臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文的主要目的是提出一項具有非影像攝影紀錄、非侵入待產母豬體內、自動裝置、現場遠端之低成本且適合產業使用的監測系統，以便在待產母豬的分娩時間數個小時之前可預測出分娩時間。沿著分娩欄上方裝設採用一排八個測量89C51單晶片系統搭配40k　Hz超音波元件的發射/返(T/R)陣列電路，並以飛行時間技術(TOF)來測量母豬之四個設定部位之身高height：頭部Head-Part HP、頸部Neck-Part NP、脊背Spine-Part SP、臀部Buttock-Part BP。利用此八個獨立的偵測高度，可綜合建立出母豬的四種基本姿態：　站姿Standing　posture (SDP)，跪姿Kneeling posture (KP)，坐姿Sitting　posture　(STP)　and　臥姿Lateral　lying posture　(LLP)。本研究是以行政院農委會新化畜牧所與台南縣白河鎮水波種畜場(ISO-9001:2000)兩地場所及實驗待產母豬為實驗對象。統計待產母豬從站姿改變到臥姿的動物行為behavior轉換為預測分娩的行為特徵characteristic。瀕臨分娩之際，由於先天築巢習慣並且不時劇烈陣痛之因素，引起母豬站立次數(stand　up　sequence　SUS)比起平常作息次數突然增加5　~　10倍。當站立次數(SUS)超過基本臨界點(basic　parturition　threshold　value　BPTV)，表示母豬在幾小時即將要進入分娩狀態(P < 0.01)，自動警報系統即能通知畜牧管理員及時趕到現場協助母豬分娩，減少仔豬死產stillbirth，提昇仔豬存活率。即便相同品種母豬分娩的行為特徵皆不一致，提前或延後都是危險。在本論文裡，運用站立次數(SUS)的行為特徵characteristic，我們提出基本臨界點法(BPTV)與同一時間法(same　hour　method　SHM)兩種理論方式來預測母豬分娩時間。經由比較之後，同一時間法(SHM)比較能避除去每日定時餵食因素之干擾與誤判。經由本論文所建立的32頭實驗參數資料，同一時間法(SHM)可以準確在12小時之內，而基本臨界點法(BPTV)則可以準確在15小時之內。在預測母豬分娩時間方面，同一時間法(SHM)比起基本臨界點法(BPTV)有較準確度。在母豬即將進入分娩狀態前幾即能通知畜牧管理員及時趕到現場協助母豬分娩，提昇仔豬存活率，就活體大型哺乳生物分娩前、後的動物特徵動作實用性與畜牧成本方面來評估，提供簡便、正確、有效、低成本的方法，有明顯優於其他方式動物行為統計的表現。

This　study　presents　a　non-video,　non-invasive,　automatic,　on-site　monitoring　system　to　provide　low-cost　and　industrially　applicable　that　to　predict　parturition　time　within　hours　before　parturition　of　the　crated　sows.　The　system　relies　on　ultrasonic　transducers　mounted　from　above　along　the　length　(one　dimensional)　of　the　crate　with　the　transmitting/receiving　(T/R)　circuit　of　40　kHz　ultrasound　elements　in　measuring　the　height　of　four　predetermined　locations:　the　head-part　(HP),　neck-part　(NP),　spine-part　(SP),　and　buttock-part　(BP).　Using　the　time　of　flight　(TOF)　single　envelope　wave,　the　momentary　distances　between　the　sensors　are　measured.　Therefore,　the　eight　predetermined　locations　local　momentary　heights　of　the　sow　and　the　momentary　posture,　i.e.　standing　posture　(SDP),　kneeling　posture　(KP),　sitting　posture　(STP)　and　lateral　lying　posture　(LLP)　are　determined.　This　system　of　predicting　parturition　had　been　implemented　and　tested　individually　in　Taiwan　Livestock　Research　Institute　and　the　Shui-Po　Breeding　Swine　Farm　(Tainan,　Taiwan;　ISO-9001:2000).　Crated　sows　change　their　postures　from　standing　to　lying　and　vice　versa　at　a　rate　which　is　followed　by　a　characteristic　pattern.　As　parturition　approaches,　cause　of　the　nest-build　or　throes　at　labor　pains,　sows　exhibit　uneasiness,　restlessness　and　the　stand　up　sequence　(SUS,　the　posture　transition　from　LLP　to　SDP)　rate　increases　being　5　to　10　times　higher　than　observed　on　any　other　measurement　day.　Since　different　breeds　of　pigs　may　have　different　behavioral　periods,　early　or　late　estimating　parturition　dates　will　put　piglets　and　sows　in　danger.　With　algorithms　for　parturition　prediction　and　generated　suitable　warning　to　human　personnel,　so　they　could　timely　attend　the　birth　and　protect　mother　and　newborn　piglets.　In　time　series,　the　SUS　rate　demonstrates　a　peak　and　it　happens　approximately　hours　before　parturition　(P　<　0.01).　The　SUS　rate　is　virtually　unaffected　by　maternal　temperature,　maternal　weight　(before　and　after　parturition),　fetal　sex,　or　total　fetal　weight　(P　>　0.05).　In　this　paper,　the　basic　parturition　threshold　value　method　(BPTVM)　and　the　same　hour　method　(SHM)　are　proposed　for　predicting　parturition,　both　of　which　are　based　on　the　SUS　rate.　The　BPTVM　mainly　detects　the　peak　of　the　SUS　rate.　As　the　SUS　rate　exceeds　the　threshold　value,　the　parturition　becomes　predictable.　Moreover,　the　SHM　calculates　the　difference　in　the　SUS　rates　between　a　particular　time　of　day　and　the　corresponding　time　of　the　preceding　day.　Compared　to　the　BPTVM,　the　SHM　can　eliminate　the　circadian　rhythm　of　the　SUS　rate　influenced　by　feeding　behavior.　Using　the　SHM　parturition　can　be　approximately　predicted　within　hours.　In　an　attempt　to　define　the　critical　condition　of　predicting　parturition,　a　data　set　with　32　sows　(samples)　of　the　SUS　rate　are　used　to　estimate　assumable　predicting　probability.　The　results　show　the　parturition　occurs　within　12　hours　in　the　SHM　and　15　hours　in　the　BPTVM.　We　conclude　that　the　SHM　is　more　accurate　and　is　more　useful　for　parturition　time　prediction.　The　results　of　this　study　provide　a　good　basis　for　enhancing　automation　and　reducing　costs　in　large-scale　sow　husbandry　and　have　applications　in　the　testing　of　various　large　mammals　for　the　effects　of　medications,　diets,　genetic　modifications　and　environmental　factors.

ABSTRACT ……………………………...……………………….. III
LIST of FIGURES ………………………….…….…...…..…… VIII
LIST of TABLES …………………………………………...….. XIII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………...……..… 1
CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS and METHODS ………………. 4
2-1 Animals ……………………………………...……….……… 4
2-2 Time of Flight (TOF) signal of transmitter/receiver ….…… 5
2-3 Ultrasonic Calibration System ………………….………… 7
2-4 The Farrowing Crates ……………………………..………. 8
2-5 The Eight Height Positions for Hi-AV ……………..……….. 12
2-6 Postures measurement ……………………………..……. 17
2-6-1 Standing-Posture (SDP) ……….…………….…… 17
2-6-2 Kneeling-Posture (KP) ………………….……….. 18
2-6-3 Sitting-Posture (STP) ……………………………. 18
2-6-4 Lateral-Lying-Posture (LLP) …………...………. 18
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION ….....… 20
3-1 Hardware System ………………………………………. 23
3-1-1 MASTER (On-site Monitoring System in the office ) 23
3-1-2 SLAVEs ………………………… ………..………. 23
3-2 Software System …………………………………………… 28
3-2-1 Determination of the frequency of Stand Up Sequence
(SUS) ………………………………………………. 28
Rule 1 ……………….…………..………………….... 30
Rule 2 ……………….…………..………………….... 30
Rule 3 …………….……………………..…………… 31
Rule 4 ………….………………………..…………… 31
3-2-2 Parturition Prediction Rule (Automatic Alarm
System) ………………………………………………..…. 32
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ……………………………………..…… 34
4-1 The general behavior SUS counts of normal days …….… 34
4-2 Behavior of sows the day before parturition ……….…… 36
4-3 SUS Rate from Day-6 before to Day-4 after Parturition ... 37
4-4 SUS Rate from Day-1 before to Day-1 after Parturition .… 41
4-5 Parturition time Prediction ………………….….…..……. 46
4-6 Define BPTV Value ………………..…………………….. 51
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION ……………………….…….….. 55
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS ……………………..………. 59
CHAPTER 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………….. 61
REFERENCES ………………………………...…………… 62 ~ 64
APPENDIX-A. Specification of the ultrasonic transducer. 65 ~ 66
APPENDIX-B. The whole schematic diagrams. …….……. 67 ~ 70
APPENDIX-C. The PBC layouts circuit. …………..…… 71 ~ 74
Biographical Notes ………………………………………………… 75
Publication List (Jan. 2007) ……………………………….…….. 76

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