臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

結合「UASB-人工濕地(Constructed wetland, CWL)」尚未用於處理受生活及養豬廢水污染之河川水。因此，本研究取生活污水及經處理後之養豬廢水作成混合污水，以小型UASB串聯人工濕地系統，以UASB之水力停留時間作為操作設定參數，探討污染物之去除效率，並評估其性能以利推廣。
試驗設施為UASB-CWL1-CWL2串聯，UASB反應槽有效容積為2.5 L，CWL1有效容積54.4 L，植栽蘆葦；CWL2有效容積80 L，植水芙蓉。供試進流水取自高雄縣某養豬場放流水及中山大學污水處理場進流水，二者以1：1混合。初始設定UASB反應槽之HRT為6小時，操作至穩定，再次第降至4及2小時。整個試驗共分三階段(phase)，污水在CWL1及CWL2之水力停留時間分別為131、193小時(Phase I)，87、129小時(Phase II)，44、65小時(Phase III)。
試驗結果顯示：
1. 混合污水水質(單位mg/L)範圍(平均值)分別為總COD (CODt) 64-332 (179)、水溶性COD (CODS) 28-267 (129)、水溶性BOD (BODS) 8-120 (70)、SS 110-1330 (372)、氨氮20-99 (48)、硝酸氮1.2-11.9 (2.7)、亞硝酸氮0-3.4 (1.0)、總氮 24.3-95.7 (56.8)、磷酸鹽0-10.4 (2.9)、總磷5.1-52.1 (23.9)、Cu 0.0-0.41 (0.13)、Zn 0.05-0.73 (0.27)、DO 0.2-2.7 (0.7)、pH值 6.9-7.7 (7.4)。
2. UASB出口水質平均值(單位mg/L)分別為CODt 55、CODS 40、BODS 27、SS 93、氨氮42、硝酸氮2.6、亞硝酸氮0.5、總氮43.7、磷酸鹽0.9、總磷17.2、Cu 0.08、Zn 0.07、DO 0.04、pH值 7.4。UASB作為前處理，可去除進流水中CODt、CODS、BODS、SS、亞硝酸氮、Zn、Cu等50%以上。但對營養鹽(氨氮、硝酸氮、總氮、磷酸鹽、總磷)之去除率不佳，故須仰賴人工濕地之去除機制，已達到較好的去除效果。
3. CWL-2出口水質平均值(單位mg/L)分別為CODt 21、CODS 16、BODS 10、SS 38、氨氮 2、硝酸氮1.9、亞硝酸氮0.1、總氮 11.3、磷酸鹽2.6、總磷5.9、Cu 0.06、Zn 0.05、DO 5.4、pH值 7.6。結合UASB前處理及CWL-1、CWL-2作為後處理，對N、P之處理效果較UASB佳。系統出口的Cu、Zn濃度均分別小於0.6、0.2 mg/L，顯示Cu及Zn會累積於植體及底泥中。

A system with the combination of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and constructed wetlands (CWLs) has not yet been applied for cleaning river water polluted by sewage and swine wastewater. In this study, a pilot system with an UASB reactor (effective working volume 2.5 liters) combined with two CWL reactors (effective working volumes 54.4 and 80 liters for CWL-1 and CWL-2, respectively) was used to test the feasibility for treating wastewater samples prepared by mixing 1 volume of sewage and 1 volume of partially-treated swine wastewater. In the system, the UASB reactor was seeded with an anaerobic sludge for sewage treatment and CWL-1 and CWL-2 were planted with emergent macrophyte (reed, Phragmites australis L.) and floating macrophyte (Pistia stratiotes L.), respectively.
Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the test wastewater in the UASB reactor on the removal efficacy of various pollutants were tested. HRTs of 6, 4, and 2 hours were set for the UASB for the first, second, and third experimental phases, respectively.
The tested influent wastewater had the following properties (unit in mg/L and the number in parentheses indicates the average value): total CODt 64-332 (179), soluble CODS 28-267 (129), soluble BODS 8-120 (70), SS 110-1330 (372), NH3-N 20-99 (48), NO3--N 1.2-11.9 (2.7), NO2--N 0-3.4 (1.0), total nitrogen TN 24.3-95.7 (56.8), PO43--P 0-10.4 (2.9), total phosphorus TP 5.1-52.1 (23.9), Cu 0.0-0.41 (0.13), Zn 0.05-0.73 (0.27), DO 0.2-2.7 (0.7), and pH 6.9-7.7 (7.4).
Effluents from the UASB reactor for the third phase test had average values of CODt 55, CODS 40, BODS 27, SS 93, NH3-N 42, NO3--N 2.6, NO2--N 0.5, TN 43.7, PO43--P 0.9, TP 17.2, Cu 0.08, Zn 0.07, DO 0.04, and pH 7.4. For the phase, effluents from the combined UASB-CWL1-CWL2 system had average values of CODt 21, CODS 16, BODS 10, SS 38, NH3-N 2, NO3--N 1.9, NO2--N 0.1, TN 11.3, PO43--P 2.6, TP 5.9, Cu 0.06, Zn 0.05, DO 5.4, and pH 7.6. The system has been shown to be economically and technically feasible for cleaning the test wastewater.

摘要. I
目錄. II
圖目錄 IV
表目錄 VI
第一章 前言 1
1-1. 研究緣起 1
1-2. 研究目的及內容 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1. UASB反應槽發展沿革與應用 4
2-2. UASB反應槽概說 4
2-3. 厭氣代謝反應機制 5
2-4. 影響厭氣生物處理程序之因素 10
2-4-1. 溫度 10
2-4-2. pH 10
2-4-3. VFAs 11
2-4-4. 鹼度 11
2-4-5. 營養鹽 11
2-4-6. 氧化還原電位 12
2-4-7. 毒性物質 12
2-5. 厭氣污泥之顆粒化現象 12
2-6. 各種厭氣處理程序 12
2-6-1. 上流式厭氣污泥床反應槽 13
2-6-2. 傳統厭氣消化槽 13
2-6-3. 完全混合型厭氣接觸槽 14
2-6-4. 厭氧接觸槽 14
2-6-5. 固定床程序 15
2-6-6. 膨脹/流體化床程序 15
2-7. 各種污水之厭氣處理 16
2-8. 人工濕地發展歷史 20
2-8-1. 德國的發展情形 20
2-8-2. 美國的發展情形 20
2-8-3. 台灣的發展情形 22
2-9. 濕地之定義 22
2-10. 濕地之分類 24
2-11. 人工濕地之類型 25
2-12. 人工濕地的水質淨化機制 25
2-12-1. 懸浮固體之去除 29
2-12-2. 有機物的去除 29
2-12-3. 氮之去除 29
2-12-4. 磷之去除 29
2-12-5. 致病原之去除 30
2-13. 濕地植物種類及扮演角色 31
2-14. 人工濕地用於處理各種污水 35
2-15. UASB反應槽-後處理(post-treatment)系統 37
第三章 實驗設備及方法 39
3-1. 實驗設備 39
3-2. 系統操作條件 39
3-3. 系統操作與採樣 40
3-4. 試驗研究內容 40
3-5. 採樣分析 40
3-6. 計算式說明 41
第四章 結果與討論 43
4-1. 反應槽操作狀況 43
4-2. COD處理效果 43
4-2-1. CODt 43
4-2-2. CODs 43
4-3. BODt處理效果 45
4-4. SS處理效果 47
4-5. 氨氮處理效果 48
4-6. 總氮處理效果 49
4-7. 亞硝酸氮處理效果 50
4-8. 硝酸氮處理效果 51
4-9. 總磷處理效果 52
4-10. 磷酸鹽磷處理效果 53
4-11. 水中Cu及Zn處理效果 54
4-12. 底泥/蘆葦/水芙蓉中Cu及Zn濃度隨時間及處
理階段之變化 55
第五章 結論與建議 78
參考文獻 80
附 錄 90

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