臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在太陽能微型電網架構中包含太陽能板、電源轉換器與蓄電池。本篇論文提出以T-S模糊方法去實現太陽能發電系統之最大功率追蹤。而T-S模糊模型可以利用模糊規則將非線性系統拆解成數個線性子系統。而且，穩性定條件則利用Lyapunov方法求得，也就是將控制問題轉換成解線性矩陣不等式。首先利用數值模擬我們可以得到滿意的效果。不過，我們更致力在實作方面的實現。最後，我們建構太陽能發電實驗架構，其中包含SP75太陽能板模組、電源轉換器、類比數位轉換卡(DS1103)與即時介面(dSPACE)。然而，實驗結果達到驗證的效果。

A micro-grid power system consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) array
panel, DC/DC converter, and a battery is considered in this
research. This thesis proposes a T-S fuzzy method to deal with the
power tracking problem of the power generating systems. The T-S
fuzzy model can represent nonlinear systems into fuzzy rules with
consequent part as local linear subsystems. Then, the stability
analysis is carried out using Lyapunov direct method where as the
control problem is formulated into the feasibility of solving a
set of linear matrix inequality (LMIs). The satisfactory
performance is firstly shown by the numerical simulation result.
Then, we focus on the experiment on the hardware realization. To
this end, we establish an experiment environment for the solar
power system, which includes an SP75 solar module, a DC/DC buck
converter, an A/D DS1103 card, and a real-time interface, dSPACE.
Then, the experiment is carried to verify the proposed scheme.

Contents
Abstract in Chinese I
Contents in Chinese II
Abstract in English V
Acknowledgement in Chinese VI
Contents VII
List of Figures X
List of Tables XIII
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Organization of This Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Model of Photovoltaic Cells 4
2.1 Power generating dynamics of Solar cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Category of Solar Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Four generations of development [5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.2 Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.3 Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.4 Fourth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Photovoltaic Array Power Generating System Modelling . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 Analyzing Solar Power Generation based on T-S Fuzzy 14
3.1 Basic T-S Fuzzy Tracking Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Specifying VDVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 Numerical Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 Experiment Setup 28
4.1 Solar cell[13] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 DS1103 [14] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3 Measurement of PV array output current and voltage acquisition . . . . . . 30
4.4 MOSFET Gate Driver [15] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.5 Current Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.6 Conventional PWM Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.6.1 Inductor Design [16] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.6.2 Output Capacitor Design [16] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.7 RCD Snubber [17] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.8 Incremental Conductance Method [18][19][20] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.9 Experimental Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.10 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.11 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.12 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5 Conclusion and Future Works 52
5.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.2 Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
A Photographs of Experiment 55
Reference 53
Appendix A 55
List of Figures
2.1 Solar cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Semiconductor band structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Solar cell generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Category of solar cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 PV cell Equivalent circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Circuit diagram of a photovoltaic generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.7 PV array Equivalent circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8 I-V curves of PV array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.9 P-V curves of PV array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.10 The system structure of a PV array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.11 Buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.12 The operation diagram on MOSFET switch on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.13 The operation diagram on MOSFET switch off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 Maximum power point diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 System states response diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Power regulation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 Performance index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5 Battery bank voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6 Insolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7 System states response diagram on vary insolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.8 Power tracking diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.9 PV output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.10 Battery bank voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.11 Performance index on vary insolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1 Experimental environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 The DS1103 hardware architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3 Circuit of the MOSFET gate driver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4 Inductor current waveform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5 Inductor current and output voltage ripple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6 RCD snubber circuit when M turns off. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.7 RCD snubber circuit when M turns on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.8 Incremental conductance method diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.9 Incremental conductance method flow chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.10 Real Time Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.11 Matlab interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.12 Control Desk Developer Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.13 PV array output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.14 Virtual desired voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.15 Inductance current of buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.16 Virtual desired inductance current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.17 Buck converter output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.18 Virtual desired output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.19 Duty ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.20 Duty ratio shown on oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.21 PV array output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.22 PV array output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.23 PV array output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.24 Virtual desired voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.25 Inductance current of buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.26 Virtual desired inductance current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.27 Buck converter output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.28 Virtual desired output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.29 Duty ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.30 Duty ratio shown on oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.31 PV array output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.32 PV array output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.33 PV array output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.34 Virtual desired voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.35 Inductance current of buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.36 Virtual desired inductance current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.37 Buck converter output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.38 Virtual desired output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.39 Duty ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.40 Duty ratio shown on oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.41 PV array output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.42 PV array output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.43 PV array output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.44 PV array output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.45 PV array output power without control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.46 PV array output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.47 Virtual desired voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.48 Virtual desired voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.49 Inductance current of buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.50 Virtual desired inductance current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.51 Buck converter output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.52 Virtual desired output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.53 Duty ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.54 Duty ratio shown on oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.55 PV array output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.56 PV array output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
A.1 Solar module SP75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
A.2 Conventional PWM buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
A.3 Output current and voltage acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
A.4 Load for buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
A.5 DS1103 controller board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
List of Tables
2.1 Simulate parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1 Part list for the MOSFET gate driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Solar module SP75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 Specifications of the Conventional Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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