臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此篇論文提出了兩個以電流回授放大器(Current Feedback Amplifier；CFA)所設計之振盪器電路。電流式電路具有許多優點，有較大的頻寬、較好的線性度、較高的迴轉率、較寬的線性範圍及較低的功率消耗。而以最少之被動與主動元件來設計，此點也值得關切。故類比信號處理系統廣泛地在電流式領域被實現。
第一個電路提出以兩個運算轉阻放大器(Operational Transresistance Amplifier；OTRA)及電阻器所設計之正交振盪器。此振盪器可以產生兩個相位差為90° 之弦波，而且在本文所設計之振盪器電路，不需再外加電容器，只需兩個運算轉阻放大器以及兩個電阻器即可產生振盪。我們用運算轉阻放大器之主極點的觀念分析此電路。而第二個電路提出了以兩個CFA及電阻和電容構成之頻率可調振盪器。

Two oscillator circuits using current feedback amplifiers are proposed. Current-mode circuits have many advantages such as wider bandwidth, better linearity, higher slew-rate, wider dynamic range and low power consumption. Circuit designs with less number passive components and the active elements have received wider attention. The realization of analog signal processing systems are extensively studied.
The first oscillator circuit use two operational transresistance amplifiers (OTRAs) and two resistors to form a quadrature oscillator. The quadrature oscillator can produce two sinusoidal waves with 90° phase difference. The circuit can oscillate without external capacitor. We analyze the circuit employing the dominant pole of OTRAs. The second oscillator circuit uses two current feedback amplifiers, resistors and capacitors to form a tunable frequency oscillator.

目錄
中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅱ
誌謝 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
圖表索引 Ⅵ
第一章 緒論 ............................................................................................... 1
1-1 研究動機 ....................................................................................... 1
1-2 論文編排 ....................................................................................... 4
第二章 電流式主動元件的介紹............................................................... 5
2-1 NULLOR 模型 ............................................................................... 5
2-1.1 以 Nullor等效網路來思考主動元件網路 .......................... 9
2-2 電流傳輸器(CC) ........................................................................ 10
2-2.1 第一代電流傳輸器(CCI) .................................................... 10
2-2.2 第二代電流傳輸器(CCII) .................................................. 12
2-2.3 電流回授放大器(CFA) ....................................................... 17
2-3 運算轉阻放大器 ......................................................................... 21
第三章 以運算轉阻放大器之主極點設計之正交振盪器 .................... 24
3-1 簡介 ............................................................................................. 24
3-2 電路描述 ..................................................................................... 26
3-3 模擬結果 ..................................................................................... 33
3-4 結論 ............................................................................................. 37
第四章 以 CFA構成之頻率可調振盪器............................................... 38
4-1 簡介 ............................................................................................. 38
4-2 電路描述 ..................................................................................... 39
4-3 模擬結果 ..................................................................................... 43
4-4 結論 ............................................................................................. 50
第五章 結論與展望 ................................................................................. 51
參考文獻 ............................................................................................... A

表目錄

表3-1圖3-8傅立葉分析的列表 (常溫 ............................... 35


圖目錄

圖2-1 NULLATOR .................................................................................... 5
圖2-2 NORATOR 模型 ............................................................................. 6
圖2-3 NULLOR 模型 ............................................................................... 7
圖2-4 CCI的符號表示 ........................................................................... 11
圖2-5 CCI的 NULLOR等效模型 ......................................................... 11
圖2-6 CCII的表示符號 .......................................................................... 12
圖2-7 CCII的 NULLOR 等效模型 ....................................................... 13
圖2-8 CCII之 NULLOR 簡化等效模型 ............................................... 13
圖2-9 由B. WILSON 提出的 CCII+電路 ........................................... 13
圖2-10 由 B. WILSON 提出的 CCII-電路 .......................................... 14
圖2-11用CMOS設計的CCII+內部電路 ............................................ 14
圖2-12用 CMOS設計的CCII-內部電路 ............................................. 15
圖2-13 CCII的基本應用電路 ................................................................ 16
圖2-14 CFA的元件符號 ......................................................................... 17
圖2-15 CFA的等效模型 ......................................................................... 17
圖2-16 以 CCII及VF所構成的CFA等效模型 ................................. 18
圖2-17 AD844的內部電路..................................................................... 18
圖2-18 CFA的直流輸入端特性 ............................................................. 20
圖2-19 CFA的直流輸出端特性 ............................................................. 20
圖2-20 CFA的直流電流分析 ................................................................. 20
圖2-21運算轉阻放大器的符號 ............................................................. 22
圖2-22 CHEN等學者提出之運算轉阻放大器的內部實現電路 ......... 22
圖2-23運算轉阻放大器內部實現電路 ................................................. 23
圖2-24 CHEN等學者所提之運算轉阻放大器內部實現電路 ............. 23
圖2-25 HOU等學者所提之運算轉阻放大器內部實現電路 ............... 23

圖3-1基本組態的近似式的信號流程圖 ............................................... 25
圖3-2用運算放大器和電阻器設計的正交振盪器 ............................... 26
圖3-3圖3-2中電路的信號流程圖 ........................................................ 26
圖3-4用運算轉導放大器和電阻器設計的正交振盪器 ....................... 28
圖3-5圖3-4中電路的信號流程圖 ........................................................ 29
圖3-6用電流回授放大器和電阻器設計的正交振盪器 ....................... 30
圖3-7圖3-6中電路的信號流程圖 ........................................................ 30
圖3-8用運算轉阻放大器和電阻器設計的正交振盪器 ....................... 31
圖3-9圖3-8中電路的信號流程圖 ........................................................ 32
圖3-10使用 AD844AN所組成的 OTRA ............................................. 33
圖3-11以二個電流回授運算放大器為主之 OTRA的模擬結果 ........ 34
圖3-12 OTRA正交振盪器之輸出波形 ................................................. 34
圖3-13圖3-14 不同的溫度下之快速傅立葉分析比較 ...................... 36

圖4-1電壓放大器內部 ........................................................................... 39
圖4-2帶通濾波器與電壓放大器組合而成的振盪器電路 ................... 39
圖4-3帶通濾波器與電壓放大器組合而成的振盪器電路 ................... 40
圖4-4帶通阻態振盪器與高通阻態振盪器組合而成之振盪器 ........... 41
圖4-5 以CFA及電阻取代圖4-4中之電壓放大器 ............................. 42
圖4-6(A) R4 = 60 時的輸出波形圖 ............................................... 43
圖4-6(B) R4 = 60 時的快速傅立葉分析圖 ................................... 44
圖4-7(A) R4 = 55 時的輸出波形圖 ............................................... 44
圖4-7(B) R4 = 55 時的快速傅立葉分析圖 ................................... 45
圖4-8(A) R4 = 52 時的輸出波形圖 ............................................... 45
圖4-8(B) R4 = 52 時的快速傅立葉分析圖 ................................... 46
圖4-9(A) R6 = 1 時的輸出波形圖 ................................................. 47
圖4-9(B) R6 = 1 時的快速傅立葉分析圖 ..................................... 47
圖4-10(A) R6 = 60 時的輸出波形圖 ............................................. 48
圖4-10(B) R6 = Ω 時的快速傅立葉分析圖 ................................... 48
圖4-11 R6改變對於振盪頻率的影響.................................................. 49

1.B. Wilson, “Constant bandwidth voltage amplification using current conveyor,” International Journal of Electronic, vol.65, no.5, pp.983-988, 1988.

2.K. C. Smith, A. Sedra, Microelectronic Circuits, 5th ed, New York: Oxford, 2004.

3.M. W. Allam, and M. I. Elmasry, “Dynamic current mode logic (DyCML), a new low-power high-performance logic family,” IEEE Proc. CICC, pp. 421-424, 2000.

4.B. Wilson, “Recent developments in current conveyors and current-mode circuits,” IEE Proc. G, 137, pp.63-77, 1990.

5.A. F. Arbel, and L. Goldminz, “Output stage of current-mode feedback amplifiers, theory and applications,” Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2, pp.243-255, 1992.

6.C. Toumazou, F. J. Lidgey, and D. G. Haigh, Analogue IC Design: the Current-Mode Approach, London: PeterPeregrinus),1990.

7.A. F. Arbel, J. E. Bowers, and J. Lauch, “Low-noise high-speed optical receiver for fiber optic systems,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 19, pp.155-157, 1984.

8.T. Kaulberg, “A CMOS current-mode operational amplifier,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 28, pp.849-852, 1993.

9.A. S. Sedra, and G. W. Roberts, “Current Conveyor Theory and Practice,” in C. Toumazou, F. J. Lidgey and D. G. Haigh Analogue IC design the current-mode approach (Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London), Chap.3, pp.93-126, 1990.

10.A. Piovaccari, “CMOS integrated third-generation current conveyor,” Electronics Letters, 31, pp. 1228-1229, 1995.

11.J. J. Chen, H. W Tsao, and C. C Chen, “Operational Transresistance Amplifier Using CMOS Technology,” Electronics Letters, 28, pp. 2087-2088, 1992.

12.K. C. Smith and A, Sedra, “The current conveyor-a new circuit building block,” IEEE Proc., vol.65, no.5, pp.1368-1369,1968.

13.A. Sedra and K. C. Smith, “A second generation current conveyor and its applications,” IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, vol.17, no.1, pp.132-134, 1970.

14.A. Fabre, “Third-generation current conveyor: a new help active element,” Electronics Letters, vol.31, no.5, pp.338-339, 1995.

15.A. Fabre, O. saaid, F. Weist, and C. Boucheron, “High frequency applications based on a new current controlled conveyor,” IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems I, vol.43, no.2, pp82-91, 1996.

16.B. Wilson, “High performance current conveyors implementation,” Electronics Letters, vol.20, no.24, pp.990-991,1984.

17.S. Franco, “Analytical foundations of current-feedback amplifiers”, IEEE Trans, pp.1050-1053, 1993.

18.AD844 Data sheet, Analog Devices.

19.J. J. Chen, H. W Tsao, and C. C Chen, “Operational Transresistance Amplifier Using CMOS Technology,” Electronics Letters, 28, pp. 2087-2088, 1992.

20.J. W. Horng, "Current differencing buffered amplifiers based singleresistance controlled quadrature oscillator employing grounded capacitors," IEICE Transactions Fundamentals, vol. E85-A, no.6, pp.1416-1419, June, 2002.

21.J.W. Horng, "Current conveyors based allpass filters and quadrature oscillators employing grounded capacitors and resistors",Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 81-91, Jan., 2005.

22.Uğur �嫵m, “A Novel Single-Resistance-Controlled Sinusoidal Oscillator Employing Single Operational Transresistance Amplifier” Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, Vol. 32 , Issue 2, pp. 183 - 186, 2002 .

23.S. I. Liu, C. C. Chang, and D. S. Wu, “Active-R sinusoidal oscillators using the CFA pole,” Int. J. Electronics, Vol. 77, No. 6 pp. 1035-1042,1994.

24.S. Venkateswaran and Y. Venkataramani, “Continuously tunable Active-R oscillator with two operational amplifiers,” Journal of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (India), Vol. 26, pp. 523-525, 1980.

25.R. S. Moni and K. R. Rao, “Large Signal Instability in Active-R and a Class of Compensated Active-RC Filters, ” Proc. IEEE, Vol. 69, No. 10, pp.1366-1367, 1981.

26.R. Senani, “Simple sinusoidal oscillator using OPAMP compensation Poles,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 452-453, 1993.

27.R. Senani and D. R. Bhaskar, “New Active-R sinusoidal VCOs with linear tuning laws,” Int. J. Electronics, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 57-61, 1996.

28.M. T. Abuelma’atti and W.A. Almansoury, “Active-R multiphase oscillators,” IEE Proceedings, Vol. 134, No. 6, pp. 292-293, 1987.

29.侯俊禮、蘇舜生 “用電流回授放大器或運算放大器或運算轉導放大器的主極點構成的正交震盪器”， e科技雜誌，2005.07.27

30.Yuh Sun, “Generation of Sinusoidal Voltage (Current)-Controlled Oscillators for Integrated Circuits” IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, VOL. CT-19, No.2, March 1972.