臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

長期而言，創新 (Innovation)是今日國家經濟成長的主要影響因素，許多文獻皆在討論國家創新在經濟發展中的重要地位，然而較少文獻就相似經濟發展國家的國家創新之異同去討論。因此本研究目的在於探討具有相似經濟發展成就的不同國家在國家創新之相似性與相異性。台灣與南韓在經濟發展上皆為開發中國家且都屬於追趕中經濟(Catching-up Economics)，經濟發展現況也在開發中國家裡最為類似，因此本研究以台灣與南韓為對象去討論國家創新之相似性與相異性。國家創新相似性的討論，是以聯合國工業發展組織所提出在追趕中經濟國家中所共有的關鍵因素去討論，該共通關鍵因素分別為教育水準上的進步、研究發展經費投入的提升、科學與技術研發上的國際化三項，本研究將分別討論此三項因素之於台灣和南韓的狀況，並驗證同為追趕中經濟的台灣與南韓是否也具有此三項特性；國家創新的相異性則以Dodgson Mark與 Bessart John(1996)提出的構面，分別討論創業投資產業與創業家精神、技術移轉機構運作的效率、地區性與中央性的自主能力、專利活動的表現、科學基礎的強健度、產業政策實施狀況六項構面，以此六項構面去推論台灣與南韓的創新政策是屬於由上而下(Top-down)或由下而上(Bottom-up)的制定方式。而上述各指標構面將以台灣與南韓近十年的狀況去討論分析。本研究之結果顯示，台灣與南韓在國家創新相似性的三項因素都具有類似發展，但其中教育水準上的進步與研究發展經費投入的提升與聯合國工業發展組織所提出的特性相符，而科學與技術的研發上台灣與南韓則沒有明顯的國際化趨勢；在國家創新相異性上，依各構面所推論的創新政策結果，台灣是介於由上而下與由下而上之間的彈性方式，而南韓則為較偏向於由上而下的方式中帶有產業自主性的創新政策制定方式。

For long term, innovation is the most important factor to a national economic development. There is much literature that highlights the importance of national innovation to economic development, but less literature discussing the national innovation comparison based on the similar economic development countries. The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the national innovation diversity and similarity comparison in similar economic development countries, which in the cases of Taiwan and South Korea. Taiwan and South Korea both are developing countries and catching-up economics, which their economic development states are the most similar in developing countries. In national innovation similarity, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has gave three key common features of catching-up economics, which are the rapid increase in the level of education, the increase of R&D expenditure, and the relatively unfettered access to S&T knowledge internationalization. This thesis verifies these three features in Taiwan and South Korea. With respect to national innovation diversity, we discuss six dimensions proposed by Dodgson Mark and Bessart John (1996), which are the venture capital industry and the entrepreneurial culture, the technology transfer institutions, the state and regional initiatives, the patent performance, the science base, and the industrial policies, inferring a conclusion that the innovation policy is made through a top-down or bottom-up perspective in view of these six dimensions. All the dimensions have been discussed in the last decade. The result of this thesis shows that Taiwan and South Korea fit in with two of three common features proposed by UNIDO, which are the rapid increase in the level of education and the increase of R&D expenditure. And in the diversity aspect, the way of innovation policy making in Taiwan is between top-down and bottom-up modes, and the innovation policy making of South Korea is top-down oriented but associated with partial industry initiatives.

中文摘要.................................................i
英文摘要.................................................ii
致謝.....................................................iii
目錄.....................................................iv
表目錄...................................................vii
圖目錄..................................................viii
第一章 緒論...............................................1
第一節 研究動機與背景.....................................1
第二節 研究目的...........................................3
第三節 研究流程...........................................3
第二章 文獻回顧...........................................6
第一節 創新與經濟發展.....................................6
第二節 科學、技術與創新...................................9
2.2.1 科學與技術..........................................9
2.2.2 創新...............................................10
2.2.3 科學、技術與創新...................................12
第三節 創新與科技政策....................................13
第四節 追趕中經濟........................................15
第五節 創新發展之收斂與發散..............................17
第三章 研究方法與架構....................................21
第四章 台灣與南韓經濟發展現況............................23
第一節 台灣、南韓與其他亞洲主要國家經濟發展比較..........23
第二節 台灣經濟發展......................................25
第三節 南韓經濟發展......................................27
第五章 國家創新相似性探討................................29
第一節 教育水準..........................................29
5.1.1 教育學制..........................................29
5.1.2 教育經費占國內生產毛額比率........................31
5.1.3 高等教育學生占總人口比率..........................33
第二節 研究發展經費投入的提升............................35
5.2.1 全國性研發支出....................................36
5.2.2 研發支出執行部門與類型............................39
第三節 科學與技術研發上的國際化..........................41
5.3.1 當地國之國家跨國性指標............................42
5.3.2 FDI潛能指數與FDI績效指數..........................43
5.3.3 國外設置研發比例..................................46
5.3.4 研發資金來自國外的比重............................48
第四節 國家創新相似性總結................................49
第六章 國家創新相異性探討................................53
第一節 創業投資產業與創業家精神..........................53
6.1.1 南韓創業投資......................................53
6.1.2 台灣創業投資......................................55
6.1.3 台灣與南韓創業投資產業現況比較....................56
6.1.4 創業家精神........................................59
第二節 技術移轉機構運作的效率............................61
6.2.1 台灣技術移轉機構運作的效率........................62
6.2.2 南韓技術移轉機構運作的效率........................66
第三節 地區性與中央性的自主能力..........................70
6.3.1 中央政府組織架構..................................70
6.3.2 地方政府組織架構..................................72
6.3.3 地方分權現況......................................74
第四節 專利活動的表現....................................77
6.4.1 每百萬人在美國獲得所有專利數......................77
6.4.2 技術集中度之分析..................................78
6.4.3 現行衝擊指標與專利強度(2002~2004年)...............80
第五節 科學基礎的強健度..................................81
6.5.1 科學基礎建設......................................81
6.5.1.1 基礎研究指數....................................82
6.5.1.2 科學研究指數....................................83
6.5.1.3 學術性科學指數..................................84
第六節 產業政策實施狀況..................................85
6.6.1 台灣產業發展之重要政策措施........................86
6.6.2 南韓產業發展之重要政策措施........................88
第七節 國家創新相異性總結................................90
第七章 結論與建議........................................95
第一節 結論..............................................95
第二節 研究限制與未來建議...............................103
第三節 研究貢獻.........................................104
參考文獻 ...............................................105
網址 ..................................................105
中文部份 ..............................................105
英文部分 ..............................................107

[網址]
1. Education statistics in KOREA：http://english.moe.go.kr/statistics/HRD-ch1.xls
2. IMD線上資料庫(須登錄)：
www.worldcompetitiveness.com/online
3. KTTC歷年技術移轉績效：http://www.kttc.or.kr/eng/performances.asp
4. 台灣中央政府組織系統：http://www.president.gov.tw/1_roc_intro/struct_map.html
5. 台灣學製圖：http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU7220001/indicator/a-4-3.htm?open
6. 南韓學製圖：http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU7220001/indicator/a-4-1.htm?open
7. 教育統計指標之國際比較：http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU7220001/indicator/index.htm

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