跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(18.97.14.81) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/12/15 02:47
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

: 
twitterline
研究生:鄭明欣
研究生(外文):Ming-Hsin Cheng
論文名稱:老人視力不良與健康功能相關性之探討
論文名稱(外文):The Correlation between Visual Impairment and Functional Status of the Elderly
指導教授:李世代李世代引用關係
指導教授(外文):Shyh-Dye Lee
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立台北護理學院
系所名稱:長期照護研究所
學門:醫藥衛生學門
學類:護理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2008
畢業學年度:96
語文別:中文
論文頁數:121
中文關鍵詞:老人視力不良健康功能高階性日常生活活動功能
外文關鍵詞:elderlyvisual impairmentfunctional statusadvanced activities of daily living (AADLs)
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:5
  • 點閱點閱:1621
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:470
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:2
感官功能的衰退老化造成老人與周圍生活環境有所隔閡,除了造成日常生活的不便之外,在老人的社會與及個人心理上亦會感受到被忽略及無形中被隔離的落寞處境,衍生出許多健康、家庭、社會及照護問題;感官功能中又以「視力」為人體與外界聯繫之明顯重要管道,所以視力的好壞對老人之生活影響極大。
本研究目的在於探討視力與健康功能之關聯性,其中健康功能包括日常生活活動功能(ADLs)、工具性日常生活活動功能(IADLs)與高階性日常生活活動功能(AADLs)。在方法上採橫斷式調查研究導向,以結構式問卷立意取樣進行,研究樣本取自以台北市某二自費老人安養機構之196位老人住民為研究對象,研究期間自2007年11月至2008年4月。
研究結果顯示視力與影響健康功能相關,視力與ADLs及IADLs明顯相關,且其對IADLs之關聯性比ADLs更為突顯。
視力不良會影響生活功能,使照護需求及依賴度加大,生活品質降低,因此應及早掌握老人之視力及隨年齡變化問題,作必要之介入與協助,令老人有高生活品質的晚年。
本研究首度將AADLs之評估嘗試量化,其評估項目內容雖經過詳細設計,但此量表及研究結果非最終者,其或有承先啟後之作用,有助於接續性之研究。
The decline and aging of the sensory functions make the old adults estrange to the living environment. This not only causes the inconvenience of the daily life, but also makes the elderly experience the isolation and neglect psychosocially, and furthermore arouses more health, family, society, and care issues further. Vision, regarded as obvious and direct way of communication between the environment and body, is the most important among the sensory functions, the correlation between vision and the life quality of the elderly is huge.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the visual activity and functional status, which are determined by activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and advance activities of daily living (AADLs) scales. The applied adopted is a cross-sectional research design with structured questionnaire and purposive sampling. The research samples were 196 residents living in two self-paid elder care facilities and it had been conducted from Nov. 2007 to Apr. 2008.
The results showed the vision is significantly associated with ADLs and I ADLs, rather, the IADLs was more conspicuous. This implies the visual impairment did affect the functional status of the elderly. It lowered the life quality and increased the care needs and even the dependences of the old adults. In order to make the elderly own high quality daily life, essential involvements and assistances had been required by monitoring the vision transition of the elders with the age in advance.
The AADLs evaluation attached here has been the first trial to quantify advanced life. Even if the evaluation scale and the results were designed considerately, however, it couldn’t be regarded as the final one, but as for the directing of continuing workup in the future.
中文摘要-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ⅰ
英文摘要-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ⅱ
誌謝-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ⅲ
表次-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ⅵ
第壹章 緒論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
第一節 研究背景與動機---------------------------------------------------------------1
第二節 研究目的及問題---------------------------------------------------------------5
第三節 名詞解釋------------------------------------------------------------------------6
第貳章 文獻探討------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
第一節 健康功能觀念的緣起與發展----------------------------------------------- 8
第二節 健康功能狀態分類分級----------------------------------------------------15
第三節 感官及其衰退老化對健康功能的影響----------------------------------17
第四節 視力不良對整體健康的影響----------------------------------------------21
第五節 視力不良之定義、盛行率與原因----------------------------------------22
第六節 視力的衰退老化-------------------------------------------------------------25
第七節 常見之老人病態性視力衰退----------------------------------------------33
第八節 老人視力對健康功能的影響----------------------------------------------38
第參章 研究方法----------------------------------------------------------------------------41
第一節 研究設計----------------------------------------------------------------------41
第二節 研究架構----------------------------------------------------------------------42
第三節 研究工具----------------------------------------------------------------------43
第四節 研究步驟及隱私權益倫理考量----------------------------------------51
第五節 資料處理與統計分析----------------------------------------------------51
第肆章 研究結果--------------------------------------------------------------------------56
第一節 描述性統計分析----------------------------------------------------------56
第二節 推論性統計分析----------------------------------------------------------59
第伍章 討論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------65
第一節 樣本選樣對研究之影響-------------------------------------------------65
第二節 老人健康功能可能之影響----------------------------------------------72
第三節 老人視力與健康功能之相關性----------------------------------------74
第四節 老人高階性日常生活活動功能----------------------------------------75
第陸章 研究限制與未來研究方向----------------------------------------------------77
第柒章 結論與建議----------------------------------------------------------------------79
參考文獻-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
中文部分-------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
英文部分-------------------------------------------------------------------------------98
附錄------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------113
附錄一 施測問卷------------------------------------------------------------------113
附錄二 專家內容效度審核------------------------------------------------------121
中文部分
中華民國病歷管理協會(2003)‧基層醫療院所門診常見疾病ICD-9-CM彙編(2001 vs 1992版)‧台北:中央健康保險局。
中華民國防高血壓協會(2007,2月10日)‧認識高血壓‧2007年2月10日取自http://www.hypertension.org.tw/main_b.htm
內政部(2002,2月7日)‧身心障礙者福利/法規/行政規則/身心障礙等級‧2007年2月5日取自http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/05/new05.htm
內政部(2007a,8月9日)‧近年我國老年人口數一覽表‧2007年8月30日取自http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/04/07/1/1-03.htm
內政部(2007b,1月31日)‧老人福利法‧2007年4月3日取自http://sowf.moi. gov.tw/04/02/02_1.htm
內政部(2007c,1月26日)‧民國94年老人狀況調查結果摘要分析‧2007年1月28日取自http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/index.asp
內政部(2007d,8月30日)‧人民團體法‧2007年8月30日取自http://cois.moi. gov.tw/MOIWEB/UPLOADFILE/FORM/7/人民團體法.doc
內政部(2007e,8月30日)‧志願服務法‧2007年9月4日取自http://vol.moi.gov. tw/rule/law3.htm
王滿堂(2005)‧眼屈光學‧台北:藝軒。
李世代 (1999)‧老年人的健康功能評估‧於李世代主編,老人醫療保健照護工
作指引(38-49頁)‧台北:行政院衛生署。
李世代(2000)‧功能性健康狀態評估‧家庭醫學(二版,201-217頁)‧台北:中華民國家庭醫學會。
李世代(2002)‧長期照護之概說‧當代醫學,29(1),60-69。
李世代(2003)‧眼睛與耳朵的老化‧台大醫網,18,15-17。
李世代(2005,10月4日)‧老年人的感官特性‧2005年12月9日取自http:// ntuh.mc.ntu.edu.tw/bh/nh/
李世代(2006)‧健康功能與身心障礙‧於呂碧鴻主編,家庭醫學(三版,203-232
頁)‧台北:台灣家庭醫學會。
李鳳利(2003)‧老年性黃斑部退化之最新發展‧中華民國眼科醫學會雜誌,42
(1),14-18。
周佳慧(2001)‧休閒活動與休閒阻礙‧中華體育,15(3),144-149。
林隆光(2001)‧國人視力狀況及障礙之調查‧行政院衛生署研究計畫成果報告(DOH90-TD-1129)。
洪百薰、林豐雄、洪美玟、黃明珠、吳盛良 (1991)‧社區老人健康狀況與需求
評估‧公共衛生,18(3),212-235。
美國醫師協會各專科醫師(2005)‧眼睛與視覺‧家庭醫學百科:權威版(辛壽庭等
人譯,567-591頁)‧台北市:臺灣麥克。(原著出版於1999)
陳人豪、嚴崇仁(2003)‧老年人之生理變化與檢驗數據判讀‧台灣醫學,7(3),
356-363。
陳人豪、嚴崇仁、李世代(2003)‧老化的生物學基礎與生理改變‧李世代主編,老年醫學(一)老年照護與老化的一般原則(27-47頁)‧台北:台灣老年醫學會。
陳朝平(2000)‧藝術概論‧台北:五南。
陳瑩山(2006)‧黃斑部影響視覺品質的最重要構造‧健康世界,249,28-32。
張宏哲(2003)‧老年人的家庭結構、居住安排、社會支持‧於李世代主編,老
年醫學(一)老年照護與老化的一般原則(117-133頁)‧台北:台灣老年醫學會。
張家銘、蔡智能(1999)‧老年人之周全性評估‧台灣醫學,7(3),364-374。
教育部(2007a,3月16日)‧教育部全球資訊網‧2007年3月16日取自http:// www.edu.tw/index.htm
教育部(2007b,4月2日)‧適應體育導論-視覺障礙類‧張訓誥、杞昭安、范文
良,2007年4月3日取自http://140.122.72.29/issued-2.htm
教育部特殊教育通報網(2007,4月3日)‧認識視覺障礙之學生‧劉信雄、王亦
榮、林慶人,2007年4月3日取自http://163.21.111.100/book_ul%5C1%5C14%5 C%E8%A6%96%E9%9A%9C%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A.pdf
國民健康局(2006,10月12日)‧2005年國民健康訪問暨藥物濫用調查‧於
2007年2月7日取自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/BHP/do/chinese/Press/View; jsessionid=683688F413C1EB3FEDB0C96C1E0BF3FB?p_No=20061012105237LIBPIC
國民健康局(2007,2月15日)‧台灣地區高血糖、高血脂、高血壓盛行率調
查‧2007年2月15日取自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/BHP/do/www/themePark DocRead?themeParkDocumentId=2651&type=document&themeParkId=27
國民健康局(2006)‧民國92年台灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤(第5
次)調查成果報‧台北:行政院衛生署國民健康局。
許淑娟、吳宗典(2003)‧全身性疾病與眼睛‧於許紋銘主編,臨床實用眼科學
(初版,423-456)‧台北:合記。
黃盈翔、盧豐華、李世代(2003)‧老年健康問題的特徵‧於李世代主編,老年醫
學(一)老年照護與老化之一般原則(97-116頁)‧台北:台灣老年醫學會。
新竹縣衛生局(2005,11月24日)‧社區及老人視力健康照護‧2007年2月28
日取自http://www.hcshb.gov.tw/main/WebPage/OphthalmologyService/List.aspx
葉莉莉、黃素霞(1998)‧長期照護中的功能評估‧長期照護,2(2),21-26。
劉文俊、李世代(2003)‧老化與高齡的奧妙‧李世代主編,老年醫學(一)老年照護與老化的一般原則(49-65頁)‧台北:台灣老年醫學會。
劉景寬、戴志達、林瑞泰、陳育芬、賴秋蓮(1996).簡短可攜式智能狀態量表
的老人社區常模.中華民國老年醫學會第五屆第三次會員大會暨學術研討會。
衛生署(2005,12月2日)‧民國 93年 衛生統計(二)生命統計年報-台灣地區人口成‧2005年12月8日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/生命統計/93/表2.xls
衛生署(2006a,1月4日)‧灣地區2010年衛生指標白皮書(九十四年版) ‧2006年5月10日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/ufile/doc/200601_台灣地區2010年衛生指標白皮書(94年版).pdf
衛生署(2006b,10月12日)‧2005年國民健康訪問暨藥物濫用調查‧2007年2
月7日取http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/BHP/do/chinese/Press/View;jsessionid=6836 88F413 C1EB3FEDB0C96C1E0BF3FB?p_No=20061012105237LIBPIC
衛生署(2007a,8月28日)‧民國94年衛生統計重要指標‧2007年8月30日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/衛生統計重要指標/95/9.xls
衛生署(2007b,2月7日)‧保健天地‧2007年2月8日取自http://www.doh.gov. tw/cht/index.aspx#
衛生署(2007c,1月17日)‧衛生統計資訊網-國際疾病分類標準‧2007年1月17日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm
戴玉慈、陳美津、陳惠姿、王祖琪、楊清姿、劉紋妙(1998)‧老年人身體生理
發展與健康需求‧老人護理學(初版,35-199頁)‧台北:國立空中大
學。
戴玉慈、羅美芳(1996)‧身體功能評估的概念與量表‧護理雜誌,43(2),63-
68。
鍾福山(1995)‧宗教與社會生活‧台北:內政部。
劉雅甄(2004)‧年齡對動體視力發展之影響‧大專體育學刊,6(3),157-165。


英文部分
Appollonio, I., Carabellese, C., Frattola, L., & Trabucchi, M. (1996). Effects of sensory
aids on the quality of life and mortality of elderly people: A multivariate analysis. Age and Ageing, 25(2), 89-96.
Appollonio, I., Carabellese, C., Magni, E., Frattola, L., & Trabucchi, M. (1995). Sensory
impairments and mortality in an elderly community population: A six-year follow-up study. Age and Ageing, 24(1), 30-36.
Bailey, I. L. & Lovie, J. E. (1976). New design principles for visual acuity letter charts.
American journal of optometry and physiological optics, 5, 740-745.
Bazargan, M., Baker, R. S., & Bazargan, S. H. (2001). Sensory impairments and subjective
well-being among aged African American persons. The Gerontological Society of America, 56(5), 268-278.
Bazargan, M., Bazargan, S., & Baker, R. S. (1998). Emergency department utilization,
hospital admissions, and physician visits among elderly African American persons. The Gerontologist, 38(1), 25-36.
Bazargan, M., & Hamm-Baugh. V. P. (1995). The relationship between chronic illness
and depression in a community of urban black elderly persons. The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 50(2), S119–127.
Bennett, G. C. J., & Ebrahim, S. (1995). The Essentials of Health Care in Old Age (2nd
ed.), London: Edward Arnold.
Branch, L. G., Horowitz, A., & Carr, C. (1989). The implications for everyday life of
incident self-reported visual decline among people over age 65 living in the community. The Gerontologist, 29(3), 359–365.
Brézin, A. P., Lafuma, A., Fagnani, F., Mesbah, M., & Berdeaux, G. (2005). Prevalence and burden of self-reported blindness, low vision, and visual impairment in the French community: a nationwide survey. Arch Ophthalmol, 123(8), 1117-1124.
Brody, B. L., Gamst, A. C., Williams, R. A., Smith, A. R., Lau, P. W., Dolnak, D., Rapaport, M. H., Kaplan, R. M. & Brown, S. I. (2001). Depression, visual acuity, comorbidity, and disability associated with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 108(10), 1893–1901.
Brown, M. D. (1988). Functional assessment of the elderly. Jurnal of Gerontol Nurs, 14(5),
13-17.
Buch, H., Vinding, T., & Nielsen, N. V. (2001). Prevalence and causes of visual
impairment according to World Health Organization and United States criteria in an aged, urban Scandinavian population: the Copenhagen City Eye Study. Ophthalmology, 108(12), 2347-57.
Burg, A.(1966). Visual acuity as measured by dynamic and static tests: a comparative
evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50(6), 460-466.
Caban, A. J., Lee, D. J., Gómez-Marín, O., Lam, B. L., & Zheng, D. D. (2005). Prevalence
of concurrent hearing and visual impairment in US adults: The national health interview survey, 1997-2002. American Journal Of Public Health, 95(11), 1940-1942.
Campbell, V. A., Crews, J. E., Moriarty, D. G., Zack, M. M., & Blackman, D. K. (1999).
Surveillance for sensory impairment, activity limitation, and health related quality of life among older adults—United States, 1993-1997. MMWR CDC Surveillance Summaries, 48(8), 131-156.
Carabellese, C., Appollonio, I., Rozzini, R., Bianchetti, A., Frisoni, G. B., Frattola, L., & Trabucchi, M. (1993). Sensory impairment and quality of life in a community elderly population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(4), 401-407.
Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (2004). Combined effect of vision and hearing impairment on
depression in elderly Chinese. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(9), 825-832.
Congdon, N., O'Colmain, B., Klaver, C. C., Klein, R., Munoz, B., Friedman, D. S.,
Kempen, J., Taylor, H. R., & Mitchell, P. (2004). Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Archives of Ophthalmology, 122(4), 477-485.
Cornoni-Huntley, J., Brock, D. B., Ostfeld, A., Taylor, J. O., & Wallace, R. B. (1986).
Establishment population for epidemiology studies of the elderly, Resource Data Book. National Institutes of Health, NIH Pub, 86-2443.
Crews, J. E., & Campbell, V. A. (2001). Health conditions, activity limitations and
participation restrictions among older people with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 95(8), 458–67.
Crews, J. E., & Campbell, V. A. (2004). Vision impairment and hearing loss among
community-dwelling older Americans: implications for health and functioning. American Journal of Public Health, 94(5), 823-839.
Crimmins, E. M., Hayward, M. D., & Saito, Y. (1994). Changing mortality and
morbidity rates and the health status and life expectancy of the older population.
Demography. 31(1), 159-75.
Dargent-Molina, P. Hays, M., & Breart, G. (1996). Sensory impairments and physical
disability in aged women living at home. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25(3), 621-629.
de Boer, M. R., de Vet, H. C., Terwee, C. B., Moll, A. C., Volker-Dieben, H. J., & van Rens, G. H. (2005). Changes to the subscales of two vision-related quality of life questionnaires are proposed. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58(12), 1260-1268.
DiNuzzo, A. R., Black, S. A., Lichtenstein, M. J., & Markides, K. S. (2001). Prevalence of
functional blindness, visual impairment, and related functional deficits among elderly Mexican Americans. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 56(9), M548–551.
Duh, E. J., & Aiello, L. P. (2002). Basic Pathobiology of the eye and its complications. In
Porte,Jr. et al., Ellenberg & Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus, Stamford, Conn. : Appleton & Lange .
Ensrud, K. E., Nevitt, M. C., Yunis, C., Cauley, J. A., Seeley, D. G., Fox, K. M., &
Cummings, S. R. (1994). Correlates of impaired function in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42(5), 481-489.
Evans, J. R., Fletcher, A. E., & Wormald, R. P. L. (2004). Causes of visual impairment in
people aged 75 years and older in Britain: an add-on study to the MRC Trial of Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 88(3), 365-70.
Evans, J. R., Fletcher, A. E., Wormald, R. P., Ng, E. S., Stirling, S., Smeeth, L., Breeze, E.,
Bulpitt, C. J., Nunes, M., Jones, D., & Tulloch, A. (2002). Prevalence of visual impairment in people aged 75 years and older in Britain: results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86(7), 795-800.
Frattali, C. M. (1993). Perspectives on functional assessment: its use for policy making.
Disability Rehabilitation, 15(1), 1-9.
Guralnik, J. M., & Kaplan, G. A. (1989). Predictors of healthy aging: Prospective evidence
from the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Public Health, 79(6), 703-708.
Guralnik, J. M., & Lacroix, A. Z. (1992). Assessing physical function in older population.
In R. B. Wallace & R. F. Woolson (Ed.), The Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (pp. 159-195). New York: Oxford University Press.
Hofstetter,H.W.(2002)‧眼科視光學與醫學名詞英漢辭典(吳怡璁編譯)‧台北:視全。(原著出版於2000)
Hooyman, N. R. & Kiyak, H. A.(2003a)‧生理老化的社會影響‧社會老人學(林歐
貴英、郭鐘隆譯,99-162頁)‧台北:五南。(原著出版於2002)
Hooyman, N. R. & Kiyak, H. A.(2003b)‧有生產力的老年人:支薪、非支薪角色及
活動‧社會老人學(林歐貴英、郭鐘隆譯,575-650頁)‧台北:五南。(原著出版於2002)
Horowitz, A., Brennan, M., & Reinhardt, J. P. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for self-
reported visual impairment among middle-aged and older adults. Research On Aging, 27(3), 307-326.
Horowitz, A., & Reinhardt, J. P. (2000). Mental health issues in visual impairment:
research in depression, disability, and rehabilitation. Edited by B. Silverstone, M. Lang, B. Rosenthal, and E. Faye., The Lighthouse Handbooks on Vision Impairment and Vision Rehabilitation( pp.1089–1109). New York: Oxford University Press.
Horton, J. C., & Jones, M. R. (1997). Warning on inaccurate Rosenbaum cards for testing
near vision. Survey of Ophthalmology, 42(2), 169-74.
Hsu, W. M., Cheng, C. Y., Liu, J. H., Tsai, S. Y., & Chou, P. (2004). Prevalence and causes
of visual impairment in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan:the Shihpai Eye
Study. Ophthalmology, 111(1), 62-69.
Inouye, S. K., Wagner, D. R., Acampora, D., Horwitz, R. I., Cooney, L. M., Hurst, L. D., &
Tinetti, M. E. (1993). A predictive index for functional decline in hospitalized elderly medical patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 8(12), 645-652.
Ivers, R. Q., Cumming, R. G., Mitchell, P., & Attebo, K. (1998).Visual impairment and
falls in older adults: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46(1), 58-64.
Ivers, R. Q., Mitchell, P., & Cumming, R. G. (2000).Visual function tests, eye disease and
symptoms of visual disability: a population-based assessment. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 28(1), 41-47.
Jette, A. M., & Branch, L. G. (1985). Impairment and disability in the aged. Journal of
Chronic Diseases, 38(1), 59-65.
Johnson, G. J., Minassian, D. C., Weale, R. A., & West, S. K. (2003). Prevalence, incidence
and distribution of visual impairment . The epidemiology of eye disease ( 2nd ed., pp.3-30). London : Arnold.
Karnofaky, D. A., Abelman, W. H., & Craver, L. F. (1948). The use of nitrogen mustards in
the palliative treatment of carcinoma. Cancer, 1, 634-656.
Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., & Taffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of
illness in the aged: The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. Journal of the American Medical Association, 185(12), 914-918.
Keller, B. K., Morton, J. L., Thomas, V. S., & Potter, J. F. (1999). The effect of visual and
hearing impairments on functional status. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(11), 1319-1325.
Kelly, M. (1995). Consequences of visual impairment on leisure activities of the
elderly.Geriatric Nursing, 16(6), 273-275.
Kington, R., Rogowski, J., Lillard, L., & Lee, P. P. (1997). Functional associations of
"trouble seeing". Journal of General Internal Medicine, 12(2), 125-128.
Klaver, C. C. W., Wolfs, R. C. W., Vingerling, J. R., Hofman, A., & de Jong, P. T. V. M.
(1998). Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population: the Rotterdam Study. Archives of ophthalmology, 116(5), 653-658.
Kosnik, W., Winslow, L., Kline, D., Rasinski, K., & Sekuler,R. (1988). Visual changes in
daily life throughout adulthood. Journal of Gerontology, 43(3), P63-70.
Kuiransky, J., & Gurland, G. (1976). The performance test of activities of daily living.
International Journal Aging Human Develop, 7, 343-352.
Laforge, R. G., Spector, W. D., & Sternberg, J. (1992). The relationship of vision and
earing impairment to one-year mortality and functional decline. Journal of Aging and Health, 4(1), 126-148.
Lam, B. L., Lee, D. J., Gómez-Marín, O., Zheng, D. D., & Caban, A. J. (2006). Concurrent
visual and hearing impairment and risk of mortality: The National Health Interview Survey. Archives of ophthalmology, 124(1), 95-101.
Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and
instrument activity of daily living. Gerontologist, 9(3), 179-186.
Lee, D. J., Lam, B. L., Gómez-Marín, O., Zheng, D. D., & Caban, A. J. (2005). Concurrent
hearing and visual impairment and morbidity in community-residing adults: The National Health Interview Survey, 1986 to 1996. Journal of Aging and Health, 17(5), 531-546.
Lee, H. K., & Scudds, R. J. (2003). Comparison of balance in older people with and
without visual impairment. Age and Ageing, 32(6), 643-639.
Lee, P., Smith, J. P., & Kington, R. (1999). The relationship of self-rated vision and
hearing to functional status and well-being among seniors 70 years and older. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 127(4), 447-452.
Lee, P. P., Spritzer, K., & Hays, R. D. (1997). The impact of blurred vision on functioning
and well-being. Ophthalmology, 104(3), 390–396.
Leonard, W. H. (2003). How,s your visual acuity? The Science Teacher, 70(9), 26–30.
Lgnatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Mishler, M. A.(1998)‧眼睛與視力的評估.
現代內外科護理(胡月娟等人譯,1535-1549頁)‧台北:華杏。(原著出版於1995)
Lin, L. L K., Shih, Y. F., Ho, T. C., Wang, T. H., Chen, C. J., & Hung, P. T. (2001). The
refractive status of middle-aged and elderly population in Chin-Shan Xiang, Taipei county. Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology, 40(1), 1-8.
Lord, S. R.,& Dayhew, J. (2001). Visual risk factors for falls in older people. Journal of
the American Geriatrics Society, 49(5), 508-515.
Lupsakko, T. A., Mantyjarvi, M. I., Sulkava, R. O., & Kautiainen, H. J. (2002). Combined
functional visual and hearing impairment in a population aged 75 and older in
Finland and its influence on activities of daily living. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 50(10), 1748-1749.
Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. W. (1965). Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index.
Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 56-61.
Maino, J. H. (1996). Visual deficits and mobility.Evaluation and management. Clinics in
Geriatric Medicine, 12(4), 803-23.
Marx, M. S., Werner, P., Cohen-Mansfield, J., & Feldman, R. (1992). The relationship
between low vision and performance of activities of daily living in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40(10), 1018-1020.
Matheson, L. N. (2001). Disability methodology redesign: considerations for a new
approach to disability determination. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 11(3), 135-42.
Matheson, L. N., Kaskutas, V., McCowan, S., Shaw, H., & Webb, C. ( 2001). Development
of a database of functional assessment measures related to work disability. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 11(3), 177-199.
Matteson, M. A., McConnell, E. S., & Linton, A. D. (1996). Age-related change in the
special sense.Gerontological nursing : concepts and practice(2nd ed., pp386-396). Philadelphia: Saunders.
McGavin, C. R., Artvinli, M., Naoe, H., & McHardy, G. J. (1978). Dyspnoea, disability,
and distance walked: comparison of estimates of exercise performance in respiratory disease. British medical journal, 22(2), 241-243.
Merck (2005, May). Dermatologic and Sensory Organ Disorders. In The Merck
Manual of Geriatrics. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http://www.merck.com/ mrkshared/mmg/home.jsp
Miller, C. A.(2003)‧視力‧老人護理:理論與實務(馬鳳歧、方雅莉、許靖蘭、周麗婷譯,238-266頁)‧台北:五南。(原著出版於1999)
Mor, V., Murphy, J., Masterson-Allen, S., Willey, G., Razmpour, A., Jackson, M. E., Greer,
D., & Katz, S. (1989). Risk of functional decline among well elders. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 42(9), 895–904.
Morris, J. N., Hawes, C., Fries, B. E., Phillips, C. D., Mor, V., Katz, S., Murphy, K.,
Drugovich, M. L., Friedlob, A. S. (1990). Designing the National Resident Assessment Instrument for Nursing Homes. The Gerontological Society of America, 30(3), 293-302.
Nagi, S. Z. (1965). Some conceptual issues in disability and rehabilitation. In M. B.
Sussman (Ed.), Sociology and Rehabilitation. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
Nagi, S. Z. (1976). An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. The
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 54, 439-467.
National Center for Health Statistics. (2007, Jan 11). Vital and health statistics:current
estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1993. Retrieved February 3,2007,from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/10_190_1.pdf
National Center for Health Statistics. (Havlik,R.J.) (1986). Aging in the eighties: Impaired
senses for sound and light in persons age 65 years and over. Preliminary data from
the Supplement on Aging to the National Health Interview Surivey, U. S., January-June 1984. Advance Data No. 125:1-7. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad125.pdf
National Eye Institute. (2006, Nov)‧Vision Problems in the U.S.‧Retrieved February 5,
2007, from http://www.nei.nih.gov/eyedata/pdf/VPUS.pdf
National Institutes of Health . (1999). The aging senses: Relationships among multiple
sensory systems (PA Number: PA-99-123). Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
Nevitt, M. C., Cummings, S. R., Kidd, S., & Black, D. (1989). Risk factors for recurrent
nonsyncopal falls.A prospective study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 261(18), 2663-2668.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.(1998, June 17). OECD
Studies in Risk Management Sweden SAFETY OF THE ELDERLY. Retrieved May 1,
2006, from http://www.oecd.org/home/0,2987,en_2649_201185_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
Pfeiffer , E. (1975). A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of
organic brain deficit in elderly patient. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 23, 433-441.
Ramrattan, R. S., Wofs, R. C., Panda-Jones, S., Jonas, J. B., Bakker, D., Rols, H. S.,
Hofman, A., & de Jong, P. T. (2001). Prevalence and causes of visual field loss in the elderly and associations with impairment in daily functioning: the Rotterdam Study. Archives of Ophthalmology, 119(12), 1788–1794.
Resnikoff, S., Pascolini, D., Etya'ale, D., Kocur, I., Pararajasegaram, R., Pokharel, G. P., &
Mariotti, S. P. (2004). Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(11), 844-851.
Reuben, D. B. (1999). Principles of geriatric assessment. In Hazzard, W., Blass, J., Halter,
J., Ouslander, J., Tinetti, M., Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. (4th ed., pp. 467-481). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Reuben, D. B., Mui, S., Damesyn, M., Moore, A. A., & Greendale, G. A. (1999). The
prognostic value of sensory impairment in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(8), 930-935.
Reuben, D. B., Solomon, D. H. (1989). Assessment in geriatrics. Of caveats and names.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37(6), 570-572.
Rich, L. F. (1990). Ophthalmology. In Cassel, C. K., Riesenberg, D. E., Sorensen, L. B., &
Walsh, J. R. (Ed.), Geriatric Medicine(2nd ed., pp. 394-404). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Rovner, B. W., Zisselman, P. M., & Shmuely-Dulitzki, Y. (1996). Depression and disability
in older people with impaired vision: a follow-up study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(2), 181-184
Rubin, G. S., WestS. K., Munoz, B., Bandeen-Roche, K., Zeger, S., Schein, O., & Fried, L. P. (1997). A comprehensive assessment of visual impairment in a population of older Americans. The SEE Study. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Scince, 38(3), 557-568.
Rudberg, M. A., Furner, S. E., Dunn, J. E., & Cassel, C. K. (1993). The relationship of
visual and hearing impairments to disability: an analysis using the longitudinal study of aging. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 48(6), M261–265.
Salive, M. E., Guralnik, J., Christen, W., Glynn, R. J., Colsher, P., & Ostfed, A. M. (1992).
Functional blindness and visual impairment in older adults from three communities. Ophthalmology, 99(12), 1840–1847.
Salive, M. E., Guralnik, J., Christen, W., Glynn, R. J., Colsher, P., & Ostfed, A. M. (1994).
Association of visual impairment with mobility and physical function. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 42(3), 287-292.
Scott, I. U, Smiddy, W. E., Schiffman, J., Feuer, W. J., & Pappas, C. J. (1999). Quality of
life of low-vision patients and the impact of low-vision services. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 128(1), 54–62.
Sloan, F. A., Picone, G., Brown, D. S., & Lee, P. P. (2005). Longitudinal analysis of the
relationship between regular eye examinations and changes in visual and functional status. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(11), 1867-1874.
Sperduto, R. D. (1994). Age-related cataracts : Scope of problem and prospects for
prevention. Preventive Medicine, 23(5), 735-739.
Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (1992). Community health nursing process and practice
for promoting Health. St. Louis : Mosby.
Swanson, M. W., & McGwin, G. (2004). Visual impairment and functional status from the
1995 National Health Interview Survey on Disability. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 11(3), 227-239.
Thompson, J. R., Gibson, J. M., & Jagger, C. (1989). The association between visual
impairment and mortality in elderly people. Age and Ageing, 18(2), 83-88.
Tielsch, J. M., Javitt, J. C., Coleman, A., Katz, J., & Sommer, A. (1995). The prevalence of
blindness and visual impairment among nursing home residents in Baltimore. The New England Journal of Medicine, 332(18), 1205-1209.
Tinetti, M. E., Williams, T. F., & Mayewski, R. (1989). Fall risk index for elderly patients
based on number of chronic disabilities. The American Journal of Medicine, 80(3), 429-434.
Tsai, S. Y., Cheng, C. Y., Hsu, W. M., Su, T. P., Liu, J. H., & Chou, P. (2003). Association
between visual qimpairment and depression in the elderly. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 102(2), 86-90.
Tsai, C. Y., Yang, C. S., Tung, T. H., Chou, P. S., Kuo, L. L., Tsai, I. L., & Woung, L. C.
(2003). Community-based study on prevalence and causes of visual impairment
among the elderly in Taipei and Matsu. Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology, 42(3),
178-186.
Valbuena, M., Bandeen-Roche, K., Rubin, G. S., Munoz, B., & West, S. K. (1999). Self-
reported assessment of visual function in a population-based study: the SEE project. Salisbury Eye Evaluation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 40(2), 280-288.
van der Pols, J. C., Bates, C. J., McGraw, P. V., Thompson, J. R., Reacher, M., Prentice, A.,
& Finch, S. (2000). Visual acuity measurements in a national sample of British elderly people. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 84(2), 165–170.
VanNewkirk, M. R., Weih, L., McCarty, C. A., Stanislavsky, Y. L., Keeffe, J. E., & Taylor,
H. R. (2000). Visual impairment and eye diseases in elderly institutionalized Australians. Ophthalmology, 107(12), 2203-2208.
Wang, J. J., Foran, S., & Mitchell, P. (2000). Age-specific prevalence and causes of
bilateral and unilateral visual impairment in older Australians: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 28(4), 268-273.
Weih, L. M., VanNewkirk, M. R., McCarty, C. A., & Taylor, H. R. (2000). Age-specific
causes of bilateral visual impairment. Archives of ophthalmology, 118(2), 264-269.
West, S. K., Munoz, B., Rubin, G. S., Schein, O. D., Bandeen-Roche, K., Zeger, S.,
German, S., & Fried, L. P. (1997). Function and visual impairment in a population based study of older adults: The SEE project.Salisbury Eye Evaluation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 38(1), 72–82.
West, S. K., Gildengorin, G., Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G., Schneck, M. E., Lott, L., & Brabyn,
J. A. (2002). Is vision function related to physical functional ability in older adults?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(1), 136–145.
World Health Organization (2004, Nov 22). Global data on visual impairment in the year
2002. Retrieved January 22, 2007, from http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/11/ en/844.pdf
World Health Organization (2006, Jun 30). Global burden of disease (GBS)Study 2000-
2002: GBS sequelae and case definitions. Retrieved June 30, 2006, from
http://www.who.int/evidence/bod
World Health Organization (2007a, Jan 28). VISION 2020 - Report on World Sight 2002.
Retrieved January 28, 2007, from http://www.who.int/ncd/vision2020_actionplan/ documents/ReportonWorldSight2002.pdf
World Health Organization (2007b, Mar 8). Towards a common language for functioning,
disability and health: ICF. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http://www3.who.int/icf/ beginners/bg.pdf
World Health Organization (2007c, Feb 7). History of ICD. Retrieved February 7, 2007,
from http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/HistoryOfICD.pdf
World Health Organization (2007d, Feb 3). International statistical classification of
diseases and related health problems 10th revision version for 2006. Retrieved
February 3, 2007, from http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/
World Health Organization (2007e, Mar 10). International Classification of Functioning
Disability and Health. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from http://www3.who.int/icf/ icftemplate.cfm?myurl=homepage.html&mytitle=Home%20Page
Williams, J., Lyons, B., & Rowland, D. (1997). Unmet long-term care needs of elderly
people in the community: A review of the literature. Home health care services quarterly, 16, 93–119.
Yanoff, M., & Duker, J. S. (2004). Optics of the Normal Eye. Ophthalmology (2nd ed,
pp59-67). St.Louis: Mosby.
Zainal, M., Ismail, S. M., Ropilah, A. R., Elias, H., Arumugam, G., Alias, D., Fathilah, J., Lim, T. O., Ding, L. M., & Goh, P. P. (2002). Prevalence of blindness and low vision in Malaysian population: results from the National Eye Survey 1996. The British journal of ophthalmology, 86(9), 951-6.
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top