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研究生:江宜展
研究生(外文):Yi-Chan Chiang
論文名稱:以熱力學模式應用於超級測站硝酸氣體推估
論文名稱(外文):Evaluation of nitric acid by thermodynamic model-a case study at supersites in southern Taiwan
指導教授:吳義林
指導教授(外文):Yee-Lin Wu
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:環境工程學系碩博士班
學門:工程學門
學類:環境工程學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2007
畢業學年度:95
語文別:中文
論文頁數:135
中文關鍵詞:超級測站吸濕性潮解硫酸銨硝酸銨熱力學模式
外文關鍵詞:ammonium sulfatehygroscopicsupersitedeliquescenceammonium nitratethermodynamic model
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本論文的研究目的在於建構硝酸銨的熱力學化學平衡反應模式,並評估以簡化模式應用於南部超級測站硝酸氣體濃度推估之可行性。模式建構的理論是根據Stelson(1982)所提出的,目的在計算硝酸銨生成的平衡常數Kp,並以計算出之Kp值與實際採樣測得之NH3(g)推估出HNO3(g),考慮參數包括溫度T、相對濕度RH及硫酸銨液固相反應的干擾。為了討論熱力學模式應用於大氣環境中的可行性,將南部超級測站環狀氣固相分離器(ADS)及蜂巢式套管(HDS)之四次平行比對採樣結果代入模式中進行驗證,採樣時間為秋季(94年9月)、冬季(94年12月)、春季(95年3月)、夏季(95年7月),採樣地點於南部超級測站四個站,輔英、橋頭、前鎮、潮洲,ADS採集樣品數總共為167個;HDS採集樣品數總共為183個。
ADS採樣驗證模式結果顯示,在模式僅考慮溫度、相對溼度所計算出的硝酸銨平衡常數Kp的驗證結果中,模式可描述的點佔全部的39.52%,其中以冬季及春季兩個季節的應用結果最好。冬季可描述50.0%的點,春季可描述60.0%的點。HDS驗證結果顯示,在模式僅考慮溫度、相對溼度所計算出的硝酸銨平衡常數Kp的驗證結果中,模式可描述的點佔全部的36.06%,冬季及春季兩個季節的應用結果最好(此結果與ADS結果一致),冬季可描述47.2%的點,春天可描述57.4%的點。夏、秋兩季因高溫低濕(相較於冬、春兩季)的環境下導致理論Kp值較高而多數沒有硝酸銨生成,因此不適用以本模式去推估。冬、春兩季可能因簡化的模式無法完整的描述平衡反應而出現部份模式值與實測結果差異過大的情形。
在模式考慮硫酸鹽修正的驗證結果中顯示,模式所推估出之 Kp值與實測值之相關性,與未考慮硫酸鹽修正的結果差異不大,其值均在0.9上下;然而考慮硫酸鹽修正後的Kp值會呈現較大的偏移,推測其原因在於氣膠中可能同時存在(NH4)HSO4及(NH4)2SO4,故NH4+/SO42-的莫耳比值不會等於2,與模式考慮硫酸鹽修正的最初假設不符。
以簡化的模式應用於超級測站四個站的結果中顯示,四個測站較合理的結果均出現在冬季及春季,其HNO3(g)濃度絕大多數都在10ppb以下,且呈現日高夜低的趨勢,與文獻結果一致。
The purposes of this study were to establish a simplified thermodynamic model of NH4NO3 and evaluate whether the model was feasible to predict the real-time concentration of HNO3 in the southern supersites in Taiwan. The calculations were based on the studies by Stelson and Seinfeld (1982), used to compute the equilibrium constant of NH4NO3 (Kp). And HNO3 can be calculated by Kp and NH3 which was measured in the atmosphere. The parameters of this model include temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and the impact of (NH4)2SO4 in the mixed sulfate/nitrate solution. Moreover, Annular Denuder Sampler (ADS) and Honeycomb Denuder system (HDS) were adopted to verify this model. The 4 times of sampling were in fall (September 2005), winter (December 2005), spring (March 2006) and summer (July 2006), respectively. The 4 sampling sites were Fooyin, Chiautou, Chenjen and Choujau all in the southern supersites. The sample numbers of ADS were 167 and which of HDS were 183.
The result used by ADS showed that 39.25% samples could be predicted by this model with 2 parameters, T and RH. The results in winter and spring had the better fits. 50% and 60% samples in winter and spring could be predicted by this model, respectively. The result used by HDS showed that 36.06% samples could be predicted by this model . The results in winter and spring had the better fits which were the same as ADS. 47.2% and 57.4% samples could be predicted in winter and spring, respectively. In addition, because higher T and lower RH in summer and fall compared with winter and spring resulted in fewer formation of NH4NO3, the model couldn’t be used to compute Kp (NH4NO3). In winter and spring, there might be some factors we didn’t consider, so some samples couldn’t be predicted by this model.
Furthermore, after (NH4)2SO4 was considered in the model with T and RH , the correlation coefficient between the predicted value and measured values used by ADS and HDS were almost the same as the result of model with just T and RH. The reason might be that (NH4)HSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 may exist in the atmospheric environment at the same time, so the mole ratio of NH4+ to SO42- won’t be equal to 2. As a result, the impact of (NH4)HSO4 couldn’t be ignored.
The better fits with the simplified model applied in the 4 southern supersites were in winter and spring. The value-scale of HNO3 was smaller than 10ppb, and it was higher in daytime and lower in nighttime. The finding was identical with previous studies.
摘要 II
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
符號表 XIV
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2研究目的 3
1.3研究架構 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1大氣懸浮微粒特性 5
2.2大氣懸浮微粒組成 6
2.3氣膠含水量 12
2.3.1 氣膠含水量特性 12
2.3.2潮解點與溫度的關聯性 14
2.3.3潮解點與物種組成的關聯性 17
2.4 無機微粒氣膠熱力學 19
2.4.1氣膠無機物種 19
2.4.2平衡常數 19
2.4.3活性係數(Activity coefficient) 21
2.4.4 含水量 24
第三章 研究方法 26
3.1採樣規劃 26
3.1.1採樣地點 26
3.1.2採樣時段 26
3.2採樣原理及分析方法 30
3.2.1環狀氣固相分離器(ADS)採樣及分析方法 30
3.2.2 R&P3500 蜂巢式套管(Honeycomb Denuder System, HDS) 33
3.2.3懸浮微粒PM2.5採樣及分析方法 34
3.3超級測站連續監測儀器 37
3.3.1 R&P 8400N採樣原理 37
3.3.2 R&P 8400S採樣原理 38
3.4熱力學模式的建立 40
3.4.1僅含硝酸銨(NH4NO3)之水溶液系統的模式計算 40
3.4.2硫酸銨與硝酸銨共存之水溶液系統的模式計算 49
3.4.3 (NH4)2SO4-NH4NO3-H2O系統中潮解點的計算 54
第四章 結果與討論 56
4.1模式模擬結果 56
4.1.1僅含硝酸銨系統的模式模擬結果 56
4.1.2硫酸銨與硝酸銨共存之系統的模式模擬結果 66
4.1.3模式的適用性 71
4.2大氣採樣驗證模式結果(未考慮硫酸鹽) 77
4.2.1 採樣驗證結果 77
4.2.2 不同季節free nitrate的結果討論 87
4.2.3 不同潮解狀態的結果討論 89
4.2.4 日夜變化的結果討論 92
4.3考慮硫酸鹽的驗證模式結果 96
4.4以模式應用於超級測站的結果 99
第五章 結論與建議 127
5.1研究結論 127
5.2建議 131
參考文獻 132
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