臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究於鴛鴦湖地區台灣扁柏老齡林及更新林中，沿穿越線間隔1m，架設穿落水收集器，以瞭解兩不同林齡台灣扁柏林穿落水沈降情形及空間分佈的特性。收集期間為2005年10月至 2006年11月，共22個降雨樣本。結果顯示老齡林穿落水占重力沈降92%，更新林穿落水占重力沈降72%，兩林分穿落水量與林外降雨量及總沈降量均成線性正相關。兩林分穿落水與離樹幹距離並無明顯相關，老齡林最小水量發生於離樹幹1.0-1.5m處；更新林穿落水最小水量發生於離樹幹0.5-1.0m處。當降雨量極小時(e.g.事件9, BP=2.5mm;事件13, BP=3.0mm)反而為緊鄰樹幹的位置穿落水量最低。而當降雨量大時，各區間穿落水量則差異不大。利用半球面影像分析求得各點開闊度及葉面積指數，老齡林葉面積指數平均值為6.2，更新林葉面積指數平均值為5.2。開闊度影響雲霧截留沈降，進而影響穿落水水量。半變異元分析，老齡林空間相關距離為3.0-42.0m；更新林空間相關距離為2.0-80.0 m。使用傅立葉轉換求得水量變化週期，老齡林穿落水量變化週期為2.0- 16.7 m，更新林則為2.0- 20.0 m。因應穿落水空間變異，在10%誤差下，所需的穿落水收集器老齡林為8-61個，更新林則需12-33個。若以實驗期間所收集的22次穿落水總沈降量估算，老齡林需7個，更新林需9個收集器。

Spatial variation of throughfall was investigated in two Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana stands of different age (10-50 vs. 300-400 years old) in northeastern Taiwan. In each stand, 100 throughfall collectors were installed along a randomly selected 100-m transect with 1 m distance between consecutive collectors. The collectors were built up with funnels of 12 cm in diameter and 2-L collecting bottles, which limited the collection capacity to a maximum of 190 mm. The water volume of the collectors were recorded every two weeks from October 2005 to November 2006 and totally 22 useful samples were used for analysis.
The results showed that the stand age affected the amount of throughfall by far: throughfall accounted for 92% of bulk precipitation in the old-growth Chamaecyparis stand but only 72% for the young one. In both stands, throughfall correlated linearly with bulk precipitation. Within each stand, however, the amount of throughfall exhibited high spatial variation. On average, the smallest amount of throughfall occurred in the area 1.0-1.5 m away from stems for the old-growth stand and 0.5-1.0 m for the young stand. This pattern changed with the amount of bulk precipitation: when bulk precipitation was extremely little, the throughfall amount increased with increasing distance to stems; when bulk precipitation was large, the spatial variation decreased. The leaf area index (LAI) and openness above each collector were measured using hemispherical photography. The average LAI of the old-growth and the young stand was 6.2 and 5.2, respectively. The openness of the canopy may influence the amount of fog interception and further affect the amount of throughfall. By use of semivariogram, the distance of spatial correlation of throughfall was 14.0-42.0 m in the old-growth stand and 2.0-80.0 m in the young stand. On the other hand, the amount of throughfall showed a cyclic variation pattern using Fourier analysis with periods of 2.0-16.7 m and 2.0-20.0 m for old-growth and young stand, respectively. The necessary number of collector to reduce the sampling error to 10% was 8-61 for the old-growth stand and 12-33 for the young stand. These numbers reduced to 7 and 9 when total water volume of the 22 sampling events were analyzed.

1. 前言 1
2. 文獻回顧 1
2.1 大氣沈降及穿落水 1
2.2 穿落水的空間變異 4
2.2.1 影響穿落水變異的因子 6
2.2.2 估算穿落水水量的方法 8
2.3 穿落水空間變異之研究 10
2.4 國內穿落水量相關研究 13
2.5 研究目的 14
3. 材料與方法 15
3.1 樣區概述 15
3.2 實驗設計 17
3.2.1 樣線選擇 17
3.2.2 沈降量的量測 17
3.2.3 兩林份調查 19
3.3 穿落水空間變異分析 21
4. 結果 23
4.1 穿落水與重力沈降、雲霧沈降的關係 26
4.2 所需收集器數目 29
4.3 樹冠層對穿落水的影響 30
4.3.1 林分資料 30
4.3.2 穿落水量與離樹幹距離 32
4.3.3 穿落水量與開闊度指數之關係 33
4.4 空間變異分析 34
4.4.1 半變異元分析 34
4.4.2 傅立葉分析 34
5. 討論 38
5.1 穿落水之比較 38
5.2 所需收集器數目 41
5.3 穿落水量與離樹幹距離之關係 43
5.4 穿落水量與開闊度之關係 44
5.5 半變異元分析結果 44
5.6 傅立葉轉換週期變化 45
5.7 冠層水文收支 46
6. 結論 49
7. 引用文獻 50

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