臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

黑面琵鷺（Platalea minor）是瀕臨絕種的水鳥，每年約有50%~70 %的族群在台灣西南部度冬。本研究利用2002年12月至2003年1月在台灣因肉毒桿菌中毒死亡個體的胃內含物，來探討黑面琵鷺度冬期的食性；於43個胃中共記錄8科14種魚及1種蝦子，食性的Shannon-Weiner指數為1.90；每個胃的動物性食物平均乾重為23.3克（0.1-111.7克）。其中虎齒鰕虎（Yongeichthys caninus）的數量最多（39%），但乾重只佔2%；大鱗鮻（Chelon macrolepis）的數量只佔17%，但乾重卻高達54%，是其食物中最重要的魚類之一。此外，本研究於2003年11月至2004年5月，於七股濕地中的潟湖及黑面琵鷺保護區兩個棲地，利用待袋網研究黑面琵鷺的食物資源，共記錄33科 70種魚。其中以短棘鰏（Leiognathus equulus）的數量最多（19.9%），其餘依次是大鱗鮻約11.5%、竹筒鮻（Chelon alata）約 8.4%、沙鮻（Sillago sihama）約7.8%及黃斑鰏（Leiognathus bindus）約5.6%，這些黑面琵鷺可利用的魚類資源已超過樣本總量的50%。近十五年來，全球的黑面琵鷺族群呈穩定成長。本研究利用1991/1992至2003/2004年的東亞度冬群數量，推估東亞族群的平均年成長率為1.13 ± 0.08；1998至2005年間，在台灣繫色環個體的返回率為86.6% ± 9.3%；以隨機指數模式（stochastic exponential model）進行族群量推估，預估2013/2014年冬天東亞的黑面琵鷺數量約4,000 ± 950隻，而東亞族群數量低於2003/2004年水準的機率很低（p = 0.06）。假若從1991至2004年求得的族群成長率能持續下去，則2013/2014年時，黑面琵鷺的族群倍增（2003/2004年）的機率是0.98，來台灣度冬的數量將超過2000隻。因此，保護其棲息地及增加棲地中的魚類，讓逐年增加的黑面琵鷺可獲得足夠食物是首要的工作。第二，為因應逐年增加的黑面琵鷺族群，及逐漸往鄰近濕地擴散建立新據點的小族群，在台灣西南沿海劃設新保護區也是非常重要的。

The Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) is a critically endangered species. About 50%~70% of individuals regularly winter on the southwestern coast of Taiwan. This study investigated the stomach contents of Black-faced Spoonbills killed by avian botulism between December 2002 and January 2003 to identify the food of this species at the wintering site. Fourteen fish species belonging to eight families and one species of prawn were retrieved from 43 stomachs. The Shannon-Weiner index for the diet was 1.90. The estimated mean total dry weight of contents per stomach containing animal items was 23.3 g (range, 0.1~111.7 g). The dogtooth-toxic goby (Yongeichthys caninus) was the most abundant diet species comprising 39% of the total diet items but contributing only 2% of the estimated total dry weight. The large-scale mullet (Chelon macrolepis), comprising only 17% of the total diet items but contributing 54% of the estimated total dry weight, was the most important diet species. Our results suggest that conservation of the large-scale mullet in the habitats is important to this endangered wader. This study also investigated the food resources of the Black-faced Spoonbill at Chiku Wetland from November 2003 to May 2004. In total, 70 fish species belonging to 33 families were collected. The most abundant fish species in those habitats was Leiognathus equulus (19.9%) followed by C. macrolepis (11.5%), C. alata (8.4%), Sillago sihama (7.8%), and L. bindus (5.6%), which together accounted for > 50% of the total number. These results indicate that the Chiku Wetland is an important foraging habitat for the wintering Black-faced Spoonbill. Over the past 15 years, the global population of the Black-faced Spoonbill has steadily increased. I estimated global population growth rates of the Black-faced Spoonbill based on annual counts of wintering populations in East Asia between 1991/1992 and 2003/2004. The mean global annual growth rate was 1.13 ± 0.08. The estimated survival rate was 86.6% ± 9.3% based on the annual return rates of color-banded birds in Taiwan between 1998 and 2005. I also predicted global Black-faced Spoonbill populations in 2003/2004~2013/2014 using a stochastic exponential model and showed the mean global population in 2013/2014 should exceed 4000 ± 950. The probability of a global population decline to less than the 2003/2004 level is low (p = 0.06). If the 1991~2004 growth rate is sustained, the probability for the global population to increase to twice that of the 2003/2004 level is 0.98 and the predicted mean wintering population in Taiwan could exceed 2000 in 2013/2014. Because the wintering population at Chiku Wetland is increasing, establishment of new protected areas in southwestern Taiwan will be necessary to ensure continued growth. Furthermore, maintaining sufficient quantities of fish in the existing reserves and adjacent fish ponds will be important to this endangered wader.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………………vi
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………x
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………xi

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS………………………………1
Black-faced Spoonbill………………………………………… 1
Descriptive notes ………………………………………………… 1
Dimorphism ……………………………………………………………1
Distribution and status …………………………………………2
Habitat and Behavior ………………………………………………3
Age and sex …………………………………………………………3
Food resources ………………………………………………………4
Habitats loss ………………………………………………………5
CHAPTER 2: DIET OF THE BLACK-FACED SPOONBILL WINTERING IN SOUTHWESTERN TAIWAN …………………………………………6
Introduction …………………………………………………………6
Materials and Methods ………………………………………………7
Study sites …………………………………………………………7
Fish collections from the wintering habitats ……………7
Diet analysis …………………………………………………………8
Statistics ……………………………………………………………9
Results ………………………………………………………………10
Fish composition in the wintering habitats of Black-faced Spoonbills…10
Diet of the Black-faced Spoonbills wintering in Taiwan …11
Estimates of the dry weight of food consumed Black-faced Spoonbills 12
Diet diversity of Black-faced Spoonbills wintering in Taiwan ………12
Discussion …………………………………………………………13

CHAPTER 3: PREDICTING POPULATION TRENDS OF THE BLACK-FACED SPOONBILL …………………………………………………15
Introduction ……………………………………………………15
Materials and Methods ……………………………………………17
The global population ……………………………………………17
The Taiwanese subpopulation ……………………………………17
Statistical analysis of the growth pattern ………………18
Estimate of the survival rate …………………………………18
Prediction of the population size in the next decade …19
Results ………………………………………………………………20
Growth pattern of the global population ……………………20
The Taiwanese subpopulation of Black-faced Spoonbills 20
Survival rate of Black-faced Spoonbills …………………20
Estimate of the global population for the next decade …21
Estimate of the Taiwanese subpopulation over the next decade ………21
Discussion …………………………………………………………21
Sensitivity analyses ……………………………………………21
Survival rate ……………………………………………………22

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUDING DISCUSSION ……………………………23
Conservation Implications ………………………………………23
Habitat requirements …………………………………………23
Mullet breeding ……………………………………………………24
New reserves ……………………………………………………24

LITERATURE CITED VITAE…………………………………………………27

CURRICULUM VITAE ……60

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