臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文旨在檢視王爾德的小說The Picture of Dorian Gray與王大閎齊名之譯作《杜連魁》之間對同性戀議題的不同發揮。探討《杜連魁》譯本雖可見於華人的評論、譯評及學術研究領域，但探討範圍大多侷限於語言或文化的對等，尚未有研究深入探討同性戀的議題是否在翻譯中喪失及其此喪失的過程，甚至連原作的同性戀書寫也常受到忽略。我的研究以傳統翻譯的定義來評析王大閎的譯作，也就是假設原文有可譯的涵義，一來是因為此種研究角度能直接點出我所想發掘的呈現差異，二來則是因為譯者及譯作本身宣稱忠實，並長久以來被冠上忠實翻譯的光環，並為大多數的讀者、研究者所信服，我刻意運用這種標籤來探討譯文，質疑同性戀主題是否也如譯者所言，信實地呈現。根據此研究角度，我先分析王爾德的情慾書寫，然後再剖析王大閎的處理策略。


研究發現，王爾德的情慾表達是建立於偽異性戀架構之上，再佐以繁多同性戀情欲轉喻，因此充滿了暗示性的書寫。而王大閎的譯作則是偏離原作傳遞的同性戀身份論述，並把外觀的掩護轉換成故事的內容。一方面，譯者運用中國古代男色來描寫同性情慾，但因為中西性別、情慾文化觀點不同，這促使譯文偏離王爾德傳達的同性戀意識。再來，譯者加強道德警世寓言的意味，強化異性戀架構，並融入中國男性道德觀，使得原先是講述置身於衣櫃內同性戀者的故事，搖身變成了道德敗壞而言形放蕩的花花公子。王大閎的翻譯策略顯露了典型的異性戀者對同性戀者的雙重態度（homographesis）。本研究得到的結論乃是，同性戀書寫因該性傾向之邊緣、次文化及受歧視的地位，而必須發展出暗示性的書寫方式，譯者可因個人目的、喜好，輕易地在譯文中消弭同性戀情慾。故翻譯研究在探討牽涉同性情欲的書寫時，不應完全誠服於翻譯忠實的標籤，而忽略了潛在的同性情慾改寫。有鑒於王大閎當時翻譯時台灣同性戀論述及書寫資源皆有限，他仍可介入操縱，並遮掩他的改寫，消弭同性情慾，以當今蓬勃發展的男同志與女同志文化，可想見會釋出更多複雜的因素、改寫策略及操縱的可能性。同性戀書寫，可因翻譯而強化、顯現、出櫃，但翻譯也可能改變、消弭、移除此情慾。本文指出同性情慾翻譯的操縱，唯研究範圍有限，有待日後研究，尤其是有關華語的翻譯，以繼續探討翻譯與同性戀情慾書寫之相互作用。

This study aims to look into Oscar Wilde’s only and well-known novel The Picture of Dorian Gray and its similarly acclaimed translated counterpart, Wang Dahong’s Du Liankui, to excavate how homosexual poetics and identity politics embedded in the source text are transformed in the translation. Much literature addressing this particular translation could be found in reviews, comments and academic studies in Chinese-speaking culture, yet the focus is largely placed on linguistic and cultural equivalence: none of them has paid much attention to or gone deep enough into this homosexual domain—either in terms of the source text or target text. Current studies have seldom suspected, or only held sporadic interest in, first, whether homosexual thematic is lost in translation, and second, how such loss is “achieved.” I adopt the traditional sense of translation, one that constantly centers on the kernel meaning of the original text and fidelity to it, to examine Wang’s translation in part because it would reveal most directly the loss which this study has interest in. Meanwhile, given the translator’s own claim of and his long established and trusted faithfulness to Wilde’s novel, I would utilize the same fundamental ground to unearth the changeover that underlies his translation, to challenge his rendering of Wilde’s sexual politics. Given this pretext, I first examine Wilde’s writing strategy, and then disclose Wang’s response to and treatment of such homosexual aspect.


A close analysis discovers that Wilde builds homosexual expressions upon ambiguity to avoid direct homophobic condemnation. The author constructs illicit homoerotic desire upon a seemingly heterosexual framework with which he then fuses homosexual metonymies. Wang’s rendering however deviates from Wilde’s gay identity politics and turns such camouflage devises into the real metaphor of the story. Wang’s insidious manipulations lie in how he utilizes ancient Chinese male eroticism as representational basis, as part of his bigger scheme of recontextualization. This move, because of Sino-Western cultural differences, ensures that male-male desire would come to an end and not deliver the gay identity lingo. At the same time Wang enhances the moral allegory, part of the pseudo-heterosexual framework, and brings in Sinicized masculine morality, making Du Liankui a story essentially about a morally unrestrained womanizer, as opposed to an oppressed homosexual in the original novel. Wang’s translation reveals the working of homographesis, a heterosexist strategic response to homosexuals. Yet the translator with his manipulative artistry is able to mask his maneuvers. My case study demonstrates how homosexual writing, because of the often ambivalent expressions required by its minor, subcultural, and ghetto positions, can be easily channeled into non-homosexual agenda at the translator’s will. The case in point offered here could serve as a reminder of how translation studies should not take for granted fidelity on the surface when dealing with a translation involving homosexuality. If even in Wang’s case of historic restraint of homosexual discourses and representational resources during 1970s, manipulations could still occur—and be smoothed over—imagine the current refined Taiwan gay and lesbian culture will unleash how many more complex forces, rewriting devises and possibilities of manipulations. Homosexuality could be enhanced, verbalized, visualized, but on the other hand it could also be transformed, diminished and lost in translation. My study is conducted in the hope of stressing such possible manipulation and anticipating more effort in future translation studies, especially concerning Chinese translations, to complete understanding of the interplay between homosexuality and translation.

Chapter One Introduction: Seeing a Closet 1
1.1 Homosexuality in Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray 3
1.2 Wang’s Du Liankui 5

Chapter Two An Open Secret: Male Homosexual Subtexts in
The Picture of Dorian Gray 12
2.1 Gathering Homophobic Momentum:The Victorian Society in the Late Nineteenth Century 12
2.2 Homosexual Subtexts 16

Chapter Three Transforming Homosexual Subtexts:
Sinicized Male-male Desire 36
3.1 From Manifestation to Diminution: Digression from Homosexual Subtexts 39
3.1.1 “Aggressive-passive” Homoerotic Voice 40
3.1.2 Receding Homoeroticism 45
3.2 The Working of Traditional Chinese Male-male Desire 51
3.2.1 Chinese Male-Male Desire Emerging: Subject/Object Pattern 51
3.2.2 Chinese Male-Male Desire at Work: Male Bisexual Life Cycle 66

Chapter Four A Heterosexist “Moral” 83
4.1 A Mirage of Homosexual Visibility 84
4.2 Vamping up a Heterosexual Moral 86
4.2.1. Morality: Cementing the Heterosexual Appeal 86
4.2.2 Chinese Morality as a Heterosexual Catalyst 96
4.2.3 Desexualization of Male-male Desire 101
4.3 Heterosexist Mentality 104

Chapter Five Conclusion 108

Works Cited 118

Works Cited

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by David Ross. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Bai, Xianyong 白先勇. “Jia Baoyu de suyuan: Jiang Yuhan yu Hua Xiren—jianlun Honglou men de jieju yiyi 賈寶玉的俗緣：蔣玉函與花襲人—兼論紅樓夢的結局意義.” In Di lio zhi shozhi 第六隻手指, 91-105. Taipei: Erya, 1995.
----------. “Liangfu yin 梁父吟.” In Taipei ren 臺北人, 101-115. Taipei: Chengzhong, 1974.
Billington, Ray. Understanding Eastern Philosophy. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Bristow, Joseph. “‘A Complex Multiform Creature’—Wilde’s Sexual Identities.” In The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, edited by Peter Raby, 195-218. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
----------. “Wilde, Dorian Gray, and gross indecency.” In Sexual Sameness: Textual Differences in Lesbian and Gay Writing, edited by Joseph Bristow, 45-63. London: Routledge, 1992.
Cartledge, Paul. “The Importance of Being Dorian: an Onomastic Gloss on the Hellenism of Oscar Wilde.” Hermathena: A Trinity College Dublin Review, no. 147 (Winter 1989): 7-15.
Chan, Tak-hung Leo. “The Poetics of Recontextualiztion: Intertextuality in a Chinese
Adaptive Translation of the Picture of Dorian Gray.” Comparative Literature Studies 41 (2004): 463-481.
Chiang, Ya-Chun 蔣雅君. “Eccentric Parabiosis in Oriental Aura and Western Constitution: Wang, Ta-Hung translated ‘Du, Lian-Kue’ 東方神韻與西方體質的詭異共生─王大閎譯寫杜連魁.” Cities and Designs 城市與設計學報, no. 11/12 (March, 2000): 207-231.
Chiao, Chien, “Female Chastity in Chinese Culture.” Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology 中央研究院民族學研究所集刊 31 (Spring 1997): 205-211.
Cohen, Ed. “Writing Gone Wilde: Homosexual Desire in the Closet of Representation,” PMLA 102, no.5 (Oct. 1987): 801-813.
Crompton, Louis. Homosexuality and Civilization. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.
D'Elia, Pasquale M. S.J., ed. Fonti Ricciane : Documenti Originali Concernenti Matteo Ricci e la Storia delle Prime Relazioni tra l'Europa e la Cina, vol. 1. Rome : Libreria dello Stato, 1942-1949.
Dellamora, Richard. Masculine Desire: The Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism. Chapel Hills: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
Du, Shinshin 杜欣欣. “The Pictures of Dorian Gray: A Cultural Analysis of Six
Chinese Translations in Taiwan 格雷群像：文化翻譯視野下的譯本研究.”
MA Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, 2005.
Eco, Umberto. “Overinterpreting Texts.” In Interpretation and Overinterpretation, edited by Stefan Collini, 45-66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Edelman, Lee. “Homographesis.” Yale Journal of Criticism 3, no. 1 (1989): 189-207.
----------. Homographesis: Essays in Gay Literary and Cultural theory. New York: Routledge, 1994.
Edwards, Louise P. Men and Women in Qing China: Gender in the Red Chamber Dream. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2001.
Ellmann, Richard. Oscar Wilde. New York: Vintage, 1988.
Evseeff, David. “Studies in Classical Chinese Male Homoerotic Literature.” MA Thesis, National Taiwan University, 2006.
Fan, Xiong 樊雄. Zhonggua gudai fangzhong wenhua tanmi 中國古代房中文化探秘. Taipei: Shin Chan She, 1996.
Foucault, Michael. The History of Sexuality. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
Fletcher, Ian and Malcolm Bradbury. “Preface.” In Decadence and the 1890s, edited by Malcolm Bradbury and David Palmer, with the assistance of Ian Fletcher, 7-13. London: Edward Arnold, 1979.
Fran, Martin. “Surface Tensions: Reading Productions of Tongzhi in Contemporary Taiwan.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 6, no.1 (2000): 61-86.
Frow, John. “Intertextuality and Ontology.” In Intertextuality: Theories and Practice, edited by Judith Still and Michael Worton, 45-55. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1990.
Freud, Sigmund. Three Case Histories. Edited by Philip Rieff. New York: Macmillian/ Collier, 1963.
Furth, Charlotte. “Androgynous Males and Deficient Females: Biology and Gender Boundaries in Sixteenth-Century China.” Late Imperial China 9, no.2 (December 1988): 1-31.
Gainer, Regina. “Wilde and the Victorians.” In The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, edited by Peter Raby, 18-33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Gao, Xingjiang 高信疆. “Shuangbi jiaohui: yeshi yizhong Wang Erde shi de quwei 雙璧交輝─也是一種王爾德式的趣味.” In Du Liankui, 1-5. Taipei: Chiu-ko, 2006.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. London: Routledge, 1993.
Gilbert, Sandra and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.
Greenberg, David. The Construction of Homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Gulik, Robert H. van. Sexual Life in Ancient China : A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society From ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974.
Harvey, Keith. “Translating Camp Talk.” In “Translation and Minority,” edited by Mona Baker, with the assistance of Lawrence Venuti. Special Issue, The Translator 4, no.2 (1998): 295-320.
Hinsch, Bret. Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth, eds. Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Kang, Zhangguo 康正果. Aspects of Sexuality and Literature in Ancient China 重審風月鑑：性與中國古典文學. Taipei: Rye Field, 1996.
Keenaaghan, Eric. “Jack Spicer’s Pricks and Cocksuckers: Translating Homosexualuty into Invisibility.” In “Translation and Minority,” edited by Mona Baker, with the assistance of Lawrence Venuti. Special Issue, The Translator 4, no.2 (1998): 273-294.
Kristeva, Julia. Semiotiké: Recherches pour une sémanalyse. Paris: Seuil, 1969.
Liu, Dalin 劉達臨. Xing de lishi 性的歷史. Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu, 2001.
Liu, Liang-ya. “The Politics of Transgressive Desire: Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray.” Studies in Language and Literature 6 (Oct. 1994):101-125.
Lo, Peng-Cheung. “Zhu Xi and Confucian Sexual Ethics.” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 4 (December 1993): 465-477.
Mann, Susan. “The Male Bond in Chinese History and Culture.” American Historical Review 105, no.5:1600-1614.
Mason, Stuart. Oscar Wilde: Art and Morality: A Record of the Discussion Which Followed the Publication of The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York: Haskell House, 1971.
Mccormack, Jerusha. “Wilde’s fiction(s).” In The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, edited by Peter Raby, 96-117. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
Nagy, Gregory. The Best of Achaeans. 2nd ed. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996. Also available online at http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/
nagy/BofATL/chapter6.html.
Nunokawa, Jeff. “Homosexual Desire and the Effacement of the Self in The Picture of Dorian Gray.” American Imago 49, no.3: 311-321.
Ovid. Metamorphoses. Translated by A. D. Melville. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Pan, Guangdan 潘光旦. “Zhongguo wenxian zhong de xingbian tai ziliao 中國文獻中的性變態資料.” In Zhongguo gudai fangzhong wenhua tanmi, edited by Fan Xiong, 375-408. Taipei: Shin Chan She, 1996.
Popovič, Anton. “The Concept ‘Shift of Expression’ in Translation Analysis.” In The Nature of Translation, edited by James S. Holmes, with assistance of Frans de Hanna and Anton Popovič, 78-87. The Hague: Mouton, 1970.
Ricci, Matteo. Tianzhu shiyi. In Li Madou zhongwen zhuyi ji, edited by Zhu Weizhen 朱維錚. Shanghai: Fudan, 2001.
Sang, Tze-lan, D. The Emgerging Lesbian: Female Same-Sex Desire in Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
-----------. Epistemology of the Closet. Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.
Song, Geng. “Jasper-like Face and Rosy Lips: An Intertextual Reading of the Effeminate Male Body in Pre-Modern Chinese Romances.” Tamkang Review 33, no.1 (Autumn 2002): 77-111.
-----------. The Fragile Scholar: Power and Masculinity in Chinese Culture. Aberdeen: Hong Kong University Press, 2004.
Spence, Jonathon D. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York: Penguin Books, 1985.
Still, Judith, and Michael Worton, eds. Intertextuality: Theories and Practices. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1990.
Venuti, Lawrence. “Introduction.” In “Translation and Minority,” edited by Mona Baker, with the assistance of Lawrence Venuti. Special Issue, The Translator 4, no.2 (1998): 135-144.
Vitiello, Giovanni. “The Dragon’s Whim: Ming and Qing Homoerotic Tales from the Cut Sleeve.” T’oung Pao LXXVIII (1992): 341-372.
Wang, Chong 王寵. “Cong Du Liankui yishu tan wenxue fanyi de shikong zhangyi 從杜連魁一書談文學翻譯的時空轉移.” Chung-Wai Literary Monthly 中外文學9, no.12:116-129.
Wang, Dahong. Du Liankui, Taipei: Chiu-ko, 2006.
Wang, Shunu 王書奴. Changji shi 娼妓史. Taipei: Daibiao zuo, 2006.
Wang, Yixiong 王義雄, ed. Streams in the Desert 荒漠甘泉. Taipei: Yongwong, 1996.
West, Stephen H. and Wilt L. Idelma. “Sexuality and Innocence: The Characterization of Oriole in the Hongzhi Edition of the Xixiang ji.” In Paradoxes of Traditional Chinese Literature, edited by Eva Hung, 21-60. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University, 1994.
Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York: Pocket Books, 2005.
William H. Nienhauser, “Female Sexuality and the Double Standard in Tang Narratives: A Preliminary Survey.” In Paradoxes of Traditional Chinese Literature, edited by Eva Hung, 1-20. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University, 1994.
Xie, Peijuang 謝佩娟. “Taipei shin gongyuan tonzhi yundong: qinyu zhuti de shehui shijian 台北新公園同志運動：情慾主體的社會實踐.” MA Thesis, National Taiwan University, 1998.
Yu, Anthony C. (余國藩). Rereading the Stone: Desire and the Making of Fiction in Dream of the Red Chamber 重讀石頭記：紅樓夢裡的情欲與虛構. Translated by Li Sher-shiueh 李奭學. Taipei: Rye Field, 2004.
Zeng Xiuping 曾秀萍. Guchen, niezi, Taipei ren: Bai Xianyong’s tongzhi xiaoshuo lun 孤臣、孽子、台北人：白先勇同志小說論. Taipei: Erya, 2003.
Zhang, Rongchun 張榮春, ed. Qian shuo Lunyu 淺說論語. Taipei: Zhiqi, 1999.
Zhao, Guodong 趙國棟. Wan Hong Lou 翫紅樓. Taipei: Ya Shu Tang, 2005.
Zhao, Henry YH. “Subculturalness as Moral Paradox: A Study of the Texts of the White Rabbit Play.” In Paradoxes of Traditional Chinese Literature, edited by Eva Hung, 89-122. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University, 1994.
Zi, Xu 子旭. Jiedu Hong Lou Meng 解讀紅樓夢. Taipei: Yun Long, 1999.