臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

地球能源匱乏問題乃當前地球環境面臨的最大危機之一，因此加強自然通風利用以降低空調造成的能源負荷格外重要，然而都市裡高密度的建築配置，或建築開口部設計的因素…等，大大降低了自然通風之利用效益；再者，台灣室內空氣品質問題日益嚴重，普遍存在換氣不足或效率不佳等問題有待解決。
本研究以單室居室之單側及相對側開口模式為探討對象，針對其自然通風利用不易的問題，分別探究裝設水平及垂直導風板對自然通風效益之影響。研究方法乃運用計算流體力學（CFD）數值解析方式進行室內穩態氣流場、溫度場模擬，配合足尺實驗方法檢證模擬之可信度，亦作為數值模擬邊界條件設定之依據，設定不同的外部環境條件（風速或風向），計算並分析不同水平導風板深度及垂直導風板角度對室內換氣率（ACH）、二氧化碳濃度、溫度垂直分佈及風擊不滿意度（DR）等影響，並基於上述綜合評估以建議最佳的構造尺寸及使用方式。
研究結果顯示：
1. 單側開口裝設水平導風板模式
9cm以上水平導風板有助於提升單側通風時之換氣率，並隨導風板深度而遞增，尤其當外部風速小（0.3m/s）的時候較為明顯，導風板深度為144cm時，其換氣增加率（Qnormalize）最大，可達166∼230%，但風擊也相對較高，當外部風速為2m/s以下、導風板深度需為36cm以下，才能完全符合ASHRAE之DR標準（DR≦20%），而導風板深度為4cm時，不僅無法提升室內換氣，在高風速下（1∼2m/s），還會減少5∼13%的換氣率；若綜合考量各評估項目，導風板深度以18∼48cm為較佳的選擇。
2. 相對側開口裝設垂直導風板模式
在外部風速（0.5∼2m/s）條件下，當風向平行建築物窗面時，裝設垂直導風板之平均換氣次數約可較無導風板者增加260%，其中以導風板角度45°較佳（平均增加289%），67.5°較差（平均增加235%）。而當風向與建築立面成45度時，導風板角度（P＝0°∼22.5°）有利於室內流場均勻，導風板角度（P＝67.5°）則能降低DR值。綜合評估後，依照不同風向提出最佳化的垂直導風板角度調變模式。

The energy shortage is a major crisis we face today, thus, improving natural ventilation to reduce the energy load caused by the use of air conditioning system is very important. However, the high-density distribution of buildings in urban areas, or the poor design for openings of buildings both have greatly reduced the efficacy of natural ventilation. Also, the indoor air quality in Taiwan has significantly worsened, and the problems of poor ventilation and efficiency are yet to be solved.
This study focused on the individual problems for natural ventilation of two modes of a single residential space, which one is with a single-sided opening and the other is with corresponding-sided openings, to probe into the effect of installing horizontal and vertical wind deflectors. The experimental method used CFD numerical method to compute the indoor steady-state air flow, temperature field simulation, and accompanies full-scale experiments results to verify the validity of the simulation, which results were also used as references for simulating boundary conditions. Different external environmental conditions (wind speed or direction) were set in this study, and the Air Change per Hour (ACH), concentration of carbon dioxide, vertical distribution of temperature, and DR (draft rating) for different horizontal wind deflector depths and vertical wind deflector angles were computed. Based on the results, optimal structural scale ranges and usage of wind deflectors were recommended.
The results showed that:
1. Installing horizontal deflector at single-sided opening mode
For horizontal wind deflector over 9cm can effectively improve the ACH on single-sided ventilation, and the efficiency increases as the wind deflector depth increases. The result is significant when the external wind speed is low (0.3m/s). When the wind deflector depth is 144cm, the ACH (Qnormalize) is the largest, achieving 166~230%, however, DR is very high as well. When the external wind speed is below 2m/s, the wind deflector depth needs to be below 36cm, to meet the DR standard of ASHRAE (DR≦20%) completely. When the wind deflector depth is 4cm, it not only is unable to improve the ACH, but under high wind speed (1~2m/s), ACH would be decreased by 5~13%. Based on the all variables, the optimal wind deflector depth is 18~48cm.
2. Installing vertical wind deflector at corresponding-sided opening mode
Under external wind speed of (0.5~2m/s), when the wind direction is parallel to the window, installing vertical wind deflector can averagely improve ACH by 260%. The more efficient wind deflector angle is at 45° (with average increase of 289%), while angle of 67.5° has poorer result (with average increase of 235%). When the wind direction 45° from the building wall, the wind deflector angle of (P＝0°~22.5°) is conducive to an even indoor air flow speed, and wind deflector angle of (P＝67.5°) can reduce DR. Based on the all variables, a table of the optimal wind deflector angle was recommended according to the wind direction.

目錄

中英文摘要 i
誌謝 iv
圖表目錄 vii
用語及符號說明 xi
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究動機與目的 1
1-2 文獻回顧 5
1-2-1 自然通風之研究與設計 5
1-2-2 開口部與導風板之研究 6
1-2-3 數值模擬之研究與應用 6
1-2-4 室內空氣環境相關評估指標 7
1-3 研究範圍 10
1-4 研究流程 11
第二章 研究方法 13
2-1 國內室內空氣環境問題與分析 13
2-2 自然通風理論與導風板之應用條件 15
2-2-1 外部風環境 15
2-2-2 室內外的空氣流動 17
2-2-3 導風板應用條件 18
2-3 居室單元與變因設定 20
2-3-1 單側開口裝設水平導風板模式 21
2-3-2 相對側開口裝設垂直導風板模式 23
2-4 數值模擬與實驗方法 25
2-5 自然通風效益評估 27
2-5-1 換氣率評估 27
2-5-2 二氧化碳評估 28
2-5-3 舒適性評估 31
第三章 開口部裝設導風板之自然通風數值模擬 33
3-1 數值模擬之基本假設 33
3-2 紊流模型 34
3-2-1 不可壓縮牛頓流體之微分方程式 34
3-2-2 k-ε紊流模型之比較 36
3-2-3 k-ε紊流模型之統御方程式 37
3-3 數值模型之邊界設定與網格系統 39
3-3-1 模型及物件邊界設定 39
3-3-2 網格系統 41
3-4 鬆弛係數、疊代次數與收斂標準 44
3-4-1 鬆弛係數與疊代次數 44
3-4-2 收斂標準 45
3-5 數值模擬與實驗比對 46
3-6 室內環境數值模擬結果 50
3-6-1 單側開口裝設水平導風板模式 50
3-6-2 相對側開口裝設垂直導風板模式 55
第四章 自然通風效益評估 59
4-1 單側開口裝設水平導風板模式 59
4-1-1 換氣率之評估 59
4-1-2 二氧化碳濃度之評估 60
4-1-3 外部風速及導風板深度與換氣率之關係 61
4-1-4 風擊不滿意度之評估 62
4-1-5 外部風速及導風板深度與風擊不滿意度之關係 64
4-1-6 最佳化水平導風板深度之綜合判定 65
4-2 相對側開口裝設垂直導風板模式 66
4-2-1 換氣率之評估 66
4-2-2 二氧化碳濃度之評估 67
4-2-3 外部風速、風向及導風板角度與換氣率之關係 67
4-2-4 風擊不滿意度之評估 70
4-2-5 外部風速、風向及導風板角度與風擊不滿意度之關係 72
4-2-6 最佳化垂直導風板深度之綜合判定 73
4-3 整合水平與垂直導風板之開口部立面設計 75
第五章 結論與建議 81
5-1 結論 81
5-2 後續研究建議 83
參考文獻 85
附錄一 數值模擬Q1設定檔範例 93
附錄二 數值模擬結果 109
附錄三 風擊不滿意度分佈圖 115
簡歷RESUME 125
著作權聲明 126

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