臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文觀察台灣年輕人說閩南語的國語口音，建立語料庫作為分析基礎，並根據優選理論中的浮動制約模型（Floating Constraint, Reynolds 1994）分析語料。
本文語料主要分為兩大組：A組及B組。除AB兩組均保留雙唇濁塞聲母 /b/之外，A組的國語口音較明顯，亦即軟顎濁塞聲母 /g/ 較常丟失、齒齦清塞音韻尾 /t/ 較常丟失、雙唇及軟顎清塞音韻尾 /p, k/ 常丟失或發為 /t/。B組的國語口音較不明顯，亦即較常保留上述輔音。
本文針對AB兩組的聲母及韻尾語料數據，各提出一組浮動制約。相較於A組，B組在聲母的浮動制約多了一個信實制約MAX-PLACE、在韻尾部分也多了另一個信實制約MAX-CONSONANT(CODA)。因此B組的信實制約有較多機會浮動至高層，也導致較多信實的輸出值。由此可見，兩組差異之關鍵在於浮動而非固定的制約，因此認為浮動制約模型適合用於處理此種語言變異現象。

This thesis establishes a corpus of Taiwan youngsters’ Mandarin-accented pronunciation of Taiwanese voiced stop onsets /b/ and /g/ and voiceless stop codas /p, t, k/. The Floating Constraint model (Reynolds 1994) within the Optimality Theory framework is adopted to analyze the corpus data.
The corpus includes two groups: Group A and Group B. Both groups retain the voiced bilabial stop onset /b/. Group A has higher percentages of omitting /g/ onset and /t/ coda, and codas /p/ and /k/ are often altered to /t/ or omitted. On the other hand, Group B tends to preserve those sounds.
For each group, a set of floating constraints is proposed to account for their onset and coda data. The differences between Group A and Group B lie essentially in the number of floating faithfulness constraints. The Group B grammar allows one more floating constraint MAX-PLACE for onsets, and one more floating constraint MAX-CONSONANT(CODA) for codas. I have shown that the Mandarin accent is better accounted for in terms of the “floating” constraints, but not the “fixed” constraints.

Acknowledgements vi
Vita viii
Table of Contents x
Chinese Abstract xiii
English Abstract xiv

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1. Background and Motivation 1
1.2. Research Issues 3
1.3. Organization of the Study 5

Chapter 2 Phonotactic and Theoretical Background 6
2.1. Mandarin and Taiwanese Phonotactic Basics 6
2.1.1 Onset Consonants 7
2.1.2. Coda Consonants 8
2.2. Relevant Corpus Studies 9
2.3. Relevant Studies on Accent Formation 10
2.4. Theoretical Background of Optimality Theory 12
2.4.1. OT Basic Concept 12
2.4.2. OT and Linguistic Variation 14
2.4.2.1. Non-ranking 15
2.4.2.2. Constraint Re-ranking (Kiparsky 1993) 16
2.4.2.3. Partial Ordering (Anttila 2000) 16
2.4.2.4. Floating Constraint (Reynolds 1994) 18
2.5. Place Markedness Hierarchy 19

Chapter 3 The Corpus 21
3.1. Corpus Design 21
3.2. Informant Background 23
3.3. Corpus Data 24
3.3.1. Voiced Stop Onsets 24
3.3.1.1 /b/ Onset: Group A vs. Group B 26
3.3.1.2. /g/ Onset: Group A vs. Group B 27
3.3.2. Voiceless Stop Codas 29
3.3.2.1. /p/ Coda: Group A vs. Group B 31
3.3.2.2. /t/ Coda: Group A vs. Group B 32
3.3.2.3. /k/ Coda: Group A vs. Group B 33
3. 4. Corpus Summary 34

Chapter 4　FC analysis on Voiced Stop Onsets /b/ and /g/ 36
4.1. Data Summary 36
4.2. Relevant Constraints and Motivation 37
4.3. Theoretical Treatment 40
4.3.1. Group A Grammar 40
4.3.1.1. Group A: /b/ Onset Analysis 44
4.3.1.2. Group A: /g/ Onset Analysis 47
4.3.1.3. Group A summary 50
4.3.2. Group B grammar 50
4.3.2.1. Group B: /b/ Onset Analysis 53
4.3.2.2. Group B: /g/ Onset Analysis 55
4.3.2.3. Group B summary 59
4.4. Theoretical Implication 60

Chapter 5 OT Analysis on Stop Codas /p, t, k/ 61
5.1. Data Summary 61
5.2. Relevant Constraints and Motivation 62
5.3. Floating Constraint Theoretical Treatment 64
5.3.1. Group A grammar 64
5.3.1.1. Group A : /p/ coda Analysis 67
5.3.1.2. Group A: /t/ coda Analysis 69
5.3.1.3. Group A: /k/ coda Analysis 71
5.3.1.4. Group A summary 73
5.3.2. Group B grammar 73
5.3.2.1. /p/ coda 76
5.3.2.2. /t/ coda 77
5.3.2.3. /k/ coda 79
5.3.2.4. Group B summary 81
5.4. Theoretical Implication 81

Chapter 6 Conclusion 83

Appendix 90
Bibliography 98

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