臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文討論十八世紀英國作家狄福與斯威福特文本中男性主體的矛盾與侷限。本文主體概念源自阿爾都塞召喚理論中的主體形成，闡述在意識形態與語言論述的架構下，文學作品呈現的男性主體問題。
首章舉十八世紀「經濟人」論述中個人主義的自主性議題，以狄福《魯賓遜漂流記》與斯威福特《格列佛遊記》為例，說明男性自主實為人性疏離與驕傲的藉口。次章則以兩位主角魯賓遜與格列佛與異族間建立的殖民主奴關係，論點以布勞特歐洲中心主義為基礎，詮釋書中殖民結構的辯證關係與英國人的殖民想像。
第三章探討男性主體書寫女性角色出現的盲點。首先以狄福《羅克珊那》與《摩爾弗蘭德絲》以女性為中心二書為例，書中兩位女主角不僅無法享有與《魯賓遜漂流記》中男主角同樣的生命自主權，羅克珊那的「土耳其洋裝」更被解讀為掩飾英國殖民主義血腥侵略本質的意符。另一方面，斯威福特《愛爾蘭專文》中，愛爾蘭女性也成為經濟蕭條與奢華腐敗的代罪羔羊，這種邏輯倒果為因，更在「厭女詩」中成為攻擊女性身體的寫作茦略。
末章提出狄福與斯威福特書寫種族、性別差異的想像元素。狄福的「亞馬遜女戰士」成為男性主體發抒排他性想像的綜合指標。對斯威福特而言，在「厭女詩」及「糞便詩」所使用攻詰女性的隱喻也是他創作「慧駰國」中「人形獸」靈感的共同來源。

This thesis argues that all subjects are constructed through discourse or ideology and are incapable of acting or thinking outside the limits of that discursive or ideological construction. Based on Louis Althusser’s theory, “individuals are always-already subjects,” living in “the system of the ideas and representations which dominate the mind of a man or a social group.” This Marxist notion serves as the point of departure for the thesis, which defines a subject’s imaginary relation to the world. For Defoe and Swift, their ideological subjection to “the system of the ideas and representations” is presented in their narratives, which relate the respective subject’s imagination to the world in the eighteenth century.
The first chapter begins with Ian Watt’s critique of the eighteenth century individualism, which demands domestic alienation. It argues that if Gulliver’s misanthropy loses its moral dimension, his domestic alienation is questionable. As Gulliver’s counterpart, Crusoe bases his autonomy upon nonreciprocal human relationships, and his self-claimed omnipotence, under constant threats, is false and illusory. The second chapter modifies Helene Moglen’s dualistic interpretation of Crusoe’s consciousness and analyzes his internal contradictions from the perspective of Hegelian dialectics. The course of establishing the colonial hierarchy in Robinson Crusoe further exposes the dialectical reality of colonial tension and contradiction, which also lends itself to interpreting the triangular relationships among the Houyhnhnms, Gulliver, and the Yahoos in Gulliver’s Travels.
In the third chapter, the focus of concern shifts to the representation of sexual other. Though Roxana and Moll are constructed to emulate Crusoe and embody the female versions of economic autonomy, these two female-based narratives, Roxana and Moll Flanders, bring to light the paradoxes of eighteenth-century male subjectivity that discriminates men from women in terms of domesticity and individualism. While Roxana is further commodified to be enlisted in the service of imperialist ideology to mask the reality of colonial aggression and imperialist expansion, the same sleight of substitution also underlies Swift’s systematic attacks on women in his Irish Tracts and misogynist poems. Lastly, the fourth chapter aims to bring these two categories of difference together. Through Swift’s and Defoe’s imagination, the racial other and their sexual counterpart enter into a metaphorical alliance. Thus Defoe’s Amazon and Swift’s Yahoo trope not only synthesize what are considered two discrete and separate categories of discrimination, but also demonstrate that their creations of race and gender derive from the same source of reference.

Introduction: Defining Male Subjectivity in the Eighteenth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter One: Illusion of Autonomy: Domestic Alienation and Human Pride. . . . . . .20
A. Swift’s Isolation in Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
B. Defoe’s Biographical Solitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
C. Defining Solitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
D. Domestic Alienation as a Prerequisite for Autonomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
E. Lemuel Gulliver’s Domestic Alienation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
F. Robinson Crusoe’s Domestic Alienation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Chapter Two: Crusoe’s and Gulliver’s Xenophobia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
A. Crusoe’s Human Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
B. Crusoe’s Fear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
C. Crusoe’s Dialectical Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
D. Assimilating Friday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
E. Colonial Tensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
F. Gulliver’s Subjection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
G. Gulliver and the Yahoos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
H. The Yahoos and Hottentots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Chapter Three: Male Subjectivity and the Gender Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
A. Fashioning Female Individualists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
B. Discrepancy between Moll’s Domesticity and Autonomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
C. Incompatibility between Roxana’s Economic Individualism and Perverted Domesticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
D. Roxana’s Turkish Dress and Male Agency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
E. Swift’s Misogynist Narratives and Colonialism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
F. Swift’s Misogynist Attack on the Female Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Chapter Four: Alliance between Racial and Sexual Other in Male Fantasy. . . . . . . 104
A. Ancient Greek Fantasy of the Amazons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
B. The Amazons in the Renaissance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
C. The Eighteenth-Century Amazon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
D. The Yahoo Legend: Filth, Stench, and Deformity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
E. Gulliver’s Abhorrence at the Yahoos and Swift’s Misogyny. . . . . . . . . . . 126
F. Swift’s Scatological Vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Conclusion: Similarities amidst Differences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Works Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

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