臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

長久以來，對於小型島嶼經濟體系的台灣而言，在各種資源的缺乏下，國際化一直是實務界所關注的焦點。相較於西方多國企業而言，台灣多屬中小型企業，在缺乏國際化經驗下，海外直接投資的能力相對有限。因此，台灣企業在各種投資環境與條件都與歐美國家差距甚大的情況下，不禁另人產生國際化真的能為台灣產商帶來較佳的利潤嗎？

母公司的內部環境與地主國的外在環境，讓多國企業在擴展的過程中面臨到許多挑戰。過去的實證研究發現，國際化與績效之間的關係尚無明確的定論，主要原因在於國際化與績效間常受到許多因素干擾，尤其投資地區的政治環境與經濟環境影響甚鉅。政治性活動於廠商國際化的過程中所扮演的角色在過去研究中並未受到重視。因此，本研究透過政治性活動 (廠商賄賂行為與地主國貪腐程度)，以及地主國環境 (地主國開發程度) 一同探討國際化是否能為企業提昇績效。

本研究以國際化程度與廠商績效 (包括：母公司績效、創新績效與子公司績效) 之關係為研究主軸，同時探討「廠商賄賂行為」、「地主國貪腐程度」及「地主國開發程度」對廠商績效之影響，以及三項變數對國際化程度與廠商績效關係之干擾效果。本研究資料取自經濟部統計處「製造業對外投資實況調查報告」(2004) 之原始資料，由於本研究同時探討母、子公司績效，故經篩選研究樣本後：分析多國企業時為1,155家廠商；分析子公司時為1,112家，研究方法採用線性階層迴歸與Ordinal Logit模型檢定各變數間之關係與干擾效果。

實證研究發現國際化程度與母公司財務績效呈現U形關係；與子公司財務績效呈現倒U形；與母公司創新績效呈現倒U形。此外，尚發現地主國貪腐程度愈高，母公司財務績效越差；地主國開發程度越高，母公司財務績效越好；當母公司進行賄賂時，相較於無賄賂之廠商，母公司創新績效越好；地主國開發程度越高，母公司創新績效越好。干擾效果方面，本研究發現地主國貪腐程度越高，會正向強化母公司國際化程度與子公司財務績效的關係；地主國開發程度越高，會負向弱化母公司國際化程度與子公司財務績效的關係。

過去的研究鮮少分析環境因素中的「地主國貪腐程度」與組織因素中的「賄賂行為」，此弊病在過去皆被視為危害社會穩定的重要因。本研究之結論亦提出政治性活動的另一觀點，藉由政治性活動的各種行為來彌補資源基礎理論之不足，以擴大廠商資源的內涵。

Being a small-island economy and lacking abundant resources, Taiwan has paid close attention to internationalization. Compare with western MNCs Taiwanese small medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lack international experiences, so the capacity to invest abroad directly may be limited. Due to these reasons, internationalization may bring the profit for Taiwanese businesses?
Subject to internal environment of parent company and external environment of the host country, MNCs may encounter a lot of challenges in the process of international expansion. Previous empirical studies reveal that the relationships between internationalization and performance were inconsistent. The main reason may be that this relationship is interfered with many factors, especially the host country’s political and economic environment. However, not too many studies catch the importance of the political activities in the process of internationalization. Hence, this research combines political activities (i.e., the firm’s bribery and the host country corruption) and the environment in the host country (i.e., the level of the host country development) to investigate how internationalization improve MNCs’ performance.
This study focuses on the relationships between internationalization extent and MNCs’ performance (parent company’s performance, innovation performance and subsidiary’s performance), and also explores the role of moderators in terms of firm’s bribery, host country corruption, and the level of the host country development. Empirical samples were taken from 2004 database of Department of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Affairs. They are 1,155 MNCs and 1,112 subsidiarys.
Using hierarchical multiple regression method and ordinal logit for hypothesis testing, the findings show that: 1) internationalization has an U-shape effect on parent company’s financial performance, an inverse U-shape effect on subsidiary’s financial performance, and parent company’s innovation performance. 2) the host country corruption negatively influence parent country’s financial performance. 3) the level of the host country development has positive effect on parent country’s financial and innovation performance. 4) the parent country bribery has a positive effect on parent country innovation performance. 5) when the host country corruption is enhanced, it increases the effect of internationalization on subsidiary’s financial performance. 6) when the level of the host country development is enhanced, it decreases the effect of internationalization on subsidiary’s financial performance.
This study also found that both the host country’s corruption and bribery were also important factors that disrupt social stability. This research points out another view of political activities and use political activities relevant behaviors to make up the gap of resource-based theory and expand the contents of firm’s resources.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究問題與目的 3
第三節 研究範圍 5
第四節 名詞定義與說明 5
第五節 論文章節安排 8
第二章 理論背景與研究假說 9
第一節 國際化的定義與國際化程度衡量指標之探索 10
第二節 廠商績效的定義與衡量 13
第三節 國際化程度與廠商績效之關係 16
第四節 政治性因素與地主國開發程度於國際企業中所扮演的角色 32
第三章 研究方法 49
第一節 資料與樣本 49
第二節 研究變數定義與衡量 49
第三節 研究分析 56
第四章 實證結果與討論 58
第一節 敘述性統計分析 58
第二節 相關分析 63
第三節 單因子變異數分析 66
第四節 實證結果與討論 75
第五章 結論與建議 105
第一節 研究結論 105
第二節 理論貢獻與實務意涵 109
第三節 研究限制 112
第四節 後續研究建議 113
參考文獻 115
附錄一 國際化程度與MNCs財務績效迴歸分析 132
附錄二 國際化程度與SBUs財務績效迴歸分析 133
附錄三 廠商賄賂行為、貪腐程度與開發程度對MNCs財務績效迴歸分析 134
附錄四 廠商賄賂行為、貪腐程度與開發程度對SBUs財務績效迴歸分析 135
附錄五 廠商賄賂行為對MNCs財務績效之交互作用迴歸分析 136
附錄六 地主國貪腐程度對MNCs財務績效之交互作用迴歸分析 137
附錄七 地主國開發程度對MNCs財務績效之交互作用迴歸分析 138
附錄八 廠商賄賂行為對SBUs財務績效之交互作迴歸分析 139
附錄九 地主國貪腐程度對SBUs財務績效之交互作迴歸分析 140
附錄十 地主國開發程度對SBUs財務績效之交互作迴歸分析 141

一、中文部分
經濟部統計處 (2004)，「製造業對外實況調查報告」，經濟部統計處，台北。

喬友慶 (2003)，「國際化程度、產品差異化能力與績效之關聯性－台灣企業之實証結果」，國立政治大學企業管理學系未出版博士論文。

喬友慶 (2007)，「國際化程度與廠商績效之倒S形假說驗證－新興工業化國家觀點」，國科會未出版研究計畫。

二、英文部分
Ades, A. and R. Di Tella (1994), Competition and Corruption, Institute of Economics and Statistics Discussion Paper, No. 169 University of Oxford.

Almeida P. and A. Phene (2004), “Subsidiaries and Knowledge Creation: the Influence of the MNC and Host Country on Innovation,” Strategic Management Journal, 25 (8/9), pp. 847-864.

Allen, L. and C. Pantzalis (1996), “Valuation of Operating Flexibility of Multinational Corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (4), pp. 633-653.

Astley W. (1984), “Toward an Appreciation of Collective Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 9 (3), pp. 526-535.

Bardhan P. (1997), “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues,” Journal of Economic Literature, 35 (3), pp. 1320-1346.

Bartlett, C. A. and S. Ghoshal (1989), Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Barkema, H. G. and F. Vermeulen (1998), “International Expansion through Start-up or Acquisition: A Learning Perspective,” Academy of Management Journal, 41 (1), pp. 7-26.

Barkema, H. G., J. H. J. Bell, and J. M. Pennings (1996), “Foreign Entry, Cultural Barriers and Learning,” Strategic Management Journal, 17 (2), pp. 151-166.

Barney, J. B. (1991), “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantages,” Journal of Management, 17 (1), pp. 99-120.

Baron, R. M. and D. A. Kenny (1986), “The Moderator-Meditator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Consideration,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), pp. 1173-1182

Barro, R. (1991), “Economic Growth in a Cross-section of Countries,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2) pp. 407-444.

Baysinger, B. D. (1984), “Domain Maintenance as an Objective of Business Political Activity: An Expanded Typology,” Academy of Management Review, 9 (2), pp. 248-258.

Belkaoui, A. R. (1996), “Internationalization, Diversification Strategy and Ownership Structure: Implications for French MNE Performance,” International Business Review, 5 (4), pp. 367-376.

Bergh, D. D. and M. W. Lawless (1998), “Portfolio Restructuring and Limits to Hierarchical Governance: The Effects of Environmental Uncertainty and Diversification Structure,” Organization Science, 9 (1), pp. 87-102.

Besley, T. and J. McLaren (1993), “Taxes and Bribery: The Role of Wage Incentives,” The Economic Journal, 103 (416), pp. 119-141.

Bjorkman, I. and Y. Lu (1999) , “The Management of Human Resources in Chinese-Western Joint Ventures,” Journal of World Business, 34 (3), pp. 306-324.

Boddewyn, J. J. and T. L. Brewer (1994), “International-Businrss Political Behavior: New Theoretical Directions,” Academy of Management Review, 19 (1), pp.119-143.

Botchwey, K. (2000), Fighting Corruption, Promoting Good Governance: Commonwealth Expert Group on Good Governance and the Elimination of Corruption. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.

Brammer, S. J., S. Pavelin, and L. A. Porter (2006), “Corporate Social Performance and Geographical Diversification,” Journal of Business Research, 59 (9), pp. 1025-1034.

Brock, D. M., T. Yaffe, and M. Dembovsky (2006), “International Diversification and Performance: A Study of Global Law Firms” Journal of International Management, 12, pp. 473-489.

Buckley, P. and M. Casson (1976), The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan: London.

Buhner, Rolf (1987), “Assessing International Diversification of West German Corporations,” Strategic Management Journal, 8 (1), pp. 25-37.

Capar, N. and M. Kotabe (2003), “The Relationship between International Diversification and Performance in Service Firms,” Journal of International Business Studies, 34 (4), pp. 345-355.

Carlsson, J., A. Nordegren, F. Sjöholm (2005), “International experience and the performance of Scandinavian firms in China,” International Business Review, 14 (1), pp. 21-40.

Carmichael, S. (1995), Business Ethics: The New Bottom Line, Demos: London.

Chang, S. J. (1995), “International Expansion Strategy of Japanese Firms: Capability Building Through Sequential Entry,” Academy of Management Journal, 38 (2), pp. 383-407.

Chang, S. C. and C. F. Wang (2007), “The Effect of Product Diversification Strategies on the Relationship Between International Diversification and Firm Performance,” Journal of World Business, 42 (1), pp. 61-79.

Chase, C. D., J. L. Kuhle, and C. H. Walther (1988), “The Relevance of Political Risk in Direct Foreign Investment,” Management International Review, 28 (1), pp.31-38.

Chiao, Y. C., K. P. Yang, and C. M. J. Yu (2006), “Performance Internationalization and Firm-specific Advantages of SMEs in a Newly-Industrialized Economy,” Small Business Economics, 26,(5) pp. 475-492.

Collins, J. M. (1990), “A Market Performance Comparison of U.S. Firms Active in Domestic Developed and Developing Countries,” Journal of International Business Studies, 21 (2), pp. 271-287.

Contractor, F. J.(2002), “International Expansion Strategies,” International Encyclopaedia of Business and Management, London: International Thomson Business Press.

Contractor, F. J., S. K. Kundu, and C. C. Hsu (2003), “A Three-stage Theory of International Expansion: The Link Between Multinationality and Performance in the Service Sector,” Journal of International Business Studies, 34 (1), pp. 5-18.

Cooper, R. G. (1985). “Industrial Firm’s New Product Strategies,” Journal of Business Research, 13 (2), pp. 107-121.

Damanpour, F. (1991), “Organizational Innovation: A Meta-analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators,” Academy of Management Journal, 34 (3) pp. 555-590.

Davis, P. S., A. B. Desai, and J. D. Francis (2000), “Mode of International Entry: an Isomorphism Perspective,” Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2), pp. 239-258.

Delios, A. and P. W. Beamish (1999), “Geographic Scope, Production Diversification, and the Corporate Performance of Japanese Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 20 (8), pp. 711-727.

Delios, A. and P. W. Beamish (2001), “Survival Profitability - The Roles of Experience and Intangible Assets in Foreign Subsidiary Performance,” Academy of Management Journal , 44 (5), pp. 1028-1038

Delios, A. and W. J. Henisz (2000), “Japanese Firms’ Investment Strategies in Emerging Economies,” Academy of Management Journal, 43 (3), pp. 305-323.

Denis, D. J., D. K. Denis, and K. Yost (2002), “Global Diversification, Industrial Diversification, and Firm Value,” Journal of Finance, 57 (5), pp. 1951-1979.

Deresky, H. (1994) International Management- Managing across Borders and Cultures, Harper Collins: New York.

Dess, G. G. and R. B. Robinson (1984), “Measuring Organizational Performance in the Absence of Objective Measures: The Case of the Privately Held Firm and the Conglomerate Business Unit,” Strategic Management Journal, 5 (3), pp. 265-273.

Doh, J. P., P. Rodriguez, K. Uhlenbruck, J. Collins, and L. Eden (2003), “Coping with Corruption in Foreign Markets,” Academy of Management Executive, 17 (3), pp. 114-127.

Dominguez, L. V. and C. G. Sequeira (1993), “Determinants of LDC Exporters’ Performance: A Cross-national Study,” Journal of International Business Studies, 24 (1), pp. 19-40.

Dunning, J. H. (1980), “Toward of Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Test,” Journal of International Business Studies, 11 (1), pp. 9-31.

Garnier, G. H. (1982), “Context and Decision-making Autonomy in the Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Multinational Corporations,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(4), pp. 893-908.

Geringer, J. M., P. W. Beamish, and R. C. daCosta (1989), “Diversification Strategy and Internationalization: Implication for MNE Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 10 (2), pp. 109-119.

Geringer, J. M., S. Tallman, and D. M. Olsen (2000), “Product and Geographic Diversification among Japanese Multinational Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 21 (1), pp. 51–80.

Ghemawat, P. (2001), “Distance Still Matters,” Harvard Business Review, 79 (8), pp. 137-147.

Ghoshal, S. (1987), “Global strategy: An Organizing Framework,” Strategic Management Journal, 8 (5), pp. 425-440.

Ghoshal, S. and C. Bartlett (1988), “Creation, Adoption and Diffusion of Innovations by Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies, 19 (3), pp. 365-387.

Gillespie, K. and G. Okruhlik (1991), “The Political Dimensions of Corruption Cleanups: A Framework for Analysis,” Comparative Politics, 24 (1), pp. 77-95.

Goerzen, A. and P. W. Beamish (2003), “Geographic Scope and Multinational Enterprise Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 24 (13), pp. 1289-1306.

Gomes, L. and K. Ramaswamy (1999), “An Empirical Examination of the Form of the Relationship between Internationalization and Performance,” Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (1), pp. 173-188.

Grant, R. M. (1987), “Internationalization and Performance among British Manufacturing Companies,” Journal of International Business Studies, 18 (3), pp. 79-89.

Grant, R. M., A. P. Jammine, and H. Thomas (1988), “Diversity, Diversification, and Profitability among British Manufacturing Companies, 1972-1984,” Academy of Management Journal, 31 (4), pp. 771-801.

Hair, J. F. J., R. A. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and E. C. Black (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th ed., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Heidenheimer, A. and M. J (2002), Political Corruption, 3th ed., Transaction Publishers.

Hennart, J. F. (1991), “The Transaction Cost Theory of the Multinational Enterprise,” The Nature of the Transnational Firm, pp. 81-115.

Hillman, A. J., A. Zardkoohi and, L. Bierman (1999), “Corporate Political Strategies and Firm Performance: Indications of Firm-specific Benefits From Personal Service in the U.S. Government,” Strategic Management Journal, 20 (1), pp.67-81.

Hitt, M. A., R. E. Hoskisson, and R. D. Ireland (1994), “A Mid-Range Theory of the Interactive Effects of International and Product Diversification on Innovation and Performance,” Journal of Management, 20 (2), pp. 297-326.

Hitt, M. A., R. E. Hoskisson, and H. Kim (1997), “International Diversification: Effects on Innovation and Firm Performance in Product-diversified Firm,” Academy of Management Journal, 40, (4) pp. 767-798.

Hitt, M. A., K. Uhlenbruck, and K. Shimizu (2006), “The Importance of Resources in the Internationalization of Professional Service Firms: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly,” Academy of Management Journal, 49 (6), pp. 1137-1157.

Hitt, M. A., M. T. Dacin, E. Levitas, J. -L. Arregle, and A. Borza (2000), “Partner Selection in Emerging and Developed Market Contexts: Resource-Based and Organizational Learning Perspectives,” Academy of Management Journal, 43 (3), pp. 449-67.

Hoskisson, R. E., L. Eden, C. M. Lau, and M. Wright (2000), “Strategy in Emerging Economies,” Academy of Management Journal, 43 (3), pp. 249-267.

Husted, B. (1999), “Wealth, Culture and Corruption,” Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (2), pp.339-360.

Hymer, S. H. (1976), The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Husted, B. (1999), “Wealth, culture and corruption,” Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (2), pp. 339-360.

Johanson, J., and L. G. Mattsson (1987), “Interorganizational Relations in Industrial Systems: A Network Approach Compared with the Transaction-cost Approach,” International Studies of Management and Organization, 17 (1), pp. 34-48.

Johanson, J. and F. Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), “The Internationalization of the Firm- Four Swedish Cases,” Journal of Management Studies, 12 (3), pp. 11-24.

Johanson J. and J. E. Vahlne (1977), “The Internationalization Process of the Firm: A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Market Commitments,” Journal of International Business Studies, 8 (1), pp. 23-32.

Johanson J. and J. E. Vahlne (1990), “The Mechanism of Internationalization”, International Marketing Review, 7 (4), pp. 11-24.

Jones, G. R. and C. W. L. Hill (1988), “Transaction Cost Analysis of Strategy Structure Choice,” Strategic Management Journal, 9 (2), pp. 159-172.

Kaufmann, D. (2004), “Corruption, Governance and Security: Challenges for the Rich Countries and the World,” In M.E. Porter, K. Schwab, X. Sala-i-Martin, and A. Lopez-Carlos (Eds.) The World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp. 83-102.

Keillor, B. D., G. W. Boller, and O. C. Ferrell (1997), “Firm-level Political Behavior in the Global Market Place,” Journal of Business Research, 40 (2), pp. 113-126.

Keillor, B. D., T. J. Wilkinson, and D. Owens (2005) “Threats to International Operations: Dealing with Political Risk at The Firm Level,” Journal of Business Research, 58 (5) pp. 629-635.

Kim, W. C., P. Hwang, and W. P. Burgers (1993), “Multinationals’ Diversification and the Risk-Return Trade-Off,” Strategic Management Journal, 14 (4), pp. 275-286.


Knack, S. and P. Keefer (1997), “Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-country Investigation,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (4) pp. 1251-1288.

Kobrin S. J. (1991), “An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Global Integration,” Strategic Management Journal, 12, (1) pp. 17-31.

Koechlin, T. (1992), “The Determinants of the Location of USA Direct Investment,” International Review of Applied Economics, 6 (2) pp. 203-216.

Kogut, B. (1985), “Designing Global Strategies: Profiting from Operation Flexibility,” Sloan Management Review, 27 (1), pp. 27-38.

Kostova, T. and S. Zaheer (1999), “Organizational Legitimacy under Conditions of Complexity: The Case of the Multinational Enterprise,” Academy of Management Review, 24 (1), pp. 64-81.

Kotabe, M., S. S. Srinivasan, and P. S. Aulakh (2002), “Multinationality and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of RandD and Marketing Capability,” Journal of International Business Studies, 33 (1), pp. 79-97

Kotha, S., and A. Nair (1995), “Strategy and Environment as Determinants of Performance: Evidence From the Japanese Machine Tool Industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 16 (7), pp. 497-518.

Kwok and Tadesse (2006), “The MNC as an Agent of Change for Host-country Institutions: FDI and Corruption,” Journal of International Studies, 37 (6), pp. 767-785.

Lall, S. (1983), The New Multinationals: The Spread of Third World Enterprises, Chichester: Wiley.

Lambsdorff, J.G. (1998), “Corruption in Comparative Perception,” In A. K. Jain (Ed.), Economics of Corruption, Kluwer Academics, London.

Lambsdorff, J. (1999), Corruption in Empirical Research: A Review. Working Paper Transparency International: Berlin.

La Porta, R., F. Lopez de Silanes, A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny (1997), “Trust in large organizations,” American Economic Review, 87 (2) pp. 333-338.

Li, Lei, A. Goerzen, and A. Verbeke, (2006), “A Critical Note on the Mutinationality-Performance Relationship in International Management Studies,” Academy of International Business Annual Meeting, Beijing, China.

Lorenzoni , G. and A. Lipparini (1999), “The Leveraging of Interfirm Relationships as a Distinctive Organizational Capability: A Longitudinal Study,” Strategic Management Journal, 20 (4), pp. 317-338.

Lu, J. W. and P. W. Beamish (2001), “The Internationalization and Performance of SMEs,” Strategic Management Journal, 22 (6), pp. 565-586.

Lu, J. W. and P. W. Beamish (2004), “International Diversification and Firm Performance: The S-curve Hypothesis,” Academy of Management Journal, 47 (4), pp. 598-609.

Lu, J. W. and P. W. Beamish (2006), “SME Internationalization and Performance-growth vs. Profitability,” Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 4 (1), pp. 27-48.

Mauro, P. (1995), “Corruption and growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (3), pp. 681-712.

Mauro, P. (1997), “The Effects of Corruption on Growth Investment, and Government Expenditure: A Cross-Country Analysis,” In K.A. Elliott (ed.) Corruption and the Global Economy, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC, pp: 83-107.

Miller, K. D. (1992), “A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business,” Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (2), pp.311-331.

Miller, J. C. and B. Pras (1980), “The Effect of Multinational and Export Diversification on the Profit Stability of U.S. Corporation”, Southern Economic Journal, 46 (1), pp. 792-805.

Mitchell, W., J. M. Shaver, and B. Yeung (1992), “Getting There in a Global Industry: Impacts on Performacne of Changing International Presence,” Strategic Management Journal, 22 (6/7), pp. 565-586.

Morck, R. and B. Yeung (1991), “Why Investors Value Multinationality,” Journal of Business, 64 (2), pp. 165-187.

Mu, S. C., D. T. Gnyawall, and D. E. Hatfield (2007), “Foreign Subsidiaries’ Learning from Local Environments: An Empirical Test,” Management International Review, 47 (1), pp. 79-102.

North, D. C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Oliver, C. (1990), “Determinants of Inter-organizational Relationships: Integration and Future Directions,” Academy of Management Review, 15 (2), pp. 241-265.

Porter, M. E. (1985), “Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance,” New York: Free Press.

Porter, M. (1986), “Competition in Global Industries,” Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts.

Prahalad, C. K. and Y. L. Doz (1981), “An Approach to Strategic Control in MNCs,” Slon Management Review, 22 (4), pp. 5-13.

Qian, G. (1994), “A Comparative Study of the Risk-return Performance of U.S. MNEs and DMCs,” Unpublish Doctoral Dissertation, Management School, Lancaster University, Britain.

Qian, G. (1998), “Determinants of Profit Performance for the Largest U.S. Firms 1981-92,” Multinational Business Review, 6 (2), pp. 44-51.

Qian, G. (2002), “Multinationality, Product Diversification, and Profitability of Emerging US Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises,” Journal of Business Venturing, 17 (6), pp. 611-633.

Qian, G. and J. Li (2002), “Multinationality, Global Market Diversification and Profitability among the Largest US Firm,” Journal of Business Research, 55 (4), pp. 325-335.

Ramaswamy, K., M. Li, and R. Veliyath (2002), “Variations in Ownership Behavior and Propensity to Diversify: A Study of the Indian Corporate Context,” Strategic Management Journal, 23 (4), pp. 345-358.

Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (1998), “The Effects of the Degree of Internationalization on Firm Performance,” International Business Review, 7 (3), pp. 315-321.

Robertson, C.J. and A. Watson (2004), “Corruption and Change: The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment,” Strategic Management Journal, 25 (4) pp. 385-396.

Rodriguez, P., D.S. Siegel, A. Hillman, and L. Eden (2006), “Three Lenses on the Multinational Enterprise: Politics, Corruption, and Corporate Social Responsibility,” Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6) pp. 733-746.

Rodriguez, P., K. Uhlenbruck, and L. Eden (2005), “Government Corruption and the Entry strategies of Multinationals,” Academy of Management Review, 30 (2) pp. 383-396.

Roth, M. S. (1992), “Depth Versus Breadth Strategies for Global Brand Image Management,” Journal of Advertising, 21 (2) pp. 25-26.

Rugman A. M and A. Verbeke (2001), “Subsidiary Specific Advantages in Multinational Enterprises,” Strategic Management Journal, 22 (3), pp. 237-250.

Rugman, A. M. and A. Verbeke (2003), “Extending the Theory of the Multinational Enterprises: Internalization Theory and Strategic Management Perspectives,” Journal of International Business Studies, 34 (2), pp. 125-137.

Ruigrok, W. and H. Wagner (2003), “International and Performance: An Organization Learning Perspective,” Management International Review, 43 (1), pp. 63-83.

Sanyal, R. (2005), “Determinants of Bribery in International Business: The Cultural and Economic Factors,” Journal of Business Ethics, 59, (1/2), pp.139-145.

Sender, H. (1991), “Inside the Overseas Chinese Network,” Institutional Investor, August, 25 (10), pp. 37-42

Shahabuddin S. (2002), “The Cause and Consequence of Bribery in International Business,” International Journal of Management, 19 (2), pp. 366-376.

Shleifer, A. and R. W. Vishny (1993), “Corruption,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108 (3), pp. 599-617.

Siddharthan, N. S. and S. Lall (1982), “Recent Growth of the Largest U.S. Multinationals,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 44 (1), pp. 1-13.

Streeten, P. P. (1992), “Against Minimalism,” In L. Putteman and D. Rueschemeyer (Eds.) State and Market in Development- Synergy or Rivalry, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder and London, pp. 29-31.

Siddharthan, N. S. and M. L. Lakhera (2005), “Foreign Direct Investment and Location Advantages: Japanese Perceptions of India Compared to China and ASEAN,” Journal of International and Area Studies, 12 (1), pp. 1-13.

Sullivan D. (1994), “Measuring the Degree of Internationalization of a Firm,” Journal of International Business Studies, 25 (2), pp. 325–342.

Sundaram, A. K., and J. S. Black (1992), “The Environment and Internal Organization of Multinational Enterprises,” Academy of Management Review, 17 (4), pp. 729-757.

Taggart, J.H., and N. Hood (1999), “Determinants of Autonomy in Multinational Corporation Subsidiaries,” European Management Journal, 17 (2), pp. 226-236.

Tallman, S. and J. T. Li (1996), “Effects of International Diversity and Product Diversity on the Performance of Multinational Firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 39 (1), pp. 179-196.

Teece, D. J., G. Pisano, and A. Shuen (1997), “Dynamic capabilities and strategic management,” Strategic Management Journal, 18 (7), pp. 509-533.

Thomas, D. E. (2006), “International Diversification and Firm Performance in Mexican Firms: A Curvilinear Relationship?” Journal of Business Research, 59 (4), pp. 501-507.

Thomas, D. E. and L. Eden (2004), “What is the Shape of the Multinationality Performance Relationship?” Multinational Business Review, 12 (1), pp. 89-110.

UNCTAD (2006), United Nation Conference on Trade and Development, “World Investment Report 2006: FDI from Development and Transition Economies: Implications for Development,” New York and Geneva.

Vachani, S. (1991), “Distinguishing Between Related and Unrelated International Geographic Diversification: A Comprehensive Measure of Global Diversification,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22 (2), pp. 307-322.

Varadarajan, P. R., T. Clark, and W. M. Pride (1992), “Controlling the Uncontrollable: Managing Your Market Environment,” Sloan Management Review, 33 (2), pp.39-47.

Vermeulen, F. and H. Barkema, (2002), “Pace, rhythm, and scope: Process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation,” Strategic Management Journal, 23 (7), pp. 637-654.

Veugelers, R. (1991), “Locational Developing and Ranking of Host Countries: An Empirical Assessment,” Kyklos 44 (3), pp.363-382.

Vernon, R. (1966), “International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80 (1), pp. 190-207.

Vernon, R. (1971), Sovereignty at bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises, New York: Basic Books.

Walker, J. and R. W. Ruekert (1987), “Marketing’s Role in the Implementation of Business Strategy: A Critical Review and Conceptual Framework,” Journal of Marketing, 51 (3), pp.15-33.

Walsh, J. and Y. Zhu (2007), “Local Complexities and Global Uncertainties: A Study of Foreign Ownership and Human Resource Management in China,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18 (2), pp. 249-267.

Wan, C. C. (1998), “International Diversification, Industrial Diversification and Firm Performance of Hong Kong MNCs,” Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 15 (2), pp. 205-217.

Wei, S.J. (2000), “Local corruption and global capital flows,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2000 (2) pp.303-354.

Weitzel, U. and S. Berns (2006), “Cross-border Takeovers, Corruption, and Related Aspects of Governance,” Journal of International Business Studies, 37 (6), pp. 786-806.

Wells, L. T. (1983), “Third World Multinationals: The Rise of Foreign Investment from Developing Countries,” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wernerfelt, B. (1984), “A Resource-Based View of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 5 (2), pp. 171-180.

Westney, D.E. (1993), “Institutionalization Theory and The Multinational Corporation,” in D. E. Westney, (Ed) Organization Theory and the Multinational Corporation, New York, NY, pp.53-76.

Wheeler, D. and A. Mody (1992), “International Investment, Location Decisions” The Case of U.S. Firms,” Journal of International Business Economics, 33 (1-2), pp. 57-76.

Wright, M., I. Filatotchev, R. E. Hoskisson, and M. W. Peng (2005), “Strategy Research in Emerging Economies: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom,” Journal of Management Studies, 42 (1), pp. 0022-2380.

Yourng, S., C. H. Huang, and M. Michael (1996), “Internationalization and Competitive Catch-up Processes: Cases Study Evidence on Chinese Multinational Enterprises,” Management International Review, 36 (4), pp. 295-314.

Zaheer and Mosakowski (1997), “The dynamics of the liability of foreignness: A Global Study of Survival in Financial Services,” Strategic Management Journal, 18 (6), pp. 439-464.

Zahra, S. A., R. D. Ireland, and M. A. Hitt (2000), “International Expansion by New Venture Firms: International Diversity, Mode of Market Entry, Technological Learning, and Performance,” Academy Management Journal, 43 (5), pp. 925-950.

Zahra, S. and W. Bogner (2000), “Technology Strategy and Software New Venture Performance: The Moderating Effect of the Competitive Environment,” Journal of Business Venturing, 15 (2), pp. 135-173.

Zander I. (1997), “Technological Diversification in the Multinational Corporation: Historical Trends and Future Prospects,” Research Policy, 26 (2), pp. 209-227.