臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中草藥醫學，自神農氏嚐百草迄今已有數千年的歷史文化，隨著時代的演進，從以往的煎劑發展成現今的科學中藥，但中草藥經研磨成粉後，往往很難判斷出是何種中草藥，因此本研究之主旨乃在於利用簡單及快速的分析方法，嘗試開發出一套可以有助於快速分辨中草藥粉體之分析方法。
研究中選用大青葉、山苧麻根、山防風、山柰、山葡萄、天胡荽、白鶴草、含羞草、金銀花、金線吊烏龜、青葙子、南五味子、南嶺蕘花、砂仁、穿心蓮、荔枝草、莪朮、黃柏、薄荷、薑黃、雞血藤、鐵掃箒、雞屎藤、枸杞子、紅棗乾、當歸、杜仲、茯苓、桔梗、白芍、黃耆、薏苡仁、酸棗仁、陳皮、桂皮、川芎、葛根、丹參、半夏、白芷、靈芝和甘草等42種不同的中草藥進行分析研究。
結果顯示，42種中草藥之酸鹼度試驗，pH值為介於3.02∼9.11之間，在碘試液反應試驗中，山苧麻根、山柰、天胡荽、金線吊烏龜、青葙子、南五味子、莪朮、薑黃、桂皮、川芎、半夏和白芷等12種在碘試液中有正反應，其餘30種在碘試液中則為無反應。熱水萃取溶液和95%乙醇萃取溶液，經不同稀釋倍數處理後，分別得到三種不同濃度萃取液(1:60、1:600和1:6000, w/v)，分光光度計掃描圖譜結果進行主成份統計分析，得到的結果顯示以95%乙醇萃取液1:60, w/v、熱水萃取液1:60和1:600, w/v之分光光度計掃描圖譜具有較好的區分能力。透過數學編碼方程式運算分別得到42種中草藥的密碼序列，利用5種盲樣分析，結果大青、薑黃和雞屎藤得到與原結果相同之密碼序列，而楓香和忍冬根兩種新的藥材則得到新的密碼序列；當中草藥相互混合後，將會得到新的密碼序列，透過系統判斷顯示為新的藥材。由以上樣品驗證，可知分光光度分析方法與編碼方式具有良好的正確性。

Many of the Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) we use today have their roots in Chinese culture and have been used throughout Asia for millennia. On the basis of scientific development, the ways of decoction preparation were quite different from those in the past. In the preparation of herbal decoction, it is still impossible to identify different CHM powder samples with the profound knowledge in the classification of CHM materials. The aim of this study is to evaluate a simple and rapid method to identify CHM powder samples which may not identified by the general way of classification.
In the present study, 42 types of CHM materials were used, including Clerodendrum crytophyllum Turcz., Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich var. tenacissima (Gaudich.) Miq., Echinops latifolius Tausch., Kaempferia galanga L., Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv., Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Rhinacanthus nasutus L. Kurz., Mimosa pudica Linn., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Stephania cepharantha Hayaya, Celosia argentea L., Kadsira japonica (L.) Dunal, Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A. Mey., Amomum villosurn, Andrographis paniculata, Salvia plebeia R. Brown, Clerodendrum cytophyllum Turcz., Phellodendron wilsonii Hay. et Kaneh., Mentha haplocalyx Briq., Curcuma longa Linn., Millettia reticulata Benth, Lespedeza cuneata (Dumort. Cours.) G. Don, Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr., Lycium barbarum L., Zizyphus jujuba Mill., Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, Platycodon grandiflorum (jacq.) A. DC., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. Var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, Coix lacroyma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf, Zizphus jujuba Mill. Var. spinosa (Bge.) Hu ex H. Fchow, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Ligusticum chuaxiong Hort., Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Pinellia ternate (thunb.) Breit., Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. Et Hook. f., Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Karsten and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.
In the present study, the pH values of the CHM samples lie between 3.02~9.11. The positive results in iodine tests showed that the powder of C. crytophyllum Turcz., K. galanga L., H. sibthorpioides Lam., S. cepharantha Hayaya, C. argentea L., K. japonica (L.) Dunal, C. cytophyllum Turcz., C. longa Linn., C. cassia Presl, L. chuaxiong Hort., P. ternate (thunb.) Breit. and A. dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. Et Hook. f. possessed starch while the rest of the samples did not contain starch. After the dilution of hot water and 95% ethanol extracts (1:60、1:600 and 1:6000, w/v), the solution of different concentrations were scanned and analyzed by spectrophotometer using different wavelength (190-900 nm). The absorption profile at different wavelength was analyzed by principal component analysis. The results showed that the spectrophotometric profile of the hot water and 95% ethanol extracts (i.e. 1:60 and 1:600, w/v) gave the better results in identification. In the present study, a coding system which is basically a naming system, was developed to provide particular codes for the 42 herbal samples. According to the protocol and analytical method developed in this study, 5 unknown powder samples were analyzed and identified successfully. Our results showed that the spectrophotometric method could be applied in preliminarily identifying the herbal powder samples in a rapid manner.

表次………………………………………………………………….……..IV
圖次…………………………………………………………………………V
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………1
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………2
壹、前言…………………………………………………………………4
貳、文獻整理……………………………………………………………6
一、 中草藥鑑定的發展…………………………………………6
(一) 來源(原植物、原動物和礦物)和品種鑑定………………6
(二) 性狀鑑定……………………………………………………8
(三) 顯微鑑定……………………………………………………8
(四) 理化鑑定………………………………………………….…9
(五) 生物測定法…………………………………………………11
(六) 生藥DNA分子鑑定.…………………...………………….11
二、 中草藥之特性…………………………………………….12
(一) 大青葉………………………………………………………12
(二) 山苧麻根……………………………………………………12
(三) 山防風………………………………………………………14
(四) 山柰…………………………………………………………14
(五) 山葡萄………………………………………………………14
(六) 天胡荽………………………………………………………15
(七) 白鶴草………………………………………………………15
(八) 含羞草………………………………………………………15
(九) 金銀花………………………………………………………16
(十) 金線吊烏龜…………………………………………………16
(十一) 青葙子………………………………………………………16
(十二) 南五味子……………………………………………………17
(十三) 南嶺蕘花……………………………………………………17
(十四) 砂仁…………………………………………………………17
(十五) 穿心蓮………………………………………………………18
(十六) 荔枝草………………………………………………………18
(十七) 莪朮…………………………………………………………18
(十八) 台灣黃蘗……………………………………………………19
(十九) 薄荷…………………………………………………………19
(二十) 薑黃…………………………………………………………19
(二十一) 雞血藤………………………………………………………19
(二十二) 鐵掃箒………………………………………………………20
(二十三) 雞屎藤………………………………………………………20
(二十四) 枸杞子………………………………………………………20
(二十五) 紅棗乾………………………………………………………21
(二十六) 當歸…………………………………………………………21
(二十七) 杜仲…………………………………………………………21
(二十八) 茯苓…………………………………………………………22
(二十九) 桔梗…………………………………………………………22
(三十) 白芍…………………………………………………………22
(三十一) 黃耆…………………………………………………………23
(三十二) 薏苡仁………………………………………………………23
(三十三) 酸棗仁………………………………………………………23
(三十四) 陳皮…………………………………………………………24
(三十五) 桂皮…………………………………………………………24
(三十六) 川芎…………………………………………………………24
(三十七) 葛根…………………………………………………………24
(三十八) 丹參…………………………………………………………25
(三十九) 半夏…………………………………………………………25
(四十) 白芷……………………………………………………………25
(四十一) 靈芝…………………………………………………………26
(四十二) 甘草…………………………………………………………26
(四十三) 楓草…………………………………………………………26
三、主成份分析………………………………………………………27
參、材料與方法………………………………………………………29
一、試驗材料………………………………………………………29
(一)生藥材……………………………………………………………29
(二)化學試劑…………………………………………………………31
(三)儀器設備…………………………………………………………31
二、實驗方法…………………………………………………………32
(一)實驗架構…………………………………………………………32
(二)中草藥熱水萃取流程……………………………………………33
(三)中草藥95%乙醇萃權流程…………………………………………33
(四)酸鹼度試驗………………………………………………………33
(五)碘試液試驗………………………………………………………33
(六)分光光度法分析…………………………………………………34
(七)色差儀分析………………………………………………………34
(八)主成份統計分析…………………………………………………34
(九)中草藥資料庫編碼………………………………………………34
(十)中草藥驗證………………………………………………………34
肆、結果與討論………………………………………………………35
第一部份：中草藥提取及測試方法之建立…………………………35
(一)中草藥鑑定資料整理……………………………………………35
(二)測定方法之確認…………………………………………………35
(三)萃取條件之篩選…………………………………………………54
第二部份：建立中草藥資料庫與統計分析…………………………56
(一) 進行42種中草藥之分析…………………………………………56
(二) 主成份統計分析…………………………………………………57
(三) 中草藥資料庫編碼……………………………………………106
(四) 中草藥驗證……………………………………………………108
伍、結論………………………………………………………………113
第一部份：先期測試與實驗方法確認………………………………113
第二部份：建立中草藥資料庫與統計分析…………………………113
陸、參考文獻…………………………………………………………114

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