臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此論文運用霍洛韋(Karla F. C Holloway)的比喻「神話文本」，來檢視惠特利(Phillis Wheatley)、雅各斯(Harriet Jacobs)、赫爾士頓(Zora Neale Hurston)及安琪羅(Maya Angelou)的個人自述，以便探索此四位非裔美籍女性作家如何各自創造想像的神話文本，來同時性與非同時性彼此對話並修正對方及各自當代男性作家。藉此理論方法，我發現惠特利在《論各類宗教道德主題詩》(Poems on Various Subjects Religious and Moral)裡，融合清教徒贖罪神話與被俘敘事形式來創造她的神話文本；由於惠氏自身聯繫于黑人奴隸同胞，她得以聲稱其非洲身分，並連繫過去的非洲文化群體。 雅各斯在《少女黑奴生活記事》(Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl) 裡，顛覆基督教神話以創造她的神話文本，她強烈抨擊奴隸制度和偽善的白人蓄奴基督徒。由於其反叛精神，她修正了主流宗教教義及被動式的基督教婦德和母性定義。而祖先聲音的記憶、群體族裔的幫忙及對孩子的母愛，使她得以成為逃亡奴隸。赫爾士頓以特有的黑人民間故事敘事來創造其神話文本，她把此故事敘事稱為語言能力並聯想為女性祖先之聲音。透過此能力，《在灰塵蹤跡路上》(Dust Tracks on a Road)，她敘述了個人及艾頓村(Eatonville)的群體歷史。雖然村民在她母親臨終時臥床剝奪此說話能力，在《騾子與男人》(Mules and Men)裡，她返鄉深入南方偏僻地區，尋求具有巫術的母性人物並收集童年期間所聽到的民間故事。透過返家之旅，赫氏得以自我連繫過去種族文化群體。安琪羅從黑人種族文化根源裡創造出她的神話文本，並且特意地把個人歷史與非裔美籍大社會政治環境相比對。由於自我意識及對祖先、家庭與文化群體之認同，安氏在《我知道關進籠裡的鳥兒為何唱歌》(I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings)裡，再創自我及其黑人同胞仍須遭遇到制度化的種族偏見。她結合了個人生命和黑人群體歷史，是故她的自我發展明顯地與黑人文化群體互相連繫，因而表達了文化群體之聲。在《天籟之歌》(A Song Flung Up to Heaven)裡，她述說了回歸非洲之旅後的生活並如何成為一位獨立自主黑人女性作家，此書以《我知道關進籠裡的鳥兒為何唱歌》首行作為結語。
總之，在述說各生活階段有關種族及性別成長過程中，此四位作家服膺或反對各式上下文，互相指涉地再現自我。透過語言的記憶，她們察覺到集體自我並清楚地在想像的神話文本裡表達了文化群體之聲音。

Drawing from Holloway's figurative use of the“mythic text,”this dissertation examines the first-person narratives of Phillis Wheatley, Harriet Jacobs, Zora Neale Hurston, and Maya Angelou so as to discover how these four Afro-American women writers originate their varied mythic texts, synchronically and diachronically revising both one another and their male counterparts in their own times. With this theoretical approach, I find out that in Poems on Various Subjects Religious and Moral Wheatley originates her mythic text from the Puritan redemption myth, which is blended with the Puritan captivity narrative form, associates herself with her enslaved fellowmen, claims her African identity, and connects to her African communal past. Jacobs in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl originates her mythic text by subverting the Christian myth to strongly attack slavery and the hypocritical white Christian slaveholders. With her spiritual rebellion, she further revises the dominant theology, passive Christian womanhood and motherhood. Her memories of an ancestral voice partially empower her to successfully become a fugitive slave along with communal help and maternal love for her children. Hurston originates her mythic text from the black folkloric storytelling narrative and terms it the power of words, which she associates with her female ancestral voice. Through this power, in Dust Tracks on a Road she relates her personal history and retells the history of her Eatonville community. Although the community deprives her of this speaking voice on her mother's deathbed, in Mules and Men she returns to her Southern black rural community to search for a mother figure with conjuring power and to collect the folklore that she heard during her childhood. This homeward journey has her reclaim her past connection with her own ethnic cultural community. Angelou originates her mythic text from her black ethnic cultural roots and deliberately parallels her personal history with that of the grand Afro-American socio-political surroundings. Due to her self-consciousness and identity with her ancestors, family, and community, in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1970) she invents her self and recreates the time when Afro-Americans still have to encounter institutionalized racial prejudice. Because she integrates her personal life with the communal history, she clearly connects her self-development with her ethnic community and thus expresses a communal voice. She relates her life after her homeward trip to Africa and eventually becomes an empowered black woman writer in A Song Flung Up to Heaven, in which she concludes the book with the first line of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.
Overall, these four writers intertextually
represent themselves in/against various contexts, while evolving their racial and gender selves during the varied phases of their lives. Through the memories of words, they are conscious of their collective self and clearly express their communal voice in their “mythic text.”

Chapter One: Introduction……………………………………………………………………1

Chapter Two: Phillis Wheatley: Speaking from the Otherness of the African
Subjective Selfhood…………………………………35

Chapter Three: Harriet Jacobs: The Empowered Black Womanhood……………………78

Chapter Four: Zora Neale Hurston: The Individual and Ethnographic Selfhood…122

Chapter Five: Maya Angelou: The Transformation of the Confined Self into an
Autonomous Black Gendered Self………………………160

Chapter Six: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………193

Works Cited……………………………………………………………………………199

Accomando, Christina.“The Laws Were Laid Down to Me Anew: Harriet Jacobs and
the Reframing of Legal Fictions.”African American Review 32.2 (1998): 22
pp. 17 May 2005 < http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?print&docId=5001364847>.
Adams, Henry. The Education of Henry Adams. Project Gutensburg Literary Archive
Foundation. 2000. 5 Dec. 2006 <http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2044>.
Angelou, Maya. A Song Flung Up to Heaven. New York: Random House, 2002.
---. All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.
---. Even the Stars Look Lonesome. New York: Bantam Books, 1998.
---. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Bantam Books, 1971.
---. “Caged Bird.”The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou. New York:
Random House, 1994. 194-95.
---. The Heart of a Woman. New York: Random House, 1981.
Andrews, William L. "African-American Autobiography Criticism: Retrospect and
Prospect.” American Autobiography: Retrospect and Prospect. Ed. Paul John
Eakin. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1991. 195-215.
---. Introduction.” African American Autobiography: A Collection of
Critical Essays. Ed. William L. Andrews. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall,
1993. 1-7.
---. To Tell a Free Story: The First Century of Afro-American Autobiography,
1760-1865. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1986.
Baker, Houston A. Workings of the Spirit: The Poetics of Afro-American Women's
Writing. Chicago and London: The U of Chicago P, 1991.
Balkun, Mary McAleer.“Phillis Wheatley's Construction of Otherness and the
Rhetoric Performed Ideology.” African American Review 36.1 (2002): 20 pp.
17 May 2005 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=print&docId=5000744227&
jsessionid=CJTWJVYT>.
Bassard, Katherine Clay. Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender and
Community in Early African American Women's Writing. Princeton: Princeton
UP, 1999.
Baym, Nina, et al., eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th ed.
2 vols. New York: Norton, 1998.
Beardslee, Karen E. “Through Slave Culture's Lens Comes the Abundant Source:
Harriet A. Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.” Melus 24.1
(Spring 1999): 16 pp. 18 Dec. 2002 <http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?
=2595295&db=afh>.
Bell, Bernard W. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Amherst: U of
Massachusetts P, 1987.
Belt-Beyan, Phyllis M. The Emergence of African American Literacy Traditions:
Family and Community Efforts in the Nineteenth Century. Westport: Praeger,
2004.
Benét, William Rose. The Reader's Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. Taipei: Bookman,
1965.
Bennett, Paula. “Phillis Wheatley's Vocation and the Paradox of the ‘Afric
Muse.’”PMLA 113.1 (January 1998): 64-73.
Benstaon, Kimberly W. Performing Blackness: Enactments of African-American
Modernism. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
Bly, Anthony T. “Wheatley's To the University of Cambridge, in New-
England.”Explicator 55.4 (Summer 1997): 3 pp. 5 Dec. 2002
http://citation.asp?tb=1&_Ug=dbs=0=ln=en%2Dus=sid=83D836F6%>.
---. “Wheatley’s On the Death of a Young Lady of Five Years of Age.”
Explicator 58.1 (fall 1999): 4 pp. 5 Dec., 2002 <http://citation.asp?
tb=1&_ug=dbs+0+ln+en%2Dus+sid+83D836F6%>.
Boas, Franz. “Preface.” Mules and Men. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York:
Harper Perennial, 1990. xiii-iv.
Bonasoro, Jim. “Alexander Pope's Influence on Phillis Wheatley.”
Suite101.Com. 3 pp. 8 Oct. 2002
<http://209.52.189.2/article.cfm/aaw_<http://209.52.189.2/article.cfm/aaw_
literature/27718>.
Bradley, Patricia. Slavery, Propaganda and the American Revolution. Jackson:
UP of Mississippi, 1998.
Brantley, Will. Feminine Sense in Southern Memoir: Smith, Glasgow, Welty,
Hellman, Porter, and Hurston. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1995.
Braxton, Joanne M. Black Women Writing Autobiography: A Tradition within a
Tradition. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1989.
Buell, Lawrence. “Autobiography in the American Renaissance.” American
Autobiography: Retrospect and Prospect. Ed. Paul John Eakin. Madison:
U of Wisconsin P, 1991. 47-69.
Callahan, John F. In the African-American Grain: The Pursuit of Voice in
Twentieth-Century Black Fiction. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1988.
Carby, Hazel. Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American
Woman Novelist. New York and Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987.
Carson, Sharon. “Dismantling the House of the Lord: Theology as Political
Philosophy in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.” Journal of Religious
Thought 51.1 (Summer/Fall 1994): 11 pp. 18 Dec. 2002 <http://search.epnet.
com/direct.asp?an=9707161982&db=afh>.
Castronovo, Russ. “Incidents in the Life of a White Woman: Economies of Race
and Gender in the Antebellum Nation.” American Literary History 10.2
(1998): 239-65.
Cima, Gay Gibson. “Black and Unmarked: Phillis Wheatley, Mercy Otis Warren,
and The Limits of Strategic Anonymity.” Theatre Journal 52.4 (Dec. 2000):
465-95.
Cooper, Anna Julia. The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including a Voice from the
South and Other Important Essays, Papers, and Letters. Ed. Charles Lemert
and Esme Bhan. New York: Rowman & Ligglefield Publishers, 1998.
Cudjoe, Selwyn R. “Maya Angelou and the Autobiographical Statement.” Black
Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York:
Anchor Book/Doubleday, 1984. 6-24.
Curtis IV, Edward E. “Why Malcolm X Never Developed an Islamic Approach to
Civil Rights.” Religion 32.3 (2002): 227-42.
Dalsgard, Katrine. “The One All-black Town Worth the Pain: (African) American
Exceptionalism, Historical Narration, and the Critique of Nationhood in
Toni Morrison’s Paradise.” African American Review 35.2 (2001): 13 pp. 7
May 2006 <http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=print&docId=5001038494>.
Davis, Angela Y. Women, Race & Class. New York: Vintage Books, 1983.
Day, Martin S. A Handbook of American Literature. Taipei: Bookman, 1975.
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American
Slave Written by Himself. Ed. William L. Andrews and William S. Mcfeely.
New York and London: Norton, 1997.
Du Bois, W. E. B. “The Souls of Black Folk.” The Norton Anthology of African
American Literature. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay. New
York: Norton, 1997. 613-740.
Dunbar, Paul Laurence. “Sympathy.” The Norton Anthology of African American
Literature. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay. 1st ed. New
York: Norton, 1997. 900.
Eakin, Paul John. “Introduction.” American Autobiography: Retrospect and
Prospect. Ed. Paul John Eakin. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1991. 3-22.
Eaton, Alison. “Autobiography, Gender and Race: Maya Angelou's I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings.” Women, Power, and Resistance. Ed. Tess Cosslett, et al.
Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open UP, 1996. 104-12.
Egan, Susanna. “‘Self’-Conscious History: American Autobiography after the
CivilWar.”American Autobiography: Retrospect and Prospect. Ed. Paul John
Eakin. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1991. 70-94.
Eiselein, Gregory. Literature and Humanitarian Reform in the Civil War Era.
Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indian UP, 1996.
Elliot, Jeffrey M., ed. Conversations with Maya Angelou. Jackson and London:
UP of Mississippi, 1989.
Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or
Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself. Ed. Werner Sollors. New
York & London: Norton, 2001.
Fleischner, Jennifer. Mastering Slavery: Memory, Family, and Identity in
Women's Slave Narratives. New York and London: New York UP, 1996.
Foster, Frances Smith. Written By Herself: Literary Production by African
American Women, 1742-1892. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1993.
Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. “My Statue, My Self: Autobiographical Writings of
Afro-American Women.” Reading Black, Reading Feminist. Ed. Henry Louis
Gates, Jr. Markham: Meridian, 1990. 176-203.
Franklin, V. P. Living Our Stories, Telling Our Truths. New York and Oxford:
Oxford UP, 1995.
Friedman, Susan Stanford. Mappings Feminism and the Cultural Geographies of
Encounter. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1998.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. “James Gronniosaw and the Trope of the Talking
Book.”African American Autobiography: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed.
William L. Andrews. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1993. 8-25.
---. “Introduction: Writing ‘Race’ and the Difference It Makes.”“Race,”
Writing, and Difference. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Chicago and London: U
of Chicago P,1986. 1-20.
---. Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.
---. The Signifying Monkey. New York: Oxford UP, 1989.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay, ed. The Norton Anthology of
African American Literature. 1st ed. New York: Norton, 1997.
Gillespie, Marcia Ann. “Maya Angelou.” Essence 23.8 (December 1992): 6 pp. 22
Sep. 2002 <http://search, epnet.com/direct.asp?an=9302210822&db>.
Gunning, Sandra.“Reading and Redemption in Incidents in the Life of a Slave
Girl.”Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Ed.
Deborah M. Garfield and Rafia Zafar. New York: Cambridge UP, 1996. 131-55.
Gwin, Minrose C. Black and White Women of the Old South: The Peculiar
Sisterhood in American Literature. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1986.
Hamilton, Cynthia S.“Dislocation, Violence, and the Language of Sentiment.”
Black Imagination and the Middle Passage. Ed. Maria Diedrich, et al. New
York:Oxford UP, 1999. 103-16.
Hemenway, Rober E. That Which the Soul Lives By.” Modern Critical Views: Zora
Neale Hurston. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
83-95.
---. Zora Neale Hurton: A Literary Biography. Urbana and Chicago: U of
Illinois P,1980.
Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,1926.
Henderson, Mae Gwendolyn. “Speaking in Tongues: Dialogics, Dialectics,andthe
Black Woman Writer's Literary Tradition.”Reading Black, Reading Feminist.
Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Meridian, 1990. 116-42.
High, Peter B. An Outline of American Literature. New York: Longman, 1987.
Holloway, Karla F. C. Moorings & Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in
Black Women’s Literature. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1992.
hooks,bell. "Saving Black Folk Culture: Zora Neale Hurston as Anthropologist
and Writer.” Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston: South
End Press, 1990. 135-43.
Houchins, Susan. “Introduction.”Spiritual Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis
Gates, Jr. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. xxix-xliv.
Howard, Lillie P. “Zora Neale Hurston.” Dictionary of Literary Biography. Ed.
Trudier Harris and Thadious M. Davis. Vol. 51. Detroit: Gale Research
Company, 1987. 133-45.
Hughes, Langston. The Big Sea. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993.
---. “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain.” African American Literary
Theory: A Reader. Ed. Winston Napier. New York & London: New York UP,
2000. 27-30.
Hurston, Zora Neale. “Characteristics of Negro Expression.” African American
Literary Theory: A Reader. Ed. Winston Napier. New York & London: New York
UP, 2000. 31-44.
---. Dust Tracks on a Road. New York: Harper Perennial, 1995.
---. “How It Feels to Be Colored Me.” I Love Myself: A Zora Neale Hurston Reader. Ed. Alice Walker. New York: The Feminist Press, 1979. 152-55.
---. Moses, Man of the Mountain. Zora Neale Hurston: Novels & Stories. Ed.
Cheryl A. Wall. New York: The Library of America, 1995. 335-595.
---. Mules and Men. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Harper Perennial,
1990.
---. Tell My Horses: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica. Ed. Henry Louis
Gates, Jr. New York: Perennial Library, 1990.
---. “Their Eyes Were Watching God.” Zora Neale Hurston: Novels & Stories.
Ed. Cheryl A. Wall. New York: The Library of America, 1995. 173-334.
Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. New York: Signet
Classic Printing, 2000.
Johnson, Barbara.“Thresholds of Difference: Structures of Address in Zora
Neale Hurston.”“Race,”Writing, and Difference. Ed. Henry Louis Gates,
Jr.Chicago and London: The U of Chicago P, 1986. 317-28.
Jones, Sharon L. Reading the Harlem Renaissance: Race, Class,and Gender in the
Fiction of Jessie Fauset, Zora Neale Hurston, and Dorothy West. Westport:
Greenwood Press, 2002.
Kawash, Samira. Dislocating the Color Line: Identity, Hybridity, and
Singularity in African-American Narrative. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.
Keckley, Elizabeth. Behind the Scenes. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1989.
Kelley, Ken.“Maya Angelou.” Mother Jones 20.3 (May/Jun 1995): 5 pp. 22 Sep.
2002 .
Kendrick, Robert L. “Remembering American: Phyllis Wheatley’s Intertextual
Epic.”African American Review 30.1 (1996): 13 pp. 8 Dec. 2005
<http://www.questia.Com/PM.qst?action=print&docId=5001632815>.
---. “Snatching a Laurel, Wearing a Mask: Phillis Wheatley's Literary
Nationalism and the Problem of Style.” Style 27.2 (Summer 1993): 21pp. 6
Dec. 2002 <http:// search.epnet. com/direct.asp?an=9610233859&db=afh>.
Kent, George E.“Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Black
Autobiographical Tradition.” African American Autobiography: A Collection
of Critical Essays. Ed. William L. Andrews. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice
Hall, 1993. 162-70.
Konzett, Delia Caparoso. Ethnic Modernisms: Anizia Yezierska, Zora Neale
Hurston, Jean Rhys, and the Aesthetics of Dislocation. New York: Palgrave,
2002.
Krista, Walter. "Surviving in the Garret: Harriet Jacobs and the Critique of
Sentiment.” ATQ 8.3 (Sep. 1994): 14 pp. 18 Dec. 2002
<http://search.epnet.com/Direct.asp?an=9411181647&db=afh>.
Lauret, Maria. Liberating Literature: Feminist Fiction in America. London and
New York: Routledge, 1994.
Lee, Jarena. “Religious Experience and Journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee, Giving an
Account of Her Call to Preach the Gospel.” Spiritual Narratives. Ed. Henry
Louis Gates, Jr. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. 1-97.
Lemert, Charles. “Anna Julia Cooper: The Colored Woman's Office.” The Voice
of Anna Julia Cooper: Including a Voice from the South and Other Important
Essays, Papers, and Letters. Ed. Charles Lemert and Esme Bhan. New York:
Rowman & Ligglefield Publishers, 1998. 1-43.
Levernier, James A.“Style as Protest in the Poetry of Phillis Wheatley.”
Style 27.2 (Summer 1993): 22pp. 4, Dec. 2002
<http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=9610233857&db=afh>.
Lionnet, Françoise. “Autobiography: The An-Archic Style of Dust Tracks on a
Road.”African American Autobiography: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed.
William L. Andrews. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1993. 113-37.
---. “The Politics of Aesthetics of Métissage.” Women, Autobiography,
Theory: A Reader. Ed. Sidonie Smith & Julia Watson. Madison: U of Wisconsin
UP, 1998. 325-36.
Lupton, Mary Jane. Maya Angelou: A Critical Companion. Westport: Greenwood P,
1998.
Mason, Julian D., Jr. “Introduction.” The Poems of Phillis Wheatley. Ed.
Julian D. Mason, Jr. Chapel Hill & London: U of North Carolina P, 1989. 1-22
Matterson, Stephen. “The Slave Narratives of Frederick Douglass and Harriet
Jacobs.” Soft Canons: American Women and Writers and Masculine Tradition.
Ed. Karen L. Kilcup. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1999. 82-96.
McKay, Nellie Y. “Nineteenth-Century Black Women's Spiritual Autobiographies:
Religious Faith and Self-Empowerment.” Interpreting Women's Lives:
Feminist Theory and Personal Narratives. Ed. Personal Narratives Group.
Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1989. 139-54.
---. "The Girls Who Became the Women: Childhood Memories in the
Autobiographies of Harriet Jacobs, Mary Church Terrell, and Anne Moody.”
Tradition and the Talents of Women. Ed. Florence Howe. Urbana and Chicago:
U of Illinois P, 1991. 105-24.
---. “The Narrative Self: Race, Politics, and Culture in Black American
Women's Autobiography.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Ed.
Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 96-107.
McPherson, Dolly A. Women Memoirists. Ed. Harold Bloom. Vol. I. Philadelphia:
Chelsea House Publishers, 1998. 9-10.
Megene-Wallace, Joanne. Understanding I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.
Westpoint: Greenwood, 1998.
Mercer, Trudy. “Representative Woman: Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the
Life of a Slave Girl.” Writers and Activist 1813-1897: Author of Incidents
in the Life of a Slave Girl 9 Oct. 2002
<http://www.drizzle.com/~tmercer/Jacobs/representative.shtml>.
Michael Silverblatt, interview with Maya Angelou, Bookworm, Public Radio,
KCRW, Santa Monica, 31 July, 2002.
Merish, Lori. “Domesticating ‘Blackness’: Harriet Jacobs, Sojourner Truth,
and the Decommodification of the Black Female Body.” Sentimental
Materialism:Gender, Commodity Culture, and Nineteenth-Century American
Literature. Durham: Duke UP, 2000. 191-228.
Miller, Jennie. “Harriet Jacobs and the ‘Double Burden’ of American
Slavery.”International Social Science Review 78:1-2 (2003): 13 pp. 17 May
2005 <http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?
action=print&docId=5001982944&jsessionid>.
Milton, John. “Paradise Lost.” John Milton: The Complete Poems. Ed. John
Leonard. London: Penguin Books, 1998. 119-406.
Moss, Joyce and George Wilson. “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Written
by Herself.” Literature and Its Times: Civil Wars to Frontier Societies
(1800-1880s) Vol. 2 New York: Gale, 1997. 168-73.
---. “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.” Literature and Its Times: World War
II to the Affluent Fifties (1940-1950s). Vol. 4. New York: Gale, 1997. 201-
07.
North, Michael. The Dialect of Modernism: Race, Language, and Twentieth-Century
Literature. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.
Olney, James. “Autobiographical Traditions Black and White.” The Future of
Southern Letters. Ed. Jefferson Humphries and John Lowe. New York: Oxford
UP, 1996. 134-42.
O'Neale, Sondra. “Phillis Wheatley’s Use of Biblical Myth and Symbol.”
African-American Poets: Phillis Wheatley through Melvin B. Tolson. Ed.
Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. 69-93.
Paton, Maureen. “From the Heart.” The Mail on Sunday 4 Dec. 2005: 8.
Pope, Alexander. “The Rape of the Lock.” Master Poems Of the English
Language. Ed. Oscar Williams. Taipei: Yeh Yeh Book Gallery, 1784. 268-89.
Post, Amy. “Appendix.” Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. New York:
Signet, 2000. 229-31.
Pryse, Marjorie. “Introduction: Zora Neale Hurston, Alice Walker, and the
Ancient Power of Black Women.” Conjuring: Black Women, Fiction,and Literary
Tradition. Ed. Marjorie Pryse and Hortense J. Spillers. Bloomington:
Indiana UP,1985. 1-24
Randle, Gloria T.“Between the Rock and the Hard Place: Mediating Spaces in
Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.”African American
Review 33.1 (Spring 1999): 14 pp. 18 Dec. 2002
<http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1877537&db=afh>.
Renfro, G. Herbert. “Sketch of the Life of Phillis Wheatley.” Life and Works
of Phillis Wheatley. Salem: Ayer Company, 1988. 3-34.
Richards, Phillip M. “Phillis Wheatley, Americanization, the Sublime, and the
Romance of America.” Style 27.2 (Summer 1993): 21 pp. 4 Dec. 2002 <http://
Search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=9610233858&db=afh>.
Rodriguez, Barbara. “On the Gatepost: Literal and Metaphorical Journeys in
ZoraNeale Hurston’s Dust Tracks on a Road.” Women, American, and Movement:
Narratives of Relocation. Ed. Susan L. Roberson. Columbia and London: U of
Missouri P, 1998. 235-57.
Rowlandson, Mary. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God. Ed. Neal Salisbury. New
York: Bedford Books, 1997.
Ruland, Richard, and Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A
History of American Literature. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
Sanchez-Eppler, Karen. Touching Liberty: Abolition, Feminism, and the Politics
of the Body. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.
Scheick, William J.“Subjection and Prophecy in Phillis Wheatley's Verse
Paraphrases Of Scripture.” College Literature 22.3 (Oct. 1995): 9 pp. 5
Dec. 2002 <http://Search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=9512101155&db=afh>.
Shea, Daniel B. “The Prehistory of American Autobiography.” American Autobio-
Graphy: Retrospect and Prospect. Ed. Paul John Eakin. Madison: U of
Wisconsin P, 1991. 25-46.
Shields, John C. "Phillis Wheatley’s Subversion of Classical Stylistics.”
Style 27.2 (1993): 14 pp. 5 Dec. 2002 <http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?
an=9610233860&db=afh>.
---. “Phillis Wheatley.” African American Writers. Ed. June Jordan & Richard
Wright. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2001. 773-92.
Smith, Sidonie. Subjectivity, Identity, and the Body. Bloomington and
Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1993.
Stein, Gertrude. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. New York: Vintage
Books, 1990.
Stepto, Robert B. “Narration, Authentication, and Authorial Control in
Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of 1845.” African American Autobiography: A
Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. William L. Andrews. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall, 1993. 26-35.
Sterling, Dorothy. We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century.
Ed. Dorothy Sterling. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.
Steward, Maria W. Maria W. Stewart, America’s First Black Woman Political
Writer. Ed. Marilyn Richardson. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP,
1987.
Stone, Albert E. “Modern American Autobiography: Texts and Transactions.”
American Autobiography: Retrospect and Prospect. Ed. Paul John Eakin.
Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1991. 95-120.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. New York: Wordsworth Editions
Ltd., 1999.
Tate, Claudia. Psychoanalysis and Black Novels: Desire and the Protocols of
Race. New York and Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998.
Taves, Ann. “Spiritual Purity and Sexual Shame: Religious Themes in the
Writings of Harriet Jacobs.” Church History 56.1 (1987): 59-72.
Thomas, Helen. Romanticism and Slave Narratives: Transatlantic Testimonies.
Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.
Truth, Sojourner. Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Bondswoman of Olden Time,
with a History of Her Labors and Correspondence Drawn from Her“Book of
Life.”New York: Oxford UP, 1991.
Twagilimana, Aimable. Race and Gender in the Making of an African American
Literary Tradition. New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1997.
X, Malcolm. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Taipei: The Imperial P, 1974.
Walker, Alice. “Looking for Zora.” In Search of Our Mothers’Gardens. New
York: Harcourt Brace, 1983. 93-116.
Wall, Cheryl A. “Zora Neale Hurston.” African American Writers. Ed. Valerie
Smith 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2001. 379-91.
Walter, Krista. “Surviving in the Garret: Harriet Jacobs and the Critique of
Sentiment.” ATQ 8.3 (1994): 22pp. 18 Dec. 2002 <http://search.epnet.com/
Direct.asp?an=9411181647&db=afh>.
Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery. New York: Bantam, 1956.
Washington, Margaret. “Modern Voices: Margaret Washington on Harriet
Jacobs.”Africans in America 9 Oct. 2002 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part
4/4i3089.html>.
Washington, Mary Helen. “Zora Neale Hurston: A Woman Half in Shadow.” A Zora
Neale Hurston Reader: I Love Myself. Ed. Alice Walker. New York: The
Feminist Press, 1979. 7-25.
Wells, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Ed.
Alfreda M. Duster. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1970.
Welter, Barbara. “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860.” Pinzler.Com. 4pp.
25 Dec. 2006 http://www.pinzler.com/ushistory/cultwo.html>.
Wesley, Marilyn C. Secret Journeys: The Trope of Women’s Travel in American
Literature. Albany: State U of New York, 1999.
Wheatley, Phillis. The Poems of Phillis Wheatley. Ed. Julian D. Mason, Jr.
Chapel Hill & London: U of North Carolina P, 1989.
Willard, Carla. “Wheatley's Turns of Praise: Heroic Entrapment and the
Paradox of Revolution.” American Literature 67.2 (June 1995): 233-56.
Wright, Richard. “Blueprint for Negro Writing.” African American Literary
Theory: A Reader. Ed. Winston Napier. New York & London: New York UP, 2000.
45-53.
---. "Black Boy.” Richard Wright: Later Works. New York: The Library of
America, 1968. 1-270.
Yellin, Jean Fagan. Harriet Jacobs: A Life. New York: Basic Civitas Books,
2004.
---. “Through Her Brother's Eyes: Incidents and ‘A True Tale.'” Harriet
Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Ed. Deborah M. Garfield
and Rafia Zafar. New York: Cambridge UP, 1996. 44-56.
Zafar, Rafia. We Wear the Mask: African Americans Write American Literature,
1760-1870. New York: Columbia UP, 1997.