臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

高中羽球教練訓練行為個案研究

中華名國九十五年六月
研 究 生：歐正明
指導教授：闕月清

摘 要

運動教練行為模式與選手認知所生績效之間有其互動關係，為訓練成果不可輕忽的議題。本研究旨在探討高中男女羽球教練的訓練行為及不同訓練內容間之差異性以及高中男女羽球教練在指導類與回饋類訓練行為的差異情形，進而探討教練、選手對教練訓練行為的知覺是否一致。參與研究對象為高中羽球教練男女各一位及其訓練的34名選手，男教練有14名女選手，女教練的12名男選手及8名女選手。本研究以亞利桑那州立大學觀察工具(ASUOI)與問卷等方式蒐集資料，將教練表現行為逐一編碼並分析教練與選手對教練訓練行為的知覺情形，依照他們所知覺到教練訓練行為出現的排名多少予以排序，經由分析後得到以下發現：(一)指導行為是教練最常使用的行為，可見指導行為是訓練的主體，最常出現的行為依序為：當場指導、事後指導、催促、發問等項，少見行為依序為：肢體協助、事前指導、負面示範等項。非指導類行為則以催促出現最多。(二)男教練比女教練有較多的發問行為，女教練則有較多的讚美行為。在不同訓練內容部份男女教練指導時機相當一致。(三)男教練訓練時的回饋行為屬負面的回饋方式，女教練則屬正面的回饋方式。(四)觀察教練之訓練行為與教練知覺、選手知覺三者呈現不一致的情形。因此依據本研究結果建議，教練於訓練時除指導行為外，宜多使用發問及正面的回饋行為，並透過自評來改進訓練行為，以創造出正面又有效率的訓練模式。

關鍵字：高中、羽球、教練、訓練行為、知覺

A Case Study High School Badminton Coaches’ Training
Behavior

Mas
Master’s Thesis June, 2006 Cheng ming O
Advisor: Keh Nyit Chin, Ph.D.


Abstract

The interaction relationships between the coach’s training behavior pattern and the achievements from the player’s cognition is an important issue for achievement of training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the high school badminton coach’s and the player’s perception about the coach’s training behavior. Participants in this study were a male high school badminton coach and a female high school coach and their 34 high school badminton players. The female coach had fourteen female badminton players; the male coach had 12 male and 8 female badminton players. Data was collected by Arizona State University Observational Instrument (ASUOI) and questionnaires. Statistical analysis of the data showed the results as follows: (1) The instruction behavior was used most by the coach, indicating that this behavior was the main part of the training. (2) The most common behavior in order was: concurrent instruction, postinstruction, hustle, and question. (3) The less frequent behavior in order was: physical assistance, preinstruction, and negative modding hustle. Hustle was the most frequent behavior for the non-instruction behavior. (4) The male coach asked more question than the female coach. On the other hand, the female coach gave more praises than the male coach. Although the training contents were different, the instruction timing for the male coach and female coach was quite consistent. The feedback used by the male coach was negative ; on the contrary, the feedback provided by the female coach was positive. The perceived training behavior of the coach and the players were inconsistent. Therefore, base on the research, it is suggested that the coach should use more question and positive feedback. The coach should use the self-appraisal to improve ones own training behavior in order to develop the positive and effective training environment.

Key words : High school, badminton, coach, coaching behavior, perception

第壹章 緒 論
第一節 問景背景………………………………………………………1
第二節 研究目的與研究問題…………………………………………4
第三節 研究的必要性…………………………………………………5
第四節 研究範圍與限制………………………………………………5
第五節 名詞界定………………………………………………………7

第貳章 文獻探討
第一節 運動訓練的內涵………………………………………………9
第二節 訓練行為觀察工具介紹 ……………………………………17
第三節 運動教練訓練行為之相關文獻 ……………………………23
第參章 研究方法與步驟
第一節 研究流程圖 …………………………………………………34
第二節 研究架構 ……………………………………………………35
第三節 研究對象 ……………………………………………………35
第四節 研究工具 ……………………………………………………36
第五節 實施過程 ……………………………………………………41
第六節 資料處理 ……………………………………………………43

第肆章 結果與討論
第一節 教練行為描述 ………………………………………………46
第二節 指導類與回饋類訓練行為的差異 …………………………56
第三節 教練行為的一致性 …………………………………………58

第伍章 結論與建議
第一節 結論 …………………………………………………………63
第二節 建議 …………………………………………………………65

參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………66
附 錄
附錄一 參與研究者同意書(選手)……………………………………72
附錄二 參與研究者同意書(教練)……………………………………73
附錄三 教練基本資料表………………………………………………74
附錄四 ASUOI 事件紀錄表……………………………………………75
附錄五 選手訓練情形調查表…………………………………………76
附錄六 教練訓練情形調查問卷………………………………………77
附錄七 觀察員內在信度考驗表………………………………………78
附錄八 觀察員與A.B校正員內在信度考驗表………………………79
附錄九 選手對男女教練訓練行為知覺分數表………………………80
附錄十 教練訓練行為口語逐字稿……………………………………81

參考文獻
一、中文部分
王敏男 (1994)。體育教學研究-系統觀察法。國民體育季刊，23 (3)，75-84。

石昌益 (1998)。系統觀察法之應用─教練訓練行為FAP之回饋分析描述。台灣省學校體育，8 (3)，20-27。

李俊杰 (1995)。體育教學研究─系統觀察法之介紹。東師體育，5，3-12。

吳海助 (1996)。教練行為記錄模式─CBRF系統觀察法之介紹。台灣省學校體育，6 (5)，49-54。

吳海助 (1997)。學校專任運動教練行為分析─以國小手球教練為例。國立體育學院論叢，7 (2)，177-200。

吳海助 (2002)。大甲國中手球教練訓練行為分析。弘光學報，39，139- 146。

吳萬福 (1996)。運動教練的任務類型及內容。體育與運動，81，32-38。教育部體育司。

林正常 (2001)。運動訓練法。台北：藝軒圖書出版社，頁4-5。

林靜萍 (1993)。國中體育教學師生互動分析。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。

夏淑琴 (1998)。體育科專家教與生手教師之比較研究─以教師回饋為例。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。

陳正博 (2003)。體育教師教學行為之分析。2003台灣運動教育學會學術研究論文集，151-162。

黃月嬋 (1992)。有效體育教的教師行為分析。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。

黃明教 (1999)。科學訓練探索。1999海峽兩岸大專院校體育研討會專刊，455-458。
陳玉枝 (1996)。體育課學生行為之描述分析─以台北縣國民小學開放教育之體育教學為例。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。

陳建森 (1997)。ASUOI運動教練行為系統觀察法之應用。台灣省學校體育，7 (2)，24-31。

許義雄 (1995)。體育教學與運動訓練宜嚴加區隔。台灣省學校體育，5 (2)，4-5。

許樹淵 (2001)。運動訓練智略。台北市：師大。

彭美麗、陶志翔、王文教、陳福壽 (1994)。教練訓練指南。台北市：文史哲

過家興 (1994)。教練訓練指南，台北市：文史哲。

葉憲清 (1997)。建立學校運動教練芻議。國民體育季刊，26 (4)，36-43。

趙麗雲 (1992)。體育課的教師行為分析評論意見。體育學報，14，91。

樊正治 (1987)。運動指導法。台北市：正中。

歐宗明 (2000)。體育教師/教師觀察系統(PET/COS)之應用。國民體育季刊，29 (4)，75-82。

鄭志富 (1997)。運動教練領導行為研究取向。中華體育季刊，11(1)22-31。

鄭漢吾 (1999)。教練訓練行為觀察工具ASUOI之介紹。87學年度學校體育改革策略研討會。

鄭漢吾、闕月清 (1999)。教練訓練行為文獻回顧。體育學報，29。

鄭漢吾、闕月清 (2000)。優秀學校手球教練訓練行為之研究。中華民國大專院校89年度體育學術研討會。347- 351。

鄭漢吾 (2000)。大專院校羽球教練訓練行為之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。

鄭漢吾 (2003)。優秀國中羽球教練訓練行為與訓練行為知覺之各案研究。體育學報，35，233-244。

鐘敏華 (1995)。國中體育教師回饋與學生學習成就之相關研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。

二、英文部分
Bloom, G. A., Bush, N. D., & Samela, J. H. (1997) Pre-and Post competition routines of expert coaches of team sports. The Sport Psychdogist, 11, 127-141.

Bompa, T. O. (1994). Theory and methodology of training. (3rd ed.). Duboque IA: Kendall/Hunt.

Chaumeton, N. R., & Duda, J. L. (1988). Is it how you play the game or whether you win or lose？the effect of competitive level and situation on coaching behaviors. Journal of Sport Behavior, 11(3), 157-175.

Claxton, D. B. (1988). Asystematic observation of more and less successful high school tennis coaches. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 7, 302-310.

Cushion, J., ＆ Jones, R. L. (2001). A systematic observation of professional top-level youth soccer coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(4), 354-377.

Darst, P. W., Zakrajsek, D. B., ＆ Mancini, V. H. (Eds.) (1989). Analyzing physical education and sport instruction (2nd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Dimarco, A. M., Ohison, C. J., ＆ Reece. S. D(1998) Expectations and coaching experience : is more better？Joumal of Sport Behavior, 21(4), 444-466.

Douge, B., ＆ Hastie, P. (1993). Coach effectiveness. Sport Science Review, 2(2), 14-29

Fisher, A. C., Mancini, V. H., Hirsch, R. L., Proulx, T. J., ＆ Staurowsky, E. J. (1982). Coach-athlete interactions and team climate. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 388404.

Golden, A. J., Ciapponi, T. M., & Martin, A. D. (1998). Coach expectations and differential feedback：perceptual flexibility revisited. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21(3), 298-309.

Johnson, R. B. ＆ Franks, I. M. (1991). Measureing the reliability of a computer-aided systematic observation instrument. Candian. Journal of Sport Science. 16(1), 45-57.

Jones, D. F., Housner, L. D., & Korpan, A. S. (1997). Interactive decision making and behavior of experienced and inexperienced basketball coaches during practice. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 16, 454-468.

Jones, R., Potrac, P., & Ramalli, K. (1999). Where sport meets physical education : a systematic observation of role conflict. International Journal of Physical Education. Vol. 36, Issue 1, 7-14.

Lacy, A. C., ＆ Darst, P. D. (1985). Systematic observation of behavior of winning high school heard football coaches. Jouran of Teaching in Physical Education, 4, 256-170.

Lacy, A. C., & Goldston, P. D. (1990). Behavior analysis of male and female coaches in high school girl's basketball . Journal of Sport Behavior, 13(1), 29-39.

Langsdorf, V. Edward (1979). Coach Behavior Recording Form. In Darst, W. Paul, Zakralsek, Dorothy, ＆ Mancini, H. Victor, Analyzing Physical Education and Sport Instruction. Illinois: Human Kinetics, 335-342.

Mancini, V. H., Clark, E. K., ＆ Wueest, D. A. (1987). Short-and long-term effects of supervisory feedback on the interaction patterns of an intercollegiate field hockey coach. Journal of teaching in Physical Education , 6, 404-410.

Millard, L. (1996). Differences in coaching behaviors of male and female high school soccer coaches. Journal of Sports Behavior, 19(1), 19-31.

Miller, A. W. (1992). Systematic observation behavior similarities of youth sport soccer coaches. Quarterly Research, Fall. 136-143.

Paul, G. M., Mancini, V. H. & West, D. A. (1997). Reflections on change qualitative and quantitative analysis of a baseball coachers behavior. Journal of Behavior, 20(2), 135-160.

Rupert, T., ＆ Buschner, C. (1989) . Teaching and coaching : A comparison of instructional behaviors. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 9, 49-57.

Salminen, S., & Liokkonen, J. (1996). Coach–athlete relationships and coachin behavior in training sessions. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27, 59-67.

Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L. (1990). Self-esteem and children's reactions to youth sport coaching bechaviors: a field study of self-enhancement processes. Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 987-993.

Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., ＆ Curtis, B. (1978). Coaching behaviors Little League baseball. In F. L. Smoll, ＆ R. E. Smith, Psychological perspectives in youth sports (pp. 173-201), Washington, Dc: Hemisphere.

Smith, R. E., Zane, N. W. S., Smoll, F. L., ＆ Coppel, D. B. (1983). Behavioral assessment in youth sports: Coaching behaviors and children's attitudes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 15(3), 208-214.

Solomon, G.B., ＆ Kosmitzki, C. (1996). Perceptual flexibility and differential feedback among intercollegiate basketball coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 9(2), 63-177.

Solomon, G. B., Golden, A. J., Ciapponi, T. M., ＆ Martin, A. D. (1998). Coach expectations and differential feeback:perceptual flexibility Revisited. Coach of Sport Behaviors, 21,(3), 298-310.

Spencer, A. F. (1992). Teaching and coaching behaviors of dual role college physical educator/coaches: a case study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University.

Stewart, M. J., ＆ Benigier D. J. (2001). An analysis of volleyball coaches coahing behavior in a summer volleyball team camp. Journal of Physical Educatior Indianapolis, 58(2), 86-104.

Strean, W. B., Senecal, K. L., Howett, S. G., & Burgess, J. M. (1997). Xs and what the coach knows : Improving team strategy through critical thinking. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 243-256

Summers , R. J. (1991). The Association between athlete's perceptions of their abilities on the influence of coach technical-instruction. Journal of Sport Behavior, 14(1), 31-40.

Tharp, R., & Gallimore, R. (2004). What a coach can teach a teacher, 1975-2004: reflections and reanalysis of john wooden's teaching practice. Sport Psychologist, 18(2), 119-137.

Trudel, P., Cote, T., & Sylvestre, F. (1996). Systematic observation of ice hockey referees during games. Journal of Sport Behavior, 19(1), 66-81.

van der Mars, H. (1989a). Basic recording tactics. In P. W. Darst, D. B. Zakrajsck, ＆ V. H. Mancini. Analyzing Physical Education and Sport Instruction (pp.19-51). Champaign.Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.

van der Mars, H. (1989b). Observer reliability: issues and procedures. In P. W. Darst, D. B. Zakrajsck, ＆ V. H. Mancini. Analyzing Physical Education and Sport Instruction (pp.53-80). Champaign. Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.

Wandzilak, T., Ansorge, C. J., & Potter, G. (1988). Comparison between selected practice and game bahaviors of youth sport soccer coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 11(2), 78-88.

Young, J. C. (1981). Comparison of leader style, behavior and effectiveness of male and female coaches. ERIC NO:ED231830.