臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以系統化的開發流程，發展以行動科技為環境的中學導師績效支援系統（Mobile Performance Support System, MPSS）。首先，透過文獻分析，瞭解中學導師的工作現況及其所面臨的問題，並利用Dick 和Carry（1990）所提出的「系統化教學設計（Instructional Sytem Design）」輔以「快速雛型法（rapid prototyping）」作為此系統的開發模式，以訪談法、焦點團體法確認個案學校導師的需求，規劃「學生資料」、「學生表現」、「教師行事曆」與「同步更新」之功能，並採用「績效中心設計」、「鷹架理論」與「資料導向決策概念」作為系統設計的理念，導師可藉由此系統存取學生成績與常規資料，系統能根據所存取的資料主動給予回饋（feedback），提供建議或分析結果，協助導師們解決問題的策略，以及提供工作指導（job advice）。如此，可節省導師尋求支援的時間與精力，增加其專注於工作的時間，因而增進工作的績效深度（performance depth）與作業的質與量。
依此流程發展出的MPSS雛型系統，歷經四位專家的捷思評估及八位使用者的問卷調查之形成性評估；整體而言，專家與使用者對於系統的可用性給予正向評價，認為此系統能與導師工作緊密結合，能提高工作的績效。此外專家與使用者皆建議系統介面應提供中學導師更多明確的指引與提示，並使系統與導師慣用的軟體和作業系統連結，以增加導師們使用的動機。本研究期待此系統雛型，未來能夠實際應用於中學導師的工作現場，有效提昇中學導師的績效。

The purpose of this study is to design and develop a mobile performance support system (MPSS) for junior high school teachers. First, this study reviewed relevant literature on educational policy, performance problems of teachers, the electronic performance support system (EPSS), and mobile technology applicable in school settings. Next, the study adopted instructional strategies and models to guide its system design, including Dick and Carey’s Instructional System Design model, a rapid prototyping model, scaffolding theories, a data-driven decision-making process, and a performance-center design. In accordance with teachers’ needs and results of front-end analyses, the study used handhelds as a major working platform and proposed four sub-systems: (1) students’ profiles, (2) students’ academic performance, including attendance, (3) teacher’s schedule, and (4) synchronization of handhelds’ function with PCs’ function. Teachers can use this MPSS to collect and organize student data (i.e., attendance or grades categorized by subjects), and the MPSS can generate summary reports based on the collected data. The MPSS also provides reminders and suggestions to teachers regarding their instructional practices.

In order to evaluate the usability and the effectiveness of the MPSS, four experts (content experts and instructional designers) and eight target users finished heuristic evaluation forms and user questionnaires. The feedback regarding MPSS usability was positive, and in this regard, the experts considered the system functions that can be integrated into teachers’ daily practices. Moreover, the instructional designers commented, in general, on the interface design and on implementation concerns and, in particular, on better navigation design, on compatibility with common desktop software, and on better strategies to promote teachers’ use of the MPSS. Last, this study discusses research limitations and presents suggestions for future studies.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與背景 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 論文章節配置 4
第四節 研究範圍 5
第五節 名詞釋義 5
第二章 文獻探討 6
第一節 中學導師所面臨的問題與挑戰 6
一、導師職務內涵與班級事務層面 6
二、教育政策與新興挑戰 9
三、教師教學專業管理能力與資料導向的決策過程 9
第二節 電子績效支援系統 12
一、電子績效支援系的定義與功能 12
二、電子績效支援系統於教育情境的應用 13
三、電子績效支援系統設計之原則與策略 15
第三節 基於行動科技建構之電子績效支援系統 18
一、無線與行動科技之環境 18
二、行動科技在學校環境的應用 19
三、行動管理用於校園之相關研究 21
第四節 研究焦點 24
第三章 系統設計 26
第一節 電子績效支援系統之設計過程 26
第二節 時程規劃 31
第三節 設計方法與步驟 32
第四節 研究工具 38
第四章 系統發展 41
第一節 分析階段 41
第二節 設計階段 51
第三節 發展與實施階段 61
第四節 本章小節 69
第五章 結論與建議 70
第一節 研究結果 70
第二節 研究限制 73
第三節 未來研究建議 73
參考文獻 75

一、中文部分

王朱福、謝立益（2004）。數位行動科技應用於國小班級經營上之輔助系統與探 討。中華民國資訊學會通訊，7（4），165-175。

行政院新聞局（2005）。挑戰2008國家重點發展計畫，檢索日期：2007.01.15。 取自World Wide Webs: http://www.knowledge.nat.gov.tw/2008/challange2008-940131.pdf

何俐安、馮國鈞（2006）。電腦化教學設計工具之分析與應用。課程與教學，23(5)。

宋慶瑋（2004）。國中導師工作的難為抉擇。師友，439。

邱凡芮（2007）。行動載具輔助教學觀察課程之發展與評鑑。國立交通大學教育研究所論文。

徐新逸，施郁芬（譯）（2003）。William W. Lee 和Diana L. Owens（2002）原
著。多媒體教學設計—數位學習與企業訓練。台北：高等教育文化。

郭清榮（2003）。國中導師時間管理之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育學系碩士論文。

教育部（2001）。中小學資訊教育總藍圖。檢索日期：2007.02.28。取自：World Wide Webs：http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MOECC/EDU6673001/ie/guideline/guideline(9006).pdf

教育部（2006）。96年度友善校園工作手冊。教務部印製。

教育部（2007.03.07）。教育部十二年國民基本教育資訊網：三年四百億，政府大投資。檢索日期：2007.04.01。取自World Wide Web: http:// http://www.edu.tw/12edu/news_detail.php?code=02&sn=94

張火燦（2004）。國中導師網路班級經營系統需求分析之研究。彰化師範大學工業教育與技術學系碩士論文。

張基成（1999）。EPSS與WPSS在教育應用上的研究與發展─兼論教師工作績效支援系統之發展與開發。教學科技與媒體，44，頁23。

張隆池、江憲坤、游孝國（2002）。應用無線網路技術和PDA於教學管理之研究。2002全國計算機會議，1001-1008。

張麗琪（1999）。國中與高中學校氣氛、導師工作壓力與因應策略之研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。

陳年興（2003）。網路教學的課程設計與班級經營。圖書館學與資訊科學，29(1)。

國民中學導師手冊編輯小組編著（1993）。春風化雨-國民中學導師手冊。臺北市：張老師。

新竹市教育局（2001.11.20）。新竹市所屬中小學導師制實施辦法。檢索日期：2007.03.22。取自World Wide Web: http:// www.hc.edu.tw/edub/rule/cvk/A-09.pdf

潘慧玲、王麗雲、簡茂發、孫志麟、張素貞、張錫勳、陳順和、陳淑敏、蔡濱如（2004）。國民中小學教師教學專業能力指標之發展。教育研究資訊，12（4）。

魏旺平（2003）。校園行動管理系統設計與實做。國立交通大學電機資訊學院資訊學程碩士專班論文。

二、英文部分

Bell, P., & Davis, E.A. (1996).Designing an activity in the Knowledge Integration Environment.Retrieved Mar 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web:http://www.kie.berkeley.edu/KIE/info/publications/AERA96/KIE_Instruction.html .

Brown L.A. (1996). Designing and developing electronic performance systems. Boston, MA: Digital Press.

Cagiltay, K. (2001). A design and development model for building electronic performance support systems. AECT 24th conference, Atlanta, GA, 8-12.

Cagiltay. K. (2006). Scaffolding strategies in electronic performance support systems: types and challenges. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 43(1), 93-103.

Collis., B. & Verwijs, C. (1995). A human approach to electronic and learning support systems: Hybird EPSSs. Educational Technology Review, 8, 11-15.

Davis, E. A. (1996). Metacognitive scaffolding to foster scientific explanations, paper presented at AERA 1996.

Gagne, R.M., Briggs, L.J. & Wager, W.W.（1992）.Principles of instructional design ,
New York：Holt ,Rinehart, &Winston, Inc

Gery, G. (1989). Electronic performance support systems. CBT Directions, 6, 12-15.

Gery, G. (1991). Electronic performance support systems: How and why to remake the workplace through the strategic application of technology. Boston, MA: Weingarten Publications.

Gery, G. (1995). Attributes and behavior of performance-centered systems. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 8(1), 47-93.

Hannafin, M. J. (1999). Learning in open-ended environments: tools and technologies for the next millennium. Retrieved Mar 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web:http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper34/paper34.html

Jackson, S. L., Krajcik, J., & Soloway, E. (1998). The design of guided learner-adaptable scaffolding in interactive learning environments, in: C. M. Karat, A. Lund, J. Coutaz & J. Karat (Eds.) CHI 98 conference proceedings, (New York, NY, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co), 187–194.

Jonassen, D.H. (2000). Computers as Mindtools for Schools: Engaging Critical Thinking. Columbus, OH: Prentice-Hall.

Kynäslahti, H. (2003). In search of elements of mobility in the context of education. In H. Kynäslahti & P. Seppälä (Eds.), Mobile Learning (pp. 41–48). Helsinki, IT Press.

Lsffey, J.(1995). Dynamism in electronic performance support system. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 8(1), 94-99.

Luckin, R., Boulay, B., Yuill, N., Kerawalla, C., Pearce, D., & Harris, A. (2003). Using software scaffolding to increase metacognitive skills amongst young learners, paper presented at the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Sydney, 20–24 July.

Mandinach, E. B., Honey, M.,& Light, D. (2006). A theoretical framework for data-driven decision making. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA..

McGraw, K. (1994). Performance support systems: Integrating AI, Hypermedia, and CBT to enhance user performance. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 5(1), 3-26.

McKenney, S. E. (2001). Computer support for science education materials developers in Africa: Exploring potentials. Doctoral dissertation. Enschede, The Netherlands: University of Twente.

Moore, J. L., Orey, M.A., & Hardy, J.V.(2000). The development of electronic performance support system for teachers. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 8(1), 29-52.

Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability engineering. San Francisco, CA: Academic.

Orey, M., Moore, J., Hardy, J., & Serrano, R. (1997). Designing an electronic performance support tool for teachers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Educational Research Association.

Remmers, E. (1998). Guidelines for WWW-based support environments for education professionals. Retrieved ,July 5, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://how.to/designwebepss。

Rupel, R. A. (n.d.). Learning form EPSS. STC's 50th Annual Conference Proceedings. Retrieved ,July 5, 2006, from the World Wide Web : http://www.stc.org/ConfProceed/2003/PDFs/STC50-078.pdf.

Seels B. & Glasgow Z. (1998). Making instructional design decisions, 2nded., New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Sharples, M., & Beale, R. (2003). A technical review of mobile computational devices. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19,392-395.

Dick, W., & Carey, L. (1990). The systematic design of instruction, NY: Harper Collins Publication.

Stevens, G. H., & Stevens E. F. (1995). Designing electronic performance support tools: Improving workplace performance with hypertext, hypermedia, and multimedia. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

US Department of Education (2007): Why NCLB is important- Overview no child left behind. Retrieved Mar 25, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ed.gov/nclb/overview/importance/edpicks.jhtml?src=ln.

Weiss, S. (2002). Handheld usability. NY:John Wiley & Sons, LTD.

Wild, M. & Kirkpatrick, D. (1994). University students working with performance support systems (PSSs) to learn complex tasks. Retrieved Feb. 25, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/melbourne95/smtu/abstracts/wild.html

Wild, M.,(2000). Designing and evaluating an educational performance support system, British Journal of Educational Technology, 31(1), 5-20.

Witt, C. L., & Wager, W. (1994). A comparison of instructional systems design and electronic performance support design. Educational Technology, 34(6), 20-23.