臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以服務於區域醫院層級(含)以上之麻醉護理人員為研究對象，探討工作壓力源及影響結果（工作滿意度、生理健康、心理健康、離職傾向），並試著找出工作滿意度、生理健康、心理健康、離職傾向的預測因子，提供醫院管理者參考，另利用自覺能力-工作適配為調節變項，探討自覺能力-工作適配對於工作壓力與工作滿意度、生理健康、心理健康、離職傾向是否有調節作用。
研究發現工作壓力均對工作滿意度呈顯著影響，而部份工作壓力對生理健康、心理健康呈顯著負向影響，但部份工作壓力對離職傾向呈顯著正向影響；自覺能力-工作適配只對於工作壓力與工作滿意度、離職傾向有調節作用；而組織滿意的預測因子為「缺乏組織及家庭支持」、「工作負荷」、「人際關係」、「麻醉工作特性」和「自覺能力-工作適配」；工作本身滿意、心理健康的預測因子為「缺乏組織及家庭支持」、「麻醉工作特性」和「自覺能力-工作適配」；生理健康、離職傾向的預測因子為「麻醉工作特性」和「自覺能力-工作適配」。

This study investigated the sources and impact of stress（job satisfaction, physical health, mental health, turnover intention）of anesthetists in medical centers and regional hospitals. This study used perceived ability-job fit as moderator to examine the impact on the effect of job stress.
The results showed that job stress had effect on job satisfaction and partial negative effect on physical health and mental health but partial positive effect on turnover intention. Perceived ability-job fit had moderating effect between job stress and job satisfaction, turnover intention.The predictors of organization satisfaction were “lack of organizational and family support”, “work load”, “relationships”, “anesthetist-specific stressors”and “perceived ability-job fit”；the predictors of job itself satisfaction, mental health were “lack of organizational and family support”, “anesthetist-specific stressors”and “perceived ability-job fit”；the predictors of physical health and turnover intention were “anesthetist-specific stressors”and “perceived ability-job fit”。

致謝----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
中文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II
英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ III
目錄------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ IV
圖目錄--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VI
表目錄 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VII
第一章 緒論------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
第一節 研究背景與動機------------------------------------------------------- 1
第二節 研究目的---------------------------------------------------------------- 3
第三節 名詞解釋---------------------------------------------------------------- 4
第四節 研究流程---------------------------------------------------------------- 6
第二章 文獻探討------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
第一節 工作壓力---------------------------------------------------------------- 7
第二節 自覺能力-工作適配--------------------------------------------------- 25
第三節 工作壓力的結果------------------------------------------------------ 28
健康--------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
工作滿意度------------------------------------------------------------- 30
離職傾向---------------------------------------------------------------- 31
第四節 各變項間的關係------------------------------------------------------- 34
第五節 麻醉護理源起與現況------------------------------------------------- 41
第三章 研究方法------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
第一節 研究架構---------------------------------------------------------------- 45
第二節 研究假設---------------------------------------------------------------- 46
第三節 問卷設計---------------------------------------------------------------- 47
第四節 抽樣方法與資料收集------------------------------------------------ 53
第五節 資料分析方法--------------------------------------------------------- 55
第四章 研究結果與討論---------------------------------------------------------------- 59
第一節 效度、信度分析--------------------------------------------------------- 59
第二節 樣本敘述性分析------------------------------------------------------- 64
第三節 工作壓力源、自覺能力-工作適配、工作滿意度、生理健康、
心理健康、離職傾向之間的相關性--------------------------------
68
第四節 工作壓力源、自覺能力-工作適配對工作滿意度、生理健康、
心理健康、離職傾向之影響----------------------------------------- 70

頁次
第五章 結論與建議---------------------------------------------------------------------- 83
第一節 研究問題與實證結果------------------------------------------------- 83
第二節 管理意涵---------------------------------------------------------------- 87
第三節 研究限制與後續研究建議------------------------------------------- 89
參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
附錄、問卷---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103



























圖 目 錄
頁次
圖1-1 研究流程--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
圖2-1 壓力的歷程------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
圖2-2 工作壓力的來源------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
圖2-3 心身症發生與延續的精神生物學路徑--------------------------------------- 16
圖2-4 「需求-控制」理論模型-------------------------------------------------------- 18
圖2-5 「個體-環境適配」理論模型-------------------------------------------------- 18
圖2-6 「付出-回饋失衡」理論模型-------------------------------------------------- 19
圖2-7 「職業壓力指標」理論模型--------------------------------------------------- 20
圖2-8 「工作壓力」理論模型--------------------------------------------------------- 21
圖3-1 研究架構--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45






















表 目 錄
頁次
表 2-1 各學者對於健康的定義------------------------------------------------------ 28
表 3-1 麻醉護理人員分層比例抽樣人員------------------------------------------ 49
表 3-2 麻醉護理人員工作特殊壓力源排行榜前十名--------------------------- 49
表 3-3 各構面的衡量題項------------------------------------------------------------ 50
表 3-4 問卷發放及回收資料表------------------------------------------------------ 54
表 4-1 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 取樣適切性量數------------------------------------- 60
表 4-2 工作壓力源量表因素分析摘要表------------------------------------------ 60
表 4-3 麻醉工作特性壓力源量表信度分析----------------------------------------------- 62
表 4-4 工作壓力源量表信度分析--------------------------------------------------- 62
表 4-5 自覺能力-工作適配、工作滿意度、生理健康、心理健康各量表
信度分析------------------------------------------------------------------------
63
表 4-6 樣本基本分佈情形------------------------------------------------------------ 64
表 4-7 工作壓力源量表平均數及標準差------------------------------------------------ 66
表 4-8 麻醉工作特性壓力源量表平均數及標準差----------------------------------- 66
表 4-9 工作滿意度、生理健康、心理健康量表的平均數及標準差----------- 67
表 4-10 自覺能力-工作適配量表平均數及標準差--------------------------------- 67
表 4-11 工作壓力源、工作滿意度、生理健康、心理健康、離職傾向之相關分析---------------------------------------------------------------------------
69
表 4-12 自覺能力-工作適配、工作滿意度、生理健康、心理健康、離職傾向之相關分析------------------------------------------------------------------
69
表 4-13 各變項代號--------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
表 4-14 組織滿意、工作本身滿意之階層分析摘要表---------------------------- 73
表 4-15 生理健康、心理健康之階層分析摘要表---------------------------------- 74
表 4-16 離職傾向之階層分析摘要表------------------------------------------------ 74
表 4-17 工作壓力與生理健康、心理健康、工作滿意度、離職傾向之檢定
結果------------------------------------------------------------------------------
74
表 4-18 自覺能力-工作適配對於工作壓力與生理健康、心理健康、工作滿
意度、離職傾向調節作用之檢定結果-------------------------------------
75
表 4-19 組織滿意、工作本身滿意、生理健康、心理健康、離職傾向的預測因子--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75
表 4-20 人口虛擬變數預測組織滿意、工作本身滿意、生理健康、心理健康、離職傾向之逐步迴歸分析摘要表------------------------------------
78

表 4-21 人口虛擬變項變項預測工作壓力源、自覺能力-工作適配之逐步迴歸分析摘要表------------------------------------------------------------------
80

中文文獻
王仁傑、李湘雄譯（2000）。健康心理學。台北：弘智文化事業有限公司。
吳明隆、涂金堂（2005）。Spss與統計應用分析。台北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
李明濱（2005）。壓力人生。台北：健康文化事業股份有限公司。
張春興（1991）。現代心理學。台北：東華書局。
陳彰儀（1995）。組織心理學。台北：心理出版社有限公司。
黃惠惠（2002）。情緒與壓力管理。台北：張老師文化事業股份有限公司。
葉至誠、葉立誠（1995）。研究方法與論文寫作。台北：商鼎文化出版。
葉椒椒（1995）。工作心理學。台北：五南圖書出版公司。
鄭雅文（2001）。職業病概論:工作壓力與職業健康。台北：華杏。
馬君、李麗傳、劉紹興、張媚、楊冠洋、林燈賦（2003）。某醫學中心護理人員下背痛盛行因子之探討。中華職業醫學雜誌，10（3），175-184。
馬藹玲、林嘉民、孫維仁（1994）。開刀房內醫護人員暴露於 halothane、enflurane及 isoflurane 之調查研究。勞工安全衛生研究季刊，2（1），47-55。
陳秋蓉、陳端容（2004）。女性作業員工健康危害調查研究-醫護人員。行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。
陳梅麗、林小玲、連金延、余先敏、蔡欣玲（2000）。醫學中心護理人員工作壓力離職意願與離職行為之相關研究。榮總護理，17（3），260-269。
陳端容（2001）。台灣地區高科技專業人員壓力調適與疾病、健康飲食行為之相關性研究。行政院衛生署委託專題研究計畫報告。
陸洛、陳豔菁、許嘉和、李季樺、吳紅鑾、施建彬（1995）。職業壓力指標之探討-以台灣國營企業員工為例。勞工安全衛生研究季刊，3（2），47-72。
陸洛（1997）。工作壓力之歷程-理論與研究的對話。中華心理衛生學刊，10，19-51。
陸洛、高淑芳（1999）。主管工作壓力得族群差異-個人背景、工作與職業因素。中華心理衛生學刊，2，23-66。
陸洛、高旭繁、周雲、蕭愛玲（2001）。兩岸三地員工之工作壓力、控制信念、工作滿意及身心健康。中華心理衛生學刊，14，55-87。
陸洛、陳艷菁、許嘉和、李季樺、吳紅鑾、施建彬（1995）。醫學中心護理人員工作壓力離職意願與離職行為之相關研究。榮總護理，17（3），頁260-269。
蘇翔、黃兆德、陳應輝、謝介平、邢中憙、陳貞吟、徐智星（1999）。麻醉專科醫師對麻醉護士之角色評估-問卷調查報告。麻醉學雜誌，37（1），1-8。
李品珠（1999）。麻醉護理人員工作壓力與工作滿意度之研究-以北部醫學中心為例。未出版之碩士論文，國立陽明大學醫務管理研究所，台北。
周淑萍（1994）。銀行從業人員個人屬性、工作特性、工作壓力與工作滿足之關連性研究。未出版之論文論文，國立交通大學管理科學研究所，新竹。
施博元（1994）。醫護人員之人格特質、工作滿足、工作壓力、離職傾向之相關研究-以中部地區醫院為例。未出版之碩士論文，私立東海大學工程研究所，台中。
張華羚（2004）。麻醉護理人員繼續教育需求及相關因素。未出版之碩士論文，高雄醫學大學護理學院護理學研究所，高雄。
蔣凱萱（1997）。台北市區域醫院醫師工作壓力、因應方式及工作滿意度之研究。未出版之碩士論文，私立中國醫藥學院醫務管理研究所，台中。
台灣麻醉護理學會（2006）。入會標準2006/08/09。檢自：http://www.tana.org.tw/tw/content/member 2.asp.
台灣麻醉護理學會（2006）。協會簡介2006/08/09。檢自：http://www.tana.org.tw/tw/content/history.asp
台灣麻醉護理學會（2006）。護理人員法2006/08/09。檢自：http://www.tana.org.tw/tw/content/statute 01.asp.
美國麻醉護理學會（2006）。教育2006/08/09。檢自：http://www.aana.com/prof/naeducation.asp.
財團法人醫院評鑑暨醫療品質策進會（2006）。新制評鑑2006/08/09。檢自：http://www.tjcha.org.tw/inspect/inspect03.asp.






英文文獻
Abdel-Halim, A. A. (1981). A reexamination of ability as a moderator of role perception-satisfaction relationship. Personnel Psychology, 34, 549-561.
Adam, T. B., & Benzer, J. R. (2000). Conceptualisation and measurement of the Spiritual and Psychological Dimensiond of Wellness in a College Population. Journal of American College Health, 48(4), 165-174.
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Saocial Psychology, 22, 453-474.
Allard, E., & Dembe. (2001). The Social Consequences of Occupational injuries and illnesses. American journal of industrial medicine, 40, 403-417.
Ardell, D. (1982). Fourteen Days to a Wellness Lifestyle. San Francisco: Whatever Publishing.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological reseach: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Beehr, & Schuler. (1982). Stress in organization. In K. M. Rowland & G. R. Feris (Eds.), Personnel Management (pp. 390-419). Boston: MA,Allyn & Bacon.
Beehr.TA, & Newman, J. (1978). Job stress,employee health and organizational effectiveness:a facet analysisi,model and literature review. Personnel Psychology, 31(4), 665-669.
Behling, Debra, Guy, & Judi. (1993). Industry profile: Healthcare-Hazards of the healthcare profession. Occupational Health & Safety, 32(2), 54-58.
Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression Diagnostics. New York: Wiley.
Bornstein, M. H., Davidson, L., Keyes, C. L. M., & Moore, K. A. (2003). Well-Being Positive Development Across the Life Course. Mahwah Lawrence: Erlbaum Associates.
Bortner, R. W. (1986). A short rating scale as a potential measure of pattern A behavior. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 22, 87-91.
Branton, P., & Oborne, D. J. (1979). A behaviour study of anaesthetists at work. In D. J. Oborne, M. Gruneberge & S. R. Eiser (Eds.), Reseach in Psychology and Medicine (Vol. 1). London: Academic Press.
Burke, R. J. (1988). Sources of managerial and professional stress in large orgnizations. In C. L. Cooper & R. payne (Eds.), Causes, Coping,and Consequences of Stress at Work. New York Chichester: John Wiley & Son.
Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Van Harrison, R. U., & Pinneau, S. R. J. (1975). Job demands and worker health: Cincinnati Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Caplan, R. D., & Jones, K. E. (1975). Effects of work load, role depression, and heart rate. Journal od Applied Psycology, 60, 713-719.
Christian, P., & Lolas, F. (1985). The Stress Concepts as a Problem for a Theoretical Pathology. Social Science and Medicine,, 21, 1363-1365.
Clegg, A. (2001). Occupational stress in nursing: a review of the literature Journal of nursing management, 9, 101-106.
Cooper,.C. L. (2002). Theories of Organizational stress New York.: Oxford University Press Inc.
Cooper, C. L., Clarke , S., & Rowbottom, A. M. (1999). Occupational stress, job satisfaction and well-being in anesthetists. Stress Med, 15, 115-126.
Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, pp.11-28., 11-28.
Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1978). Sources of managerial and white collar stress. In C. L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.), Stress at Work (pp. 81-105). New York: John Wiley.
Cooper, C. L., Sloan, S. J., & S, W. (1988). Occupational Stress Indicator Management Guide. Nfer-Nelson: Windsor.
Cooper, C. L., Sloan, S. J., & S., W. (1989). Occupational Stress Indicator Data Supplement. Nfer-Nelson: Windsor.
Corbin, C. L., R. (1997). Concepts of Fitness and Wellness: With Laboratories. Madison: Brown and Benchmark Publishers.
Cronbach, L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
Daley, A. J., & Parfitt, G. (1996). Good health—Is it worth it. J. Occupat. Org. Psychol, 69, 121-134.
DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale Development Theory and Applications. London: SAGE.
Dollard, M. F., & Winfield, A. H. (1996). Managing occupation stress: A national and international perspective. Int. J. Stress Man, 3, 69-83.
Dune, H. L. (1961). High Level Wellness. Arlington: Beatty.
Edwans , J. R. (1991). Person-job fit:A conceptual integration,literature review,and methodological critique. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to theory and Reseach. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fleming, R., Baum, A., & Singer, J. E. (1984). Toward an Integrated Approach to the Study of Stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 939-949.
French, J., Roger, W., & Cobb, S. (1974). Adjustment as person-evironment fit. In G.V.Coelho, D.A. Hamburg & J. E. Adams (Eds.), Coping and adaption. New York: Basic Books.
French, J. R. P., Jr., C., R.D, & Van Harrison, R. (1982). The mechanisms of the Job stress and strain. Chichester: Wiley.
Ganster, D. C., & Schaubroeck, J. (1991b). Role stress and workers health:An extension of the plasticity hypothesis of self-esteem. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 349-360.
Ganster, D. C., & Schaubroeck, J. (1991a). Work stress and employee health. Journal of Management, 17, 235-271.
Gay, L. R., , New York: Macmillan. (1992). In Educational Reseach Competencies for Analysis and Application. New York: Macmillan.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170.
Hanson, E. K., Godaert, G. L., Maas, C. J., & Meijman, T. F. (2001). Vagal cardiac control through out the day: the relative importance of effort-reward imbalance and within-day measurements of mood, demand and satisfaction.
Harrison, H. J.(1978), Summary and perspectives. Higher Plants as Monitors of Evironmental Mutagens. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the Energy, Research and Development Administration, U.S.A. Eds. F.D. de Serres, M.D. Shelby. Environmental Health Perspectives, 27, 197-206.
Hasselhorn, H. M., Toomingas, A., & Lagerstrom, M. (1999). Occupational health for health care workers (A Practical Guide): National institute for Working Life.
Hays, S. (1999). Generation X and The Art of The Reward. Workforce, 78(11), 45-47.
Hellriegel, D., Slocum, J. W. J., & Woodman, R. W. (1986). Work Stress. Organizational Behaviaor, 519-577.
Hettler, W. (1984). Wellness: Encouraging a lifetime pursuit of excellence. Health Values: Achieving High Level Wellness, 8, 13-17.
Hinds, W. C. (1983). Personal paradigm shift: A Lifestyle intervention approach to health care management. East Lansing: Michigan State University.
Hoppock, R. (1935). Job Satisfaction. N.Y: Harper Brothers.
Houston, B. K., & Synder, C. R. (1988). Type A Behaviour Pattern: Reseach, Theory and Intervention. New York: Wiley.
Howard, J. H., Cunningham, D. A., & Rechnitzer, P. (1986b). Personality（hardiness）as a moderator of job stress and coronary risk in Type A Individuals:A longitudinal study. Journal of Behavior Medicine, 9, 229-244.
ILO.(1993), Resolution concerning the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE), Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS), en Bulletin of Labour Statistics, International Labour Office, Geneva.
Ivancevich, J. M., & Matteson, M. T. (1980). Stress and Work: A Managerial Perspective. Glenview, Illinoise: Scott, Foresman.
Ivancevich, J. M., & Matteson, M. T. (1987). Stress Diagnostic Survey:Comments and Psychometric Properties of a Multidimentional Self-report Invntory. Houston,TX: University of Houston.
Jamal, M. (1984). Job stress and job performance controversy: An empirical examination. Org. Behav. Hum.Perform, 33, 1-21.
Jamal, M. (1985). Type-A behavior and job performance: Some suggestive finding. Behav. Med, 111(2), 60-68.
Jamal, M. (1990). Relationship of job stress and Type-A behavior to employee’s job satisfaction, organizational commitment,psychosomatic health problem, and turn-over motivation. Human Relation, 43(8), 727-738.
Jamal, M. (1999). Job stress and employee wll-being:A cross-culture empiracal study. Stress Med, 15, 153-158.
Jamal, M. (2005). Short communicationi：Personal and organizational outcomes related to job stress and Type-A behavior： a study of Canadian and Chinese employees. Stress and Health, 21, 129-137.
Jamal, M., & Baba, V. V. (1992). Stressful jobs and employee productivity: Results from studies on managers, blue-collar workers and nurses. Int. J. Man, 9, 62-67.
Jamal, M., & Baba, V. V. (1997). Shift work, burnout, and well-being: A study of Canadian nurses. Int. J. Stress Man, 4(197-204).
Jamal, M., & Baba, V. V. (2001). Type A Behavior, Job Performance, and Well-Beiing in College Teachers. International Journal of Stress Management, 8(3), 231-240.
Jamal, M., & Badawi, M. (1997). Job stress among Muslim immigrants in North America: Moderating effects of religiosity. Stress Med, 9, 145-151.
Jamal, M., & Preena, S. (1998). Job stress and Employee Well-Being Among Airline Personnel in an Developing Country. International Journal of Stress Management, 5(2), 121-127.
Janson, P., & Martin, J. K. (1982). Job satisfaction and age: A test of two views. Social Forces, 60(4), 1089-1102.
Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job demands, and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1039-1050.
Jerusalem, M. (1993). Personal resources, environmental constraints, and adaptational processes: The predictive power of a theoretical stress model. Personal. Individ. Diff, 14, 15-24.
Johnson, J., & Hall, E. (1988). Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study of random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1336-1342.
Joseph J, Hurrell J, & AML, M. (1988). Exposure to job stress. Scand J Work Environ Health, 14, 27-28.
Kahn, R. L. (1987). Work and Health. New York: Wiley.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and role ambiguity. New York: John Wiley & Son,Inc.
Kaiser, H. F. (1970). Asecond-generation Little Jiffy. Psychological, 35, 401-415.
Kaplan, & Stein. (1984). Stress,Health and School teachers: A Comparison with other professions. Cambriidge of journal education, 10(3), 154-159.
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands,job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Sciencec Quaterly, 24, 85-310.
Karasek, R., & Theorell, T. (1990). Health work:Stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life, . New York: Basic Books.
Kasl, S. V. (1984). Stress and health. In L. Breslow, J. E. Field & L.B.Lane (Eds.), Annual Review of Public Health (Vol. 5, pp. 319-342).
Kelly, W. J. (1994). An international study of educational programs for nurses providing anesthesia care. Journal of the American Association of Nursing Anesthetists, 62, 484-495.
Klitzman, S., House, J. S., Israel, B. A., & Mero, R. P. (1990). Work stress, nonwork stress,and health. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 221-243.
Kunin, T. (1955). The construction of a new type of attitude measure. Personnel Psychology 8, 65-77.
Kuper, H., Singh-Manoux, A., Siegrist, J., & Marmot, M. (2002). Whereciprocity fails:effort-reward imbalance in relation to coronary heart disease and health functioning within the Whitehall II study. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 59(11), 777-784.
Kupperschmidt, B. R. (1998). Understanding Generation X Employees.Journal of Nursing Administration 28(12), 36-43.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress,Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Lee, J. K. (2003). Job stress, coping and health perceptions of Hong Kong primary care nurse. International journal of Nursing Practice, 9, 86-91.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and causes of Job satisfaction in M.D.
Lowdon, B., Davis, K., Dickie, B., & Ferguson, P. A. (1995). Wellness. Malvern Vic: Deakin University Press.
Lu, L. (1999). Work motivation, job stress and employees’ well-being. Journal of Applied Management Studies, 8, 61-72.
Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., Chen, Y. C., Hsu, C. H., Li, C. H., Wu, H. L. (1995). Chinese version of the OSI: A study of reliability and factor structures. Stress Medicine, 11, 149-155.
Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., Chen, Y. C., Hsu, C. H., Wu, H. L., Shih, J. B. (1997). Chinese version of the OSI: A validation study. Work & Stress, 11, 79-86.
Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., Kao, S. F., & Zhou, Y. (2003). Work stress, control beliefs and well-being in Greater China: An exploration of sub-cultural differences between the PRC and Taiwan. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(6), 479-510.
Lu, L., Kao, S. F., Cooper, C. L., & Spector, P. E. (2000). Managerial stress, locus of control and job strain in Taiwan and UK: A comparative study. International Journal of Stress Management,, 7, 209-226.
Lu, L., Shiau, C., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Occupational stress in clinical nurses. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 10, 39-50.
Lu, L., Tseng, H. J., & Cooper, C. L. (1999). Managerial stress, job satisfaction and health in Taiwan. Stress Medicine, 15, 53-64.
Lu, L., Wu, H. L., & Cooper, C. L. (1999). Perceived work stress and locus of control: A combined quantitative and qualitative approach. Research & Practice in Human Resources Management, 6, 51-64.
Lyne, K. D., Barrett, P. T., Williams, C., & Coaley, K. (2000). A psychometric evaluation of the Occupational Stress Indicator. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 195-220.
Mann, S. E. (1996). Employee stressan important cost in mergers. Business Insurance, 30(48), 24-25.
Margolis, B. K., & Kroes, W. H. (1974). Occupational Stress and strain. In A. McLean (Ed.), Occupational Stress. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas.
McGrath, J. E. (1979). Stress and Behavior in Orgnizations. In M.D.Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Orgnizational Psychology (pp. 1351-1395).
Mobley, W. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychlogy, 62, 237-240.
Mobley, W. H., Griffith, R. W., H.H, & Meglino, B. M. (1997). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493-522.
Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmar, J. M. (1998). The Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle. Greensboro: Authors.
NIOSH. (1999). Stress at work. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/stresswk.html
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pollard, E. L., & Lee, P. D. (2003). Child Well-being: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Social Indicators Reseach, 61(1), 59-78.
Quick, J. C., & Quick, J. D. (1984). Organizational Stress And Preventive Management. New York.
Rees, D. W., & Cooper, C. L. (1992a). Occupational stress in Health Service workers in the UK. Stress Medicine, 8, 79-90.
Richard S.Lazarus , & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress Appraisal and Coping. New York: Spring.
Robbins, S. p. (1996). Organizational Behavior: Concepts,Controversies, Applications (7th Edition ed.): Prentice Hall International Editions.
Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., & Williams, T. (1990). The validity of the Occupational Stress Indicator. Work and Stress, 4, 29-39.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of reseach on hedonic and eudemonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
Ryan, R. M., & Travis, J. W. (1988). The Wellness Workbook. Berkeley. California: Ten Speed Press.
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
Schaubroeck, J., Lam, S. K., & Xie, J. L. (2000). Collective Efficacy Versus Self-Efficacy in Coping Responses to Stressors and control: A Cross-Culture study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 512-525.
Schuler, R. S. (1980). Definition and conceptualization of stress in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 24, 184-215.
Seeley, H. F. (1996). The practice of anaesthesia: A stressor for the middle-aged ? Anaesthesia, 51, 571-574.
Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Selye, H. (1974). Sress Without Distress. New York: Lippincott.
Shalley, C. R., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2000). Matching Creativit Requirements and Work Enviroment: Effects on Satisfaction and Intentions to Leave. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 215-223.
Siegriest, J. (1996). Adverse health effect of high effort/low reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 27-41.
Siu, O. L., & Cooper, C. L. (1998). A study of occupational stress, and job satisfaction and quitting intention in Hong Kong firm. Stress Med, 14, 55-66.
Siu, O. L., Cooper, C. L., & Donald, I. (1997). Occupational stress, job satisfaction and mental health among employees of an acquired TV company in Hong Kong. Stress Medicine, 13, 99-107.
Siu, O. L., Lu, L., & Cooper, C. L. (1999). Managerial stress in Hong Kong and Taiwan: A Comparative study. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14, 6-25.
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M., & Hulin, C. L. (1969). Measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement, . Chicago: Rand Mc Nally.
Steiler, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2004). Short Communication:French version of the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI): preliminary assessment of reliability and vaditity. Stress and Health, 20, 231-237.
Stone, G. C. (1987). The scope of health psychology. In G. C.Stone, S.M. Weiss, J. D.Matarazzo, N.E.Miller, J. Rodin, C.D. Belar, M. J. Follick & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Health psychology: A discipline and a profession. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
Sutherland, V. J., & Cooper, C. L. (1990). Understaning stress: A Psychological Perspective for Health Professionals. London: Chapman & Hall.
Travis, J. W. (1981). The Wellness Inventory. Mill Valley: Wellness Associates.
Van Yperen, N. W., & Hagedoorn, M. (2003). Do high job demand increase intrinsic motivation or fatigue or both？ The role of job control and job social support. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 339-348.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
W.H.O. (1946). Constitution of the World Health Orrnisation. In W.H.Organisation.
W.H.O. (1995). Global Strategy on Occupational Health for All－The Way to Health at Work.
W.H.O. (2000). Health Systems:Improving performace.
Washington, D. C. (1987). Examination of avoidable and unavoidable turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2), 382-386.
Weiss, D., Dawis, R., England, G., & Lofquist, L. (1967). Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire: Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
Westman, M., & Eden, D. (1996). The inverted-U relationship between stress and performance. Work & Stress, 10, 165-173.
Wexley, K. N., & Yukl, G. A. (1977). Organizational behavior and Personal Psychology. Illinois: Hurewood.
Williams, R. A., & Pruitt, S. D. (1998). The contribution of job satisfaction to the ransition from acute to chronic low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 336-374.
Xie, J. L. (1995). Reseach on Chinese organizational behavior and human resource management: Concepual and methodological considerations In S .B. Prasad (Vol. 10). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Xie, J. L. (1996). Karasek’s model in the People’s Republic of China: Effects of job Demand,control,and individual differences. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1594-1618.
Xie, J. L., & Johns, G. (1995). Job scope and stress: Can job scope be too high? Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1288-1309.
Yoshimasu, K. (2001). Relationship of Type A Behavior pattern and Job-Related Psychosocial factors to Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction：A case-Control Study of Japanese Male Workers and Women. Psychosomatic Medicine.