臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自航空業的進步帶動跨國旅行風潮以來，全世界的自助旅行不論人數與次數都有逐漸增加的趨勢，型態也越來越多樣化。由於前往國外旅行，不論是使用語文、風俗民情或生活習慣等皆與國內有很大的差異，以及繁瑣準備事項和臨機應變技巧等形成從事自助旅行的進入障礙，而一般資訊來源所提供的資訊卻不盡相同，缺乏統一完整的知識概念。本研究希望藉由自助旅行的知識與技巧之內容探討及構面的發展，幫助消費者檢視自己對自助旅行之知識技巧是否足以應付自助旅行型態，使旅遊業者及政府單位推行適合的產品和政策，增進自助旅行環境的便利性。
研究透過文獻回顧以及面對面和線上兩種深度訪談方式，對訪談內容進行內容分析，找出各構面囊括內容，進一步發展成問卷題項。依循量表發展程序，進行兩次正式問卷調查，以探索性因素分析萃取自助旅行知識共55題12個因素：突發狀況處理、機場及機上使用知識、在當地如何購物、回程準備事項、訂位訂房事宜、備份聯絡資訊、行程規劃技巧、證件辦理、移動能力、瞭解資訊來源管道、當地環境適應以及證件遺失補辦，再次因素分析為三大構面：實地旅遊能力、行前準備事宜以及緊急應變處理，最後進行驗證性因素分析檢測量表假設模型之配適度，針對各個構面進行討論，對自助旅行者及旅遊業者、政府單位提出相關建議。

內容目錄
致謝辭　 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1
中文摘要　．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 2
英文摘要　．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 3
內容目錄　．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 4
表目錄　　．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 6
圖目錄　　．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 7
第一章　　緒論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 8
　　第一節　　研究背景．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 8
　　第二節　　研究問題與目的．．．．．．．．．．．．． 11
　　第三節　　研究範圍與對象．．．．．．．．．．．．． 14
　　第四節　　研究內容與流程．．．．．．．．．．．．． 15
　　第五節　　研究內容與流程．．．．．．．．．．．．． 17
第二章　　文獻回顧．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 19
　　第一節　　自助旅行之意涵．．．．．．．．．．．．． 19
　　第二節　　旅遊知識之概念．．．．．．．．．．．．． 28
　　第三節　　自助旅行之相關研究．．．．．．．．．．． 37
　　第四節　　旅遊知識相關研究．．．．．．．．．．．． 43
　　第五節　　自助旅行知識之構面與內涵．．．．．．．． 44
第三章　　研究方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 50
　　第一節　　操作性定義．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 50
　　第二節　　構面與題項發展．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 51
　　第三節　　自助旅行知識與技巧的衡量題項之發展．．． 58
　　第四節　　正式問卷設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 71
　　第五節　　統計研究方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 72
第四章　　研究結果與分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 73
　　第一節　　回收樣本特性分析．．．．．．．．．．．．． 73
　　第二節　　測量變數之敘述．．．．．．．．．．．．． 75
　　第三節　　探索性因素分析與信度分析．．．．．．．． 79
　　第四節　　驗證性因素分析．．．．．．．．．．．．． 87
　 第五節　　第二次調查回收樣本分析．．．．．．．． 91
第五章　　結論與建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 97
　　第一節　　結論與意涵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 97
　　第二節　　研究限制與建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 102
參考文獻　．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 104
附錄　　 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 111

參考文獻
一、中文部份
中華民國旅遊資訊協會[線上資料]，來源：http://www.travel-information. org.tw/
王瑋萱、劉麗娟(2005)，自助旅行為女子帶來啟發與自我成長，中華民國戶外遊憩學會第七屆休閒、遊憩、觀光學術研討會論文集。
吳泰毅(2006)，線上/線下溝通恐懼以及自我揭露話題之比較研究—以即時通訊為例，私立世新大學口語傳播學系碩士論文。
吳筱玫(2003)，網路傳播概論，台北：智勝文化事業有限公司。
李憲章(1994)，旅遊新思維，台北市：揚智文化。
周義隆(1993)，國人出國自助旅行目的地選擇行為之研究，私立中國文化大學觀光事業學系碩士論文。
易博士編輯室、尤紀凡(2004)，第一次自助旅行就上手(修訂版)，台北市：易博士出版社。
林文修(2001)，知識管理的運用與實務，發表於企業創新與知識管理研討會，台北：輔仁大學管理學研究所。
林玉如(2006)，第一次自助旅行就上手(全新版)，台北市：易博士出版社。
林倬立(2003)，當旅行成為工作—女領隊的空間流動經驗與轉變，國立台灣大學建築與城鄉研究所碩士論文。
邱皓政(2002)，量化研究與統計分析，台北市：五南圖書。
邱皓政(2004)，結構方程模式：LISREL的理論、技術與應用，台北市：雙葉書廊。
背包攻略(2007)，自助旅行新手上路，[線上資料]，來源：http://www. backpackers.com.tw/guide/index.php/ [2007, January]。
孫慶文(1999)，旅運業務，台北市：揚智文化。
陳玉娟(2000)，企業內網路運用於組織溝通之研究，國立東華大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。
陳向明(2002)，社會科學質的研究，台北：五南圖書。
陳婉娜(2006)，開始在美國自助旅行，台灣：太雅生活館。
曾煥玫(1999)，女性自助旅行者的旅行經驗研究，國立台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。
游寶達(2004)，探討管理知識在圖書管理資源上的應用[線上資料]，來源：http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~pqdd/announce/2004s2.ppt [2004]。
黃振富(1996)，自助旅行者的真實建構─以台灣旅歐女性自助旅行者為例，私立東海大學社會學系碩士論文。
黃浩烈(2005)，消費者旅遊知識對GPT產品認知價值之影響，私立中國文化大學觀光休閒管理研究所碩士論文。
楊文惠、周雅燕(2005)消費者成藥品牌知識與知覺風險、購買意願關係之研究－以感冒、咳嗽成藥為例，醫護科技期刊，7(3)，pp. 221-235。
楊家驥(2001)，以內容分析法改進網站內容之探討─以自助旅遊為例，國立暨南國際大學資訊管理學系碩士論文。
楊國勳(2005)，台灣青年出國自助旅遊者之渡假生活型態與旅遊產品購買行為之研究，私立世新大學觀光學研究所碩士論文。
漆梅君(2001)，透視消費者：消費者行為理論與應用，台北市：學富文化。
蔡必昌(2001)，旅遊實務，台北市：揚智文化。
蘇慧捷(2001)，從自助旅行者資訊行為探討旅遊網站內容之規劃，國立台灣大學圖書資訊學研究所碩士論文。
二、英文部份
Abram, S. (1997). Post information age positioning for special librarians: Is knowledge management the answer? Information Outlook, 1(6), pp. 18-25.
Adler, J. (1985). Youth on the road: Reflections on the history of tramping. Annals of Tourism Research, 12, pp. 335-354.
Aramberri, J. (1991). The nature of youth tourism: Motivations, characteristics and requirements. Paper presented at the 1991 International Conference on Youth Tourism, New Delhi. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
Athiyman, A. (1997). Knowledge development in tourism: Tourism demand research. Tourism Management, 18(4), pp. 221-228.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Academy of Marketing Science, 16 (1), pp. 74-94.
Blackwell, R. D., Miniard P. W., & Engel J. F. (2001). Consumer Behavior (9th ed.). Harcourt.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Bonoma, T. V. (1985). Case Research in Marketing: Opportunities, Problems, and a Process. Journal of Marketing Research, 22 , pp. 199-208.
Browne, M. and Cudek, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. and Long, J. (Eds.), Testing structural equations model (pp. 136-162). California: Sage.
Butler, R. (1992). Alternative tourism: The thin edge of the wedge. Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism. In V.L. Smith and W. R. Eadington (Eds.) Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 31-46.
Cao, X., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2005). How do individuals adapt their personal travel? A conceptual exploration of the consideration of travel-related strategies. Transport Policy, 12, pp. 199-206.
Churchill, G. A. Jr. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, pp. 64-73.
Cohen, E. (1973). Nomads from Affluence: Notes on the Phenomenon of drifter tourism. The International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 14(1-2), pp. 89-103.
Cox, D. F. (1967). Risk taking and information handling in customer behavior- An intensive study of two cases. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1999)，知識管理(胡瑋珊譯)，台北：中國生產力 (原文於1998年出版)。
de Chernatony, L. and Riley, F. D. (1999), Experts' views about defining services brands and the principles of services branding, Journal of Business Research, 46(2), pp. 181-192.
Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M. C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of AIS, 4(7), pp. 1-80.
Giles Smith (2006). Travel independent. Info [Online]. Available: http://travelindependent.info/ [2006, December]
Graburn, N. (1983). The anthropology of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 10, pp. 9-33.
Grewal, D., Krishnan, R., Baker, J., & Borin, N. (1998). The effect of store name, brand name and price discounts on consumers’ evaluations and purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing, 74(3), pp. 331-352.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New York: Macmillan.
Hampton, M. P. (1998). Backpacker tourism and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), pp. 639-660.
Hayduck, L. (1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL. Baltimore: Johns Hopkings University Press.
Hibbert, C. (1969). The Grand Tour. Londen: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
Huseman, R. C., & Goodman, J. P. (1999) The emergence and growth of the knowledge economy. Leading with Knowledge: The Nature of Competition in the 21st Century, Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 105-107.
Hyde, K. F., & Lawson, R. (2003). The nature of independent travel. Journal of Travel Research, 42, pp.13-23.
ITIL電子書[線上資料]，來源：http://www.nextslm.org/itil/books/service- support-metrics/tc/ch1.shtml [2000].
Jarvenpaa, S. L., Tractinsky, N., & Vitale, M. (2000). Consumer trust in an internet store. Information Technology and Management, 1(1-2), p. 45.
Kuo & Cheng (1987). The learning of consumer skills in adolescents: An eclectic approach. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. San Antonio, Texas.
Lee, Y. S. (2005). The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), pp. 501-503.
Malhotra, N. K. (1993). Marketing research: An applied orientation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 263.
Merriam-Webster線上字典[線上資料]，來源：http://www.m-w.com/ [2005].
Moore, R. L., & Moschis, G. P. (1983). Role of media and the family in development of comsuption norms. Journalism Quarterly, 60, pp. 67-83.
Morrison, A. M., Hsieh S., & O’Leary J. T. (1993). Travel arrangement classifications for european international travellers. In Spoilt for Choice: Decision Making Processes and Preference Changes of Tourists: Proceedings of the Institute of Tourism and Service Economics International Conference, University of Innsbruck, edited by R. V. Gasser and K. Weiermair. Thaur, Germany: Kulturvel, pp. 221-235.
Moschis, G. P., & Moore, R. L. (1979). Family communication and consumer socialization. Advance in Consumer Research, 6, pp. 359-363.
Moschis, G. P., & Moore, R. L. (1984). Anticipatory consumer socialization. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 12, pp. 109-123.
Murphy, L. (2001). Exploring social interactions of backpackers. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), pp. 50-67.
Murphy, L., & Pearce, P. (1995). Young budget travelers: Backpackers in Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), pp. 819-843.
Nash, R., Thyne, M., & Davies, S. (2006). An investigation into customer satisfaction levels in the budget accommodation sector in Scotland: A case study of backpacker tourists and the Scottish Youth Hostels Association. Tourism Mamagement, 27(3), pp. 525-532.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Park, C. W., & Lessing, P. V. (1981). Familiarity and its impacts on consumer decision biases and heuristics. Journal of Consumer Research, 8, pp. 223-230.
Patton, M. Q. (1991). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Patton, M. Q. (1995)，質的評鑑與研究，(吳芝儀、李奉儒譯)，台北：桂冠圖書公司。
Pearce, D. (1990) Tourism, the regions and restructuring in New Zealand. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 1(2), pp. 33-42.
Pearce, P., & Son, A. (2004). Youth tourism markets in Australia: Comparing the travel behaviors of international English language students and backpackers. Prliminary Communication, 52(4), pp. 341-350.
Radecki, C. M., & Jaccard, J. (1995). Perceptions of knowledge, actual knowledge and information search behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, pp. 107-118.
Rao, A. R., & Monroe, K.B. (1988). The moderating effect of prior knowledge on cue utilization in product evaluations. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, pp. 253-264.
Richards G., & Wilson J. (2004.), The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice. Clevedon, UK: Channel View.
Riley, P. (1988). Road culture of international long-term budget travelers. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, pp. 313-328.
Scheyvens, R. (2002). Backpacker tourism and Third World development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), pp. 144-164.
Schonhammer, R. (1992). Youth tourism as “Appropriation of the world”: A psychological point of view. Paper presented at the First Seminar on Youth Tourism in Europe, Cordoba Spain.
Selby, M. (2004). Consuming the city: Conceptualizing and researching urban tourist knowledge. Tourism Geographies, 6(2), pp. 186-204.
Shim, S. & Dubey, Smith. (1995). Conceptualization and management of perceived consumer knowledge and skills in apparel products: An exploratory study among college students. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 23(3), pp. 227-248.
Slaughter, L. (2001). Managing the backpacker market in Australia. Makati: Asia. Unpublished proceedings of the Pacific Tourism Association Annual Conference.
Sørensen, A. (2003). Backpacker ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), pp. 847-867.
Sproles, G. B., Geistfeld, L. V., & Badenhop, S. B. (1980). Types and amounts of information used by efficient consumers. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 14, pp. 37-48.
Swinglehurst, E. (1974). The romantic journey. London: Pica Editions.
Tsaur, S. H., Tzeng, G.. H., & Wang, G. C. (1997). Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), pp. 796-812.
Vandome, N. (2004). Taking a year out: Opportunities for employment, study, volunteer work and independent travel (5rd ed.). England: Oxford.
Vogt, J. (1976). Wandering: Youth and travel behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, pp. 74-105.
Walther, J. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Reaearch, 23, pp. 3-43.
Ward, S. (1974). Consumer socialization. Journal of Consumer Research, 1(2), pp. 1-14.
Winograd, T., & Flores, F. (1994). Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Norwood, New Jersey: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Wong, C. K., & Kwong, W. Y. (2004). Outbound tourists’ selection criteria for choosing all-inclusive package tours. Tourism Management, 25, pp. 581-592.