臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

網際網路的盛行帶動了製造業邁向另外一個經營模式。最近幾年，消費者除了到實體店面挑選物品，他們可以在電腦前選購自己最喜愛的商品。為了解決零售商的存貨問題，單期存貨問題是目前廣為所探討的議題之一。傳統的單期存貨問題或報童問題是在期望利潤最大化的目標及需求服從某特定分配下找出最佳的訂購量。
單期商品的其中一個特性為允許一個銷售期間。因此，管理者必須在銷售期間尚未開始前先決定產品數量。然而，根據很多國家的法律，若發現商品有瑕疵，或在螢目上所看到的商品跟實際拿到的商品的尺寸及顏色有一些差異，消費者可以在法律所規定的時間內向零售商退貨。這些被退貨的商品經由維修後重新包裝可以進行再銷售。另外，由於行銷部門採取一些廣告活動來吸引潛在的客戶，當期的需求量有可能會過大。因此，為了滿足願意等待的消費者，管理者必須考慮是否要進行緊急補貨。
本研究擬將延伸傳統的單期存貨問題，考量存貨政策，緊急補貨，及廣告效果，在期望利潤極大化的目標及需求服從均勻及常態分配下，決定最佳的存貨量及廣告成本。為顯現模式的實用性，本研究除了提供一個模擬案例，對於各個廣告後的模式進行敏感度分析。

Since the emerging of internet, online catalogues have contributed substantial profit in total sales of manufacturing industries. One of the topics that have been studied in this area is the single-period problem. The classical single-period problem (SPP) or the so-called newsboy/newsvendor problem is to find a product’s order quantity that maximizes the expected profit under probabilistic demand.
One of the characteristics of fashionable products is that they can only be sold within a single selling period. Managers have to predict the optimal quantity of products in advance. The problem can be more complicated for these style products since returns may also be used to satisfy new demand, occurred before the end of selling period. In other case, it is unavoidable that there is a possibility of shortage due to extremely high demand during the period. Here, vendor provides emergency supply option to satisfy a proportion of customers who are willing to wait. Since there are some vendors selling these products within an area, consequently, the rest of customers, unwilling to wait to order in one store, may seek the products in others.
In this research, we extend the classical single-period problem to determine the optimal order quantity and advertising expenditure by incorporating return policies, emergency supply options, and the effect of advertising under the objective of maximizing the expected profit. We provide solutions to the problem under uniform and normal demand distributions. A numerical example is used to illustrate the model, and the associated sensitivity analyses in terms of some important parameters are also made.

ABSTRACT (CHINESE)…...………………..…………………………………...I
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………..II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …..…………………………………………….........III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….........IV
LIST OF TABLES ...…………….……………………………………………….VI
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………..VII
LIST OF SYMBOLS …………………………………………………………….IX
CHAPTERS
I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………...……………………………….1
1.1 Motivation and Background ………………………………………………...1
1.2 Objectives …………………………………………………………………...4
1.3 Limitations ...….………………………………………………………….....4
1.4 Thesis Organization ………………………………………………………....7

II. LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………. ………………………8
2.1. Introduction to Single-Period Inventory Problem …………………………..8
2.2. Return Policy ………………………………………………………………12
2.3. Emergency Supply Option in Inventory System …………………………..17
2.4. Role of Advertising ………………………………………………………..18

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ………………………………………....21
3.1 The Alternative Return Handling Options …………………………………21
3.2 Notations and Assumptions………………………………………………...23
3.3 Models ….………….....…………………………….…………………...…25
3.3.1 Basic Models ……………………………….………………………25
3.3.2 Linking Advertising and Maximizing Expected Profit …………….30
3.3.3 Constant Variance Case (CVC) ………….…………………………31
3.3.4 Constant Coefficient of Variance Case (CCVC) ….….…………….38

IV. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ………………………………………….…..…46
4.1 Numerical Example ……………………………………………….…….…46
4.1.1 Numerical Results of Basic Models without Advertising ….…….….47
4.1.2 Numerical Results of Basic Models with Advertising …….………...51
4.2 Sensitivity Analysis ………………….…………………………………….57
4.2.1 Uniform Demand Distribution ...…………………………………….58
4.2.2 Normal Demand Distribution ………….…………………………….61
4.3 Conclusions ………………….…………………………………..……...…67

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS …………………….…68
5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………………………….….68
5.2 Future Directions ……………………………………………………….….70

REFERENCES ……….…………………...…….………………………………..71
APPENDIX A …….……………………………………………………………….75
APPENDIX B …….……………………………………………………………….81

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