臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

除磷為水處理之重要項目，而在藉由生物除磷部分，以厭氧好氧活性污泥系統之除磷效果，已經由長期研究和發展得到證實且被廣泛的應用在實際廢水的處理上。不過以厭氧好氧活性污泥系統之除磷作用，常在運作當中發生系統除磷功能下降或喪失的情況，造成除磷效果不佳，放流水水質惡化。因此對於造成EBPR系統發生除磷能力喪失之原因，一直是學者們致力研究的課題。
本研究利用EBPR(Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal)程序之SBR反應槽進行植種污泥馴養，但在SBR反應槽達穩定後，發現此EBPR程序並不具有生物除磷特性。因而進行原因探討，嘗試找出影響生物除磷特性表現之可能因子。而在比較各項因子後發現，反應槽中氯離子濃度偏高和程序中氯離子濃度波動之現象，有可能為影響除磷程序下不具除磷能力之其中因素之一。後續針對氯離子進行探討，分別研究氯離子濃度波動幅度較大和氯離子濃度較低及較穩定之兩SBR系統，試圖釐清氯離子是否會對EBPR系統造成衝擊，並藉由FISH分析探討氯離子對兩系統之菌相結構所造成之影響。
結果發現氯離子濃度波動較穩定之SBR系統，不論是厭氧段之釋磷率或好氧段之攝磷率，皆較氯離子濃度波動幅度較大之SBR系統明顯高出許多，且在整體除磷能力上也有較佳之表現。而在菌相分析結果中，氯離子濃度波動幅度較大之SBR系統以α菌屬為主要優勢菌群，其次為β菌屬；氯離子濃度波動較穩定之SBR系統則以β菌屬和HGC菌屬為主，α菌屬明顯減少許多。根據整體結果推測，α菌屬對於高鹽度或高濃度氯離子波動之環境較具有耐受性，一旦環境中之鹽度或氯離子濃度波動性受到控制，則在EBPR程序下α菌屬之競爭力即明顯低於其他族群；而存在系統中之β菌屬可能多數屬於GAOs以外之非除磷菌β-1和β-2-Proteobacteria，且對於高鹽度或高濃度氯離子波動之環境亦較具有耐受性，一旦環境中之鹽度或氯離子濃度波動性受到控制，此類菌屬在系統中仍具有競爭上之優勢。

Activated sludge system with alternating anaerobic and aerobic process, also being known as enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) system, has been successfully applied to treat wastewater containing high concentration of phosphorus. Although these EBPR systems had been widely used in full-scale wastewater plants, poor wastewater-treating efficiency often occurs for unknown reasons.
In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated under EBPR mode and was found to have poor phosphorus removal efficiency. Form the results of chemical analysis, it was suggested that the high and fluctuated concentration of chlorine in the mixed liquor could be the reason causing the failure of phosphorus removal. Subsequent experiments were performed to compare the difference on microbial structures between EBPR systems with high and low chlorine concentration. It was found that the level of anaerobically phosphorus released in system with low chlorine concentration was higher than that with high chlorine concentration. Similar results of aerobically phosphorus accumulating was also observed in these study. From the results of microbial structure analysis by using Fluorescence in situ Hybridization(FISH), it was showed that alpha- and beta-Proteobacteria were the dominated bacterial population in system influenced by a high and fluctuated chlorine concentration. It was also found that beta-Proteobacteria and Gram-positive bacteria with high GC bases content were dominated in system operated under a low and steady chlorine concentration. According to these results, alpha-Proteobacteria in this reactor may have higher salt tolerant capacity, such as chlorine, than the others microorganisms. Once the usual high salt concentration was controlled, alpha-Proteobacteria would lose its advantage to compete with others in EBPR system. Additional, most of beta-Proteobacteria existed in the system belong to the members of the β-1 and β-2-Proteobacteria which were identified as not the member of GAOs could also be responsible for the deterioration of phosphate removal efficiency in EBPR system. This group were also confirmed with relative higher tolerant capacity to salt to others in EBPR system, and doesn’t lose the advantage to compete with others under low chlorine concentration.

目錄....................................................I
表目錄.................................................IV
圖目錄..................................................V
第一章 前言.............................................1
第一節 研究緣起.......................................1
第二節 研究目的.......................................2
第二章 文獻回顧.........................................3
第一節 優養化問題和磷之去除...........................3
一、 優養化問題.....................................3
二、 磷之去除方式...................................3
第二節 活性污泥法.....................................5
一、 標準活性污泥法.................................5
二、 程序批次活性污泥法.............................6
三、 活性污泥中菌相組成.............................7
第三節 生物除磷機制和EBPR系統.........................9
一、 EBPR系統程序及特性.............................9
二、 EBPR系統之微生物族群..........................11
三、 生物除磷機制..................................16
（一） 生物除磷原理..............................16
（二） 生物除磷代謝模式..........................17
四、 EBPR應用於SBR系統之特性.......................19
五、 影響EBPR系統除磷效率的因素....................20
第四節 EBPR系統之生物化學............................24
一、 以醋酸為單一碳源之代謝........................24
二、 以其他基質為碳源之代謝........................25
三、 poly-P........................................29
四、 肝醣之代謝....................................30
五、 PHA之代謝.....................................30
第五節 高鹽度廢水對EBPR的衝擊........................31
第六節 分子生物技術之應用............................32
一、 16S rRNA......................................32
二、 螢光原位雜交法................................33
第七節 文獻閱讀心得及研究方向擬定....................35
第三章 材料與方法......................................37
第一節 實驗架構及實驗流程............................37
第二節 實驗設備......................................38
一、 SBR反應槽.....................................38
二、 分析實驗設備..................................39
第三節 反應槽操作內容及條件..........................40
一、 污泥來源及進流水質成分........................40
二、 反應槽操作參數................................41
第四節 反應槽水質分析................................42
一、 樣本的採樣及保存..............................42
二、 磷酸鹽分析....................................42
三、 菌體內之磷含量分析............................43
四、 pH、溶氧量測定................................44
五、 硝酸、亞硝酸根及氯離子分析....................44
六、 COD分析.......................................45
七、 SVI分析.......................................46
八、 MLSS和MLVSS分析...............................46
（一） MLSS......................................46
（二） MLVSS.....................................47
第五節 批次實驗......................................48
第六節 反應槽微生物族群分析..........................49
一、 螢光原位雜合法................................49
（一） 固定(Fixation)............................50
（二） 雜交(Hybridization).......................50
（三） 清洗(Washing).............................51
（四） 顯像(Visualization).......................51
二、 DAPI染色......................................54
第四章 結果與討論......................................55
第一節 除磷程序模擬下反應槽系統特性..................55
一、 SBR反應槽操作穩定之水質參數...................55
二、 SBR達穩定階段時單一循環程序水質特性表現.......60
三、 SBR相同程序下批次實驗水質特性表現.............62
（一） 控制pH組批次實驗..........................62
（二） 未控制pH組批次實驗........................64
四、 SBR和批次實驗水質特性表現差異比較.............65
第二節 SBR菌相分析結果...............................67
一、 FISH分析結果..................................67
二、 EBPR系統菌相比較與討論........................70
第三節 氯離子對生物除磷之影響探討....................72
一、 具除磷能力污泥添加氯離子之批次實驗............72
（一） 未添加氯離子之批次實驗結果................72
（二） 添加500 mg/L氯離子之批次實驗結果..........73
（三) 添加3000 mg/L氯離子之批次實驗結果.........74
二、 添加氯離子之批次實驗結果分析與探討............75
三、 氯離子對生物除磷影響之因素探討................76
第四節 除磷程序模擬之降低氯離子濃度反應槽系統特性....77
一、 SBR反應槽操作穩定之水質參數...................78
二、 SBR單一循環程序水質特性表現...................80
三、 FISH分析結果..................................82
第五節 氯離子濃度波動和低濃度氯離子反應槽綜合比較分析 ..............................................84
一、 水質特性比較..................................84
（一） COD、TP去除率比較.........................84
（二） DAPI下聚磷酸鹽累積現象比較................86
二、 菌相比較......................................88
第五章 結論與建議......................................91
第一節 結論..........................................91
第二節 建議..........................................93
參考文獻...............................................95

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