臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

資訊隱藏是一種用來保護在不安全網路中傳送機密資料的技術。所謂的資訊隱藏就是將機密資料嵌入到掩護影像中進而得到偽裝影像，使得非法的使用者無法從偽裝影像中察覺察出機密資料的存在，因此，機密資料就可以安全地經由不安全的網路傳送給接收者。

在本論文中，根據機密分享機制，我們提出三個偽裝的技術。在2005年，Fan和Kuo針對行動商務提出一個偽裝技術，在他們的方法中，傳輸者一次只能地傳送一個訊息m給通訊的另一方；然而，若要傳送r個訊息，傳送者必須傳送r次，則必須花費許多的傳輸時間，因此，我們提出一個更有效率的技術去改進Fan 和Kuo技術在傳輸上的負擔。另外，我們的技術仍然保有原本技術的優點，如降低計算的複雜度、以及抵抗主動和被動的攻擊等。

接著，我們考慮如果機密資料是一張尺寸較大的機密影像。由於無法將此影像直接藏入到一張掩護影像中，所以必須將此影像切割成許多部份，並根據一個特定的順序，將這些資料嵌入到多張掩護影像中，合法的接收著若要從偽裝影像中正確地取出機密資料，則必須要事先知道特定的萃取順序，我們提出一個新的影像偽裝技術，該技術可以將一張尺寸大的機密影像嵌入到多張掩護影像中，除了不用考慮特定萃取資料之順序，還可以以漸進的方式得到機密影像，利用我們的技術，收到k張偽裝影像後，可以先建構出一張影像的整體輪廓，當收到愈多張偽裝影像時，則得到之影像會愈來愈清晰。

最後，我們提出一個兼具偽裝與鑑別騙子的影像分享技術，我們的方法具有以下的特性：在一個區塊中，我們可以藏入機密影像的t個像素，第二：我們可以從t張偽裝影像，重建出機密影像，第三：利用資料簽章演算法來鑑別騙子，如果第i張偽裝影像被偽造，則取出來的簽章和原本的簽章就會不一樣，即表示第i個參與者為騙子。

Information hiding is one of the schemes which can be used to protect the secret transmitted over the insecure network. It can embed secret data into the adaptive cover-images and then generates the stego-images so that illegal users cannot easily perceive the existence of then secret data from the stego-images. Thus, the secrets can be securely delivered to the receivers over the insecure networks.

In this study, we propose three steganographic schemes based on secret sharing mechanism. In 2005, Fan and Kuo proposed a steganography scheme for m-commerce. In their scheme, a transmitter can only deliver one message m to another communication side at one time. However, if there are r messages to be delivered, a transmitter has to deliver r times such that it will result in a lot of transmission time. Therefore, we propose an efficient scheme to improve the transmitted overhead of the previous scheme. In addition, our scheme still maintains the advantages of Fan and Kuo’s scheme including efficiently reducing computing complexity and resisting active and passive attacks.

Next, we consider if the secret is a large image. Since this image cannot be directly embedded into one cover-image, it has to be divided into several parts and then embed them into several cover-images in a specific order. The legal receiver has to know the extracted order first and then can extract the whole secret image correctly. We propose a new image steganographic scheme for embedding a large and secret image into multiple cover-images without considering the extracted order and then providing progressive extraction. Instead of extracting the entire secret data bit-by-bit, our scheme can roughly extract the secret image while receiving k stego-images. When more stego-images are received, the extracted image becomes clear.

Finally, we propose an image sharing scheme with steganography and cheater identification. Our scheme has the following characteristics. The embedded capacity is high that t pixels of secret image can be embedded into each block. Second, the secret image can be reconstructed from t stego-images. Third, digital signature algorithm is applied to identify cheaters. If ith stego-image has been tampered or faked, the extracted signatures will not be the same as the original signatures. In other words, ith participant is a cheater.

Contents

誌謝…………………………………………………………………………………i
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………….iii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………v
Contents………………………………………………………………………vii
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………ix
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………x
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………1
1.1　Research Motivation…………………………………………………1
1.2　Thesis Organization……………………………………………………3
2. An Efficient Steganography Scheme for M-Commerce…………………5
2.1 Preliminary……………………………………………………………5
2.2 Secret Sharing…………………………………………………………6
2.3 Review of Fan and Kuo’s Steganography Scheme……………………7
2.3.1　Secret Sharing Procedure………………………………………8
2.3.2 Embedding and Transmission Procedure………………………8
2.3.3 Resuming Procedure…………………………………………9
2.4　Proposed Scheme……………………………………………………9
2.4.1　Secret Sharing Procedure……………………………………10
2.4.2 Embedding and Transmission Procedure……………………10
2.4.3 Resuming Procedure…………………………………………11
2.5　Performance Analysis…………………………………………………11
3. Hiding a Large Secret Images into Multiple Images with Progressive Extraction………………………………………………………………13
3.1　Preliminary……………………………………………………………13
3.2　Proposed Scheme……………………………………………………17
3.2.1　Embedding Procedure………………………………………17
3.2.2 Extracting Procedure…………………………………………20
3.2.3 An Example…………………………………………………21
3.3　Experimental Results…………………………………………………24
4. An Image Sharing Scheme with Steganography and Cheater Identification………………………………………………………………32
4.1　Preliminary……………………………………………………………32
4.2　Least Significant Bit Substitution……………………………………33
4.3　Review of Yang et al.’s Scheme………………………………………34
4.3.1　Embedding Procedure………………………………………35
4.3.2 Recovering Procedure………………………………………37
4.4　Proposed Scheme……………………………………………………39
4.4.1　Embedding Procedure………………………………………39
4.4.2 Recovering Procedure………………………………………41
4.5　Experimental Results…………………………………………………44
5. Conclusions and Future Works…………………………………………50
5.1　Conclusions…………………………………………………………50
5.2　Future Works………………………………………………………51
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………53
Index……………………………………………………………………………60

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