經網路、模糊系統以及基因演算法，台北，全華圖書。

二、英文部分：
Alexander, Gordon J. & Rogene A. Buchholz, 1978; “Corporate Social Responsibility and Stock Market Performance”, Academy of Management Journal; Vol.21, No.3, pp.479-486.
Anderson, John C. ＆ Alan W. Frankle, 1980, “Voluntary Social Reporting: An Iso-beta Portfolio Analysis”, The Accounting Review Vol.55 No.3, July, pp. 467-479.
Aupperle, Kenneth E., Archie B. Carrol & John D. Hatfeild, 1985, “An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.28, No.2, June, pp.446-463.
Belkaoui, Ahmed, 1976, “The Impact of the Disclousure of the Environmental Effects of Organizational Behavior on the Market”, Financial Management; Vol.5 No.4, Winter, pp.26-31.
Bowen, H.R., 1953, “Social Responsibilities of the Businessman”, New York: Harper.
Bowman, Edward H. & Mason Haire, 1975, “A Strategic Posture toward Corporate Responsibility”, California Management Review; Winter, Vol.18, No.2, pp.49-58.
Bragdon, Joseph H. & John A. T. Marlin, 1972, “Is Pollution Profitable？”, Risk Management; Vol.19, No.4, pp.9-18.
Carroll, Archie B, 1979, “A Three-Dimensional Coceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance”, Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, No.4, October, pp.497-505.
Carroll, Archie B, 1981, “Business and Society”, Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
CED, 1971, “Social Responsibility of Business Corporations”, New York: Committee for Economic Development.
Chen, C. T., 2001, “A Fuzzy Approach to Select the Location of the Distribution Center”, Fuzzy Set System, Vol.118, pp.65-73.
Chen, Kung H. & Richard W. Metcalf, 1980, “The Relationship Between Pollution Control Record and Financial Indicators Revisited”, The Accounting Review, Vol.55, No.1, pp.168-177.
Chen, Ting-Yu, Chang, H. L. & Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, 2002, “Using Fuzzy Measures and Habitual Domains to Analyze the Public Attitude and Apply to the Gas Taxi Policy”, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol.137, No.1, pp.145-161.
Chen, Ting-Yu, Jih-Chang Wang, & Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, 2000, “Identification of General fuzzy Measure by Genetic Algorithm Based on Partial Information”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Men, and Cybernetics-Part B: Cybernetics, Vol.30, No.4, August, pp.517-528.
Chiou, Hua-Kai, & Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, 2001, “Fuzzy Hierarchical Evaluation with Grey Relation Model of Green Engineering for Industry”, International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, Vol.3, No.3, pp. 466-475.
Chiou, Hua-Kai & Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, 2002, “Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision-making Approach to Analysis and Evaluation of Green Engineering for Industry”, Environmental Management, Vol.30, No.6, pp.816-830.
Chung, L., M. Haneman & Mahapatra, S., 1978, “Impact of Pollution Control Regulations on the Market Risk of Securities in the U.S.”, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol.5, No.1, pp.64-70.
Cochran, Philip L. & Robert A. Wood, 1984, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.27, No.1, pp.42-56.
Contrill, M. T., 1990, “Corporate Social Responsibility and the Marketplace”, Journal of Business Ethics, September, No.9, pp.723-729.
Davis, K. & Blomstrom R. L., 1975, “Business and Society: Environment and Responsibility”, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Doubois, D. & Prade, H., 1980, “Fuzzy Sets and Systems: Theory and Application”, Academic Press, New York.
Drucker, P. F., 1993, “Post Capitalist Society”, Oxford, UK: Butterworth Heinemann.
DTI, 2002, “Business and Society-Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2002”, Department of Trade and Industry, England,
EC, 2001, “Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility - Green Paper”, Employment and Social Affair, European Union.
Ellmen, Eugene & Lorimer, Toronto, 1987, “How to Invest Your Money With a Clear Conscience”; Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data, James Lorimer Company Ltd., Publishers.
Ellmen, Eugene, 1997, Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data; James Lorimer Company Ltd., Publishers, pp.21-71.
Fatma Tiryaki & Mehmet Ahlatcioglu, 2005, “Fuzzy Stock Selection Using a New Fuzzy Ranking and Weighting Algorithm”, Applied Mathematics and Computation, No.170, pp. 144-157.
Foger, Russell H. & Fred Nutt, 1975, “A Note on Social Responsibility and Stock Valuation”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.18, NO.1, pp. 155-162.
Frederick, William C., 1983, “Corporate Social Responsibility in the Reagan Era and Beyond”, California Management Review, Vol.25, No.3, pp. 145-157.
Freedman, M. & Jaggi, B., 1982, “Pollution Discloures, Pollution Performance and Economic Performance”, The International Journal of Management Science, Vol.10, No.2, pp. 167-176.
Freedman, M. & Jaggi, B., 1986, “An Analysis of the Impact of Corporate Pollution Disclosures Included in Annual Financial Statements on Investors’ Decisions”, Advances in Public Interest Accounting, Vol.1, pp. 193-212.
Friedman, Hillton, 1970, “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits”, New York Times Magazine, Sep, pp.13.
Grabisch, Michel, 1995, “Fuzzy Integral in Multicriteria Decision-making”, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.69, No.3, pp.279-298.
Griffin, J. J. & Mohan, J. E., 1997, “The Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance Debate”, Business de Society, Vol.36, No.1, pp.5-31.
Hay, R. & E. R. Gray, 1976, “Social Responsibilities of Business Managers”; Management, Organizations, and Human Resources, New York: McGraw-Hill; pp. 25-33. in H.G. Hicks & J. D. Powell, eds.
Jensen, M. C., 1968, “The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-1964”; Journal of Finance, Vol. 23, No.2, May, pp. 389-416.
KPMG, 2005, “KPMG International Survey of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting 2005”, KPMG Global Sustainability.
Kohls, John, 1985, “Corporate Board Structure, Social Reporting And Social Performance”, Research in Corporate Social Performance And Policy; Vol.7, pp. 165-189.
Kuncheva, L. I., 2000, “Fuzzy Classifier Design”, Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Kurtz, L. & D. DiBartolomeo, 1996, “Socially Screened Portfolios：An Attribution Analysis of Relative Performance”, Journal of Investing, Vol.5, No.3, pp. 35-41.
Kurtz, L., 1997, “The Impact of Social Screening on Growth-Oriented Investment Strategies”, Journal of Performance Measurement, Spring.
Kwan, Kean-Chang & Witold Pedrycz, 2004, “Face Recognition Using Fuzzy Integral and Wavelet Decomposition Method”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol.34, No.4, pp. 1666-1675.
Laarhoven, P. J. M. & Pedrycz, W., 1983, “A Fuzzy Extension of Saaty’s Priority Theory”, Fuzzy Sets and System, Vol.11, pp. 229-241.
Lee, Keon-Myung & Hyung Leek Wang, 1995, “Identification of ��-fuzzy Measure by Genetic Algorithms”, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.75, pp. 301-309.
Lernes, Linda D. & Grrald E. Fryxell, 1988, “An Empirical Study of Corporate Social Performance: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.7, No.12, December, pp. 951-960.
McGuire, J. W., 1963, “Business and Society”, New York: McGraw-Hill.
McGuire, J. B. & Gohn B. Parrish, 1971, “Status Report on a Profound Revolution”, California Management Review, Summer, pp. 82-84.
McGuire, Jean B., Alison Sundgren & Thomas Schneeweis, 1988, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.31, No.4, pp. 854-872.
Murofushi, T. & Sugeno, M, 1991, “A Theory of Fuzzy Measures: Representations, the Choquet Integral, and Null Sets”, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, Vol.159, No.2, pp. 532-549.
Murofushi, T. & Sugeno, M., 1993, “Some Quantities Represented by the Choquet Integral”, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.56, pp. 229-235.
Orlitzky, Marc, Frank, L. Schmidt & Sara L. Rynes, 2003, “Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis”, Organization studies, Vol.24, No.3, pp. 403-442
Patten, D. M., 1990, “The Market Reaction to Social Responsibility Disclosure: The Case of the Sullivian Principles Signings”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol.15, No.6, pp. 575-587.
Rockness, J., P. Schlachter & Rockness, H., 1986, “Hazardous Waste Disposal, Corporate Disclosure, and Financial Performance in the Chemical Industry”, Advances in Public Interest Accounting, Vol.1, pp. 167-191.
Sethi, S. Prakash, 1975, “Dimension of Corporate Social Performance: An Analytical Framework”, California Management Review.
Sharpe, William F., 1966, “Mutual Fund Performance”, Journal of Business, Vol.39, No.1, pp. 119-138.
Shane, Philip B. & Barry F. Spicer, 1983, “Market Response to Environmental Information Produced Outside the Firm”, The Accounting Review, Vol.58, No.3, pp. 521-538.
Smith, K.V. & Tito, D. A., 1969, “Risk-Return Measures of Expost Portfolio Performance”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol.4, No.4, Dec. pp. 449-471.
SIF, 2005, “2005 Report on Socially Responsible Investing Trends in the United States”, Social Investment Forum, Washington DC.
Sturdivant, Frederick D. & James L. Ginter, 1977, “Corporate Social Responsiveness: Management Attitudes and Economic Performance”, California Management Review, Vol.19, No.3, Spring, pp. 30-39.
Sugeno M., 1974, “Theory of Fuzzy Integrals and its Applications”, Ph.D. thesis, Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Tahani, H. & J. M. Keller, 1990, “Information Fusion in Computer Vision Using the Fuzzy Integral”, IEEE Transactions on Systems; Man, and Cybernetics, Vol.20, No.3, May/June, pp. 733-741.
Treynor, J.L & Mazuy, K. K., 1965, “Can Mutual Funds Outguess the Market？”, Harvard Business Review, Vol.43, No.1, Jan.-Feb, pp. 63-75.
Tsai, Hui-Hua & Iuan-Yuan Lu, 2006, “The Evaluation of Service Quality Using Generalized Choquet Integral”, Information Sciences, Vol.176, No.6, pp. 640-663.
Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung, Te-Yi Chang & Chang-Hua Yen, 2002, “The Evaluation of Airline Service Quality by Fuzzy MCDM”, Tourism Management, Vlo.23, pp. 107–115.
Tseng, Fang-Mei & Ching-Ying Yu, 2005, “Partitioned Fuzzy Integral Multinomial Logit Model for Taiwan's Internet Telephony Market”, Omega, Vol.33, No.3, pp. 267-276.
Tsao, C-T., 2006, “A Fuzzy MCDM Approach for Stock Selection”, The Journal of Operational Research Society, Oxford, Vol.57 No.11, pp. 1341-1352
Tzeng, G. H., Chang, J. R., Lin, J. D., & Hung C. T.; 2002; “Non-additive Grey Relation Model for the Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Condition”; International Journal of Fuzzy Systems; 4; 2; pp.715-724.
Tzeng, Gwo-Hshiung, Yu-Ping Ou Yang, Chin-Tsai Lin & Chie-Bein Chen, 2005, “Hierarchical MADM with Fuzzy Integral for Evaluating Enterprise Intranet Web Sites”, Information Sciences, Vol.169, pp. 409-426.
Vance, Stanley C., 1975, ”Are Socially Responsible Corporations Good Investment Risk?”, Management Review, Vol.64, No.8, August, pp. 18-24.
Waddock, Sandra A. & Samuel B. Graves, 1997, “The Corporate Social Performance-Financial Performance Link”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.64, No.8, August, pp.18-24.
Wang, J. C., Chen, T. Y., & Shen, H. M., 2001, “Using Fuzzy Densities to Determine the ��-value for ��-fuzzy Measures”, in: Proceedings of the 9th National Conference on Fuzzy Theory and its Applications, Taiwan, pp. 54–59.
Wang, Zhenyuan, Kwong-Sak Leung & George J. Klir, 2005, “Applying Fuzzy Measures and Nonlinear Integrals in Data Mining”, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.156, No.3, pp. 371-380.
Wang, Wei, Wang, Zhenyuan & George J. Klir; 1998; “Genetic Algorithms for Determining Fuzzy Measures from Data”, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Vol.6, pp. 171-183.
WBCSR, 2000, “Corporate Social Responsibility: Making Good Business Sense”, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Geneva.
Wood, Donna J., 1991, “Toward Improving Corporate Social Performance”, Business Horizons, Vol.34, No.4, July-August, pp. 66-73.
Zadeh, L. A., 1965, “Fuzzy Sets”, Information and Control, Vol.8, pp. 338-353.
Zadeh, L. A., 1975, “The Concept of a Linguistic Variable and its Application to Approximate Reasoning I, II, III”, Information Science, Vol.8, pp. 199-251, 301-357, Vol.9, pp. 43-80.
Zenisek, J., 1979, “Corporate Social Responsibility”, Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, pp. 365.
Yang, Z. & Jun, M., 2002, “Consumer Perception of e-service Quality: from Internet Purchaser and Non-purchaser Perspectives”, Journal of Business Strategies, Vol.19, No.1, pp. 19-41.