臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主要係就鉛酸電池之均勻充電及其容量估測從事研究及探討。首先，在電池均勻充電方面，採三階層中性點箝位交流/直流轉換器對串聯之蓄電池組進行充電。所提之均勻充電電路不但可調控輸入端功因，並可使其直流鏈串聯充電之蓄電池組之電壓達到平衡。同時亦以模擬結果驗證了所提之均勻充電方法的可行性。接著，在電池容量估測方面，以常見之電量估測法中之庫倫計法配合可程式化系統晶片(Programmable system-on-chip, PSoC)研製一鉛酸電池放電器，此放電器在放電同時亦可透過可程式系統晶片設定放電電流，並準確的計算出蓄電池當時之殘餘電量狀態。經由實測結果得知，所提之放電器深具實用性。最後，本論文提出具智慧型之電量狀態估測方法，此法由實際鉛酸蓄電池充放電時所量測之開路電壓及內部電阻分別以可拓理論與可拓類神經網路演算法進行蓄電池殘餘電量之估測。所提兩種演算法皆具有學習時間短及辨識率極高之優點。由模擬結果亦證明了所提之智慧型電量估測法的可行性及準確性。

The main purpose of this thesis is to study the charge equalization and capacity estimation of the lead-acid batteries. First, a three-level neutral point clamped AC/DC converter is adopted to charge the series batteries for obtain the charge equalization. The proposed charge equalization circuits can not only regulate the input power factor, but also make the voltage balance between the series batteries. Some simulation results are made to verify the effectiveness of proposed charger. As to the battery capacity estimation, the coulometric measurement method with Programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) are used to develop a lead-acid battery discharger. The discharger is not only used for battery discharge, but also can control discharging current via PSoC during discharging time and then calculates the residual capacity of the batteries. Finally, an intelligent capacity estimation method based on Extension theory and Extension neural network is developed for a lead-acid battery. Both of the two developed algorithms are with less learning time and high recognition. Some simulation results have been made to demonstrate the effectives of the proposed intelligent capacity estimation of lead-acid batteries.

目 錄

中文摘要 ------------------------------------------ i
英文摘要 ------------------------------------------ ii
致謝 ---------------------------------------------- iii
目錄 ---------------------------------------------- iv
表目錄 -------------------------------------------- vii
圖目錄 -------------------------------------------- viii
第一章 簡介---------------------------------------- 1
1.1 研究背景與動機-------------------------------- 1
1.2 國內外相關研究-------------------------------- 3
1.3 研究方法-------------------------------------- 5
1.4 論文大綱-------------------------------------- 6
第二章 鉛酸電池之介紹-------------------------------- 7
2.1 前言------------------------------------------ 7
2.2 鉛酸電池的構造與原理-------------------------- 8
2.2.1 鉛酸電池之構造--------------------------- 8
2.2.2 鉛酸電池之工作原理----------------------- 12
2.2.3 鉛酸電池充放電特性----------------------- 14
2.3 蓄電池相關術語-------------------------------- 18
2.4 鉛酸電池等效電路之建立------------------------ 20
第三章 鉛酸電池均勻充電器---------------------------- 24
3.1 既有均勻充電方式探究-------------------------- 24
3.2 所提之均勻充電電路---------------------------- 30
3.2.1 所提均勻充電電路架構-------------------- 30
3.2.2 所提均勻充電電路之工作原理--------------- 32
3.3 模擬結果-------------------------------------- 42
第四章 鉛酸電池容量測試器之研製---------------------- 48
4.1 電池容量之定義-------------------------------- 48
4.2 既有鉛酸電池之容量檢測方法-------------------- 48
4.2.1 電池內部電阻之測定方式------------------- 54
4.3 所提之鉛酸電池放電器-------------------------- 58
4.3.1 所提鉛酸電池放電器之架構原理------------- 58
4.3.2 系統操作功能需求------------------------- 59
4.3.3 以PSoC實現之放電器系統電路------------- 62
4.4 實測結果-------------------------------------- 67
第五章 鉛酸電池之智慧型殘餘電量估測------------------ 76
5.1 前言------------------------------------------ 76
5.2 可拓理論-------------------------------------- 76
5.2.1 可拓物元概念----------------------------- 77
5.2.2 可拓數學--------------------------------- 79
5.3 所提可拓理論殘餘電量估測法-------------------- 86
5.3.1 電池殘餘電量可拓物元模型----------------- 86
5.3.2 可拓殘餘電量估測法之估測程序------------- 89
5.3.3 可拓理論殘餘電量估測法之測試結果--------- 95
5.4 可拓類神經網路殘餘電量估測法------------------ 97
5.4.1 可拓類神經網路之架構--------------------- 98
5.4.2 可拓類神經網路監督式學習訓練程序--------- 99
5.4.3 可拓類神經網路之辨識演算程序------------- 106
5.4.4 所提之可拓類神經殘餘電量檢測法----------- 107
5.4.5 測試結果--------------------------------- 108
第六章 結論---------------------------------------- 112
6.1 總結------------------------------------- 112
6.2 未來研究方向------------------------------ 113
參考文獻 ------------------------------------------ 114
作者簡歷 ------------------------------------------ 121

參考文獻
[1] N. H. Kutkut, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny, “Charge equalization for series connected battery strings,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 31, pp. 562-568, 1995.
[2] 張家豪、劉旺林、陳財榮、林美滿、劉志祥，太陽光電能系統電池組均充之研究，中華民國第五屆電力電子研討會，頁58-62，雲林，2006。
[3] S. West and P. T. Krein, “Equalization of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries: life test results,” IEEE Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 439-446, 2000.
[4] P. T. Krein and R. S. Balog, “Life extension through charge equalization of lead-acid batteries,” Proceedings of International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 516-523, 2002.
[5] B. Lindemark, “Individual cell voltage equalizers(ICE) for reliable battery performance,” Proceedings of International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 196-201, 1991.
[6] P. T. Krein and C. Pascual, “Switched capacitor system for automatic series battery equalization,” Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, pp. 23-27, 1997.
[7] Y. C. Hsieh, et al., “Balance charging circuit for charge equalization,” Proceedings of IEEE Power Conversion Conference, pp. 1138-1143, 2002.
[8] N. H. Kutkut, H. L. N. Wiegman, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny, “Design considerations for charge equalization of an electric vehicle battery system,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 35, pp. 28-35, 1999.
[9] N. H. Kutkut, et al., “Charge equalization for an electronic vehicle battery system,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 34, pp. 235-246, 1998.
[10] N. H. Kutkut, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny, “Charge equalization for series connected battery strings,” Conference Record IEEE on Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 1008-1015, 1994.
[11] A. Theme and B. W. Johnson, “A battery state-of-charge indicator for electric wheelchairs,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 39, pp. 93-97, 1992.
[12] T. Yamazaki, K. Sakurai, and K. Muramoto, “Estimation of the residual capacity of sealed lead-acid batteries by neural network,” Proceedings of International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 210-214, 1998.

[13] C. C. Chan and S. Weixiang, “The available capacity computational model based on artificial neural network for lead-acid batteries in electric vehicles,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 87, pp. 201-204, 2000.
[14] A. H. Anbuky and P. E. Pascoe, “VRLA battery state-of-charge estimation in telecommunication power systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, pp. 565-573, 2000。
[15] 王文俊，認識Fuzzy，全華科技圖書，2001。
[16] S. Ahlers and A. Mukherjee,“Advances in battery management using neural networks and fuzzy logic,”http://132.236.67.210/engrc350/ingenuity/ Mukherjee_A_issue_1.pdf, 2003.
[17] 張永東，共振式蓄電池充電器之研製，私立崑山科技大學，碩士論文，2004。
[18] 李世興，電池活用手冊，全華科技圖書，1996。
[19] 孫清華，可充電電池技術大全，全華科技圖書，2001。
[20] 李明駿，鉛酸電池之快速充電技術研究，國立中央大學，碩士論文，2003。
[21] J. P. Nelson and W. D. Bolin, “Basic and advances in battery systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Application, vol. 31, pp. 419-428, 1995.
[22] N. H. Kutkut, H. L. N. Wiegmam, D. M. Divan, and D.W. Novotny, “Design consideration for change equalization of an electric vehicle battery system,” Proceedings of IEEE on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, pp. 96-103, 1995.
[23] S. P. Sacarisen and J. Parvereshi, “Improved lead-acid battery management techniques,” Southcon / 95 Conference Record, pp. 41-46, 1995.
[24] E. M. Valeriote, T. G. Chang, and D. M. Jochim, “Fast charging of lead-acid batteries,” Proceedings of the 9th Annual Battery Conference on Application and Advance, pp. 33-38, 1994.
[25] J. H. Aylor, A. Thieme, and B. W. Johnson, “A battery state-of-charge inductor for electric wheelchairs,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Electronics, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 398-409, 1992.
[26] M. Gonzalez, M. A. Perez, J. C. Campo, and F. J. Ferrero, “The art of battery charging,” Proceedings of the 14th Annual Battery Conference on Application and Advances, pp. 233-235, 1999.
[27] CSB密閉式鉛酸電池技術手冊，2005。http://www.csb-battery.com/chine /03_support/01_support.php.

[28] 朱耕毅，以內阻中位數法估測汽車用鉛酸蓄電池殘電量之研究，國立勤益技術學院，碩士論文，2006。
[29] 洪芳州，各種電池使用指南，全華科技圖書，1994。
[30] G. Alber and M. W. Migliaro, “Impedande testing-is it a substitute for capacity tests,” Proceedings of the 16th International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 245-249, 1994.
[31] Y. H. Kim and H. D. Ha, “Design of interface circuits with electrical battery models,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 81-86, 1997.
[32] A. Kawamura and T. Yanagihara, “State of charge estimation of sealed lead-acid batteries used for electric vehicle,” Proceedings of IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 583-587, 1998.
[33] M. A. Casacca and Z. M. salameh, “Determination of lead-acid battery capacity via mathematical modeling techniques,” Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 442-446, 1992.
[34] Z. M. Salameh, M. A. Casacca, and W. A. Lynch, “A mathematical model for lead-acid batteries,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 93-97, 1992.
[35] N. H. Kutkut, “Nondissipative current diverter using a centralized multiwinding transformer,” Proceedings of IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 648-654, 1997.
[36] N. H. Kutkut, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny, “Charge equalization for series connected battery strings,” Conference Record of IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 1008-1015, 1994.
[37] B. R. Lin and D. J. Chen, “Power factor correction based on diode clamped rectifier,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 88, pp. 595-614, 2001.
[38] J. Dixon, M. Ortúzar, and E. Wiechmann, “Regenerative braking for an electric vehicle, using ultracapacitors and a buck-boost converter,” Proceedings of Electric Vehicle Symposium, Montreal, Canada, 2000.
[39] PSIM User’s Guide, Powersim Inc., 2001-2003.
[40] 何文隆，電動車輛變動負載之電池殘電量研究，私立大葉大學，碩士論文，2003。
[41] 張永昌，鉛酸電池殘量預測及壽命分析之研究，國立彰化師範大學，碩士論文，2003。
[42] Y. Takahiro and K. Atsuo, “Residual capacity estimation of sealed lead-acid battery for electric vehicles,” Proceedings of Power Conversion Conference, vol. 2, pp. 943-946, 1997.
[43] S. Sato and A. kawamura, “A new estimation method of state of charge using terminal voltage and internal resistance for lead acid battery,” Proceedings of Power Conversion Conference, vol. 2, pp. 565-570, 2002.
[44] M. J. Hlavac and D. Feder, “VRLA battery monitoring using conductance technology,” Proceedings of International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 284-291, 1995.
[45] 黃士航，“密閉式鉛酸電池AC內阻之研究”，中華民國第二十三屆電力工程研討會，頁1552-1556，2002。
[46] G. E. M. D. C. Bandara, R. Ivanov, and S. Gishin, “Intelligent fuzzy controller for a lead-acid battery charger,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 6, pp. 185-189, 1999.
[47] 李仁豪、趙貴祥、黃弘昇、賴信丞，“鉛酸電池容量測試器之研製”，第二屆生活智慧研討會，頁131-137，台中，2007。
[48] “Technical reference manual for all PSoC devices with a base part number of CY8C2xxxx,” 2005.
[49] W. Cai, “The extension set and incompatibility problem,” Journal of Scientific Exploration, vol. 1, pp. 81-93, 1983.
[50] 蔡文、楊春燕、林偉初，可拓工程方法，科學出版社，1997。
[51] 王洪偉，“策略生成的物元模型”，系統工程理論與實踐，11期，頁55-124，1999。
[52] 楊春燕、何斌，“可拓方法在新產品構思中的應用”，系統工程理論與實踐，4期，頁120-124，1999。
[53] 何昇翰，太陽發電系統關鍵技術之研究，國立勤益技術學院，碩士論文，2006。
[54] M. H. Wang, “Partial discharge pattern recognition of current transformers using an ENN,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1984-1990, 2005.